Autonomous regions

An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, zone, entity, unit, region, subdivision, province, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy — self-governance — under the national government. Autonomous areas are distinct from other constituent units of a federation (e.g. a state, or province) in that they possess unique powers for their given circumstances. Typically, it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the state or populated by a national minority, which may exercise home rule. Decentralization of self-governing powers and functions to such divisions is a way for a national government to try to increase democratic participation or administrative efficiency or to defuse internal conflicts. States that include autonomous areas may be federacies, federations, or confederations. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies, and local autonomies.

List of major autonomous areas

Other territories considered autonomous

British Crown Dependencies

British Overseas Territories

Dutch constituent countries

Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, each with their own parliament. In addition they enjoy autonomy in taxation matters as well as having their own currencies.

French overseas collectivities, New Caledonia, and Corsica

The French Constitution recognises three autonomous jurisdictions. Corsica, a region of France, enjoys a greater degree of autonomy on matters such as tax and education compared to mainland regions. New Caledonia, a ''sui generis'' collectivity, and French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity, are highly autonomous territories with their own government, legislature, currency, and constitution. They do not, however, have legislative powers for policy areas relating to law and order, defense, border control or university education. Other smaller overseas collectivities have a lesser degree of autonomy through local legislatures. The five overseas regions, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion, are generally governed the same as mainland regions; however, they enjoy some additional powers, including certain legislative powers for devolved areas.

New Zealand overseas territories

New Zealand maintains nominal sovereignty over three Pacific Island nations, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. The Chatham Islands—despite having the designation of ''Territory''—is an integral part of the country, situated within the New Zealand archipelago; its council is not autonomous and has broadly the same powers as other local councils, although notably it can also charge levies on goods entering or leaving the islands.

Ethnic autonomous territories

Areas designated for indigenous peoples

Other areas that are autonomous in nature but not in name are areas designated for indigenous peoples, such as those of the Americas:

* Aboriginal ( First Nation or Native American or Indian) Indian reserve and Indian reservation, in, respectively, Canada and the United States.
* the five '' comarcas indígenas'' ("indigenous regions") of Panama.

Ethiopian special woredas

In Ethiopia, "special woredas" are a subgroup of ''woredas'' (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of specific ethnic minorities, and are outside the usual hierarchy of a '' kilil'', or region. These ''woredas'' have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.

Proposed autonomous administrative divisions

Formal proposals

The following autonomous regions have been proposed but not implemented following unsuccessful referendums:
* Cordillera Autonomous Region within the Philippines ( 1990, 1998)
* Special Autonomous Region of East Timor within Indonesia (1999)
*Corsica within France (2003)
*North East England within the United Kingdom (2004)
* Darfur Region within Sudan (2016)

The following autonomous regions were initially rejected in a referendum but were subsequently approved in a future referendum:
*Scotland within the United Kingdom (1979)
*Wales within the United Kingdom (1979)

The following autonomous regions have been proposed as part of peace agreements:
*Kosovo within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1999)
* Western Sahara Authority within Morocco (2003)
* Sahara Autonomous Region within Morocco (2007)

Campaigns

*Cornwall within the United Kingdom
*Corsica within France
*England within the United Kingdom
* Hungarian Autonomous Region within Serbia
*Upper Silesia within Poland
*Székely Land within Romania

Historical autonomous administrative divisions

* Autonomous Region of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic (1932–1939)
* Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)
* Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in the Philippines (1989–2019)
* Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Albania (1914)
* ASSRs of the Soviet Union (1922–1990)
* Bantustans in South West Africa (1968–1990) and South Africa (1956–1994)
* Carpathian Ruthenia and Slovakia within Czechoslovakia (1938–1939)
* Eritrea within the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea (1952–1962)
* Grand Duchy of Finland existed as an autonomous state under the rule of the Russian Empire (1809–1917)
* Magyar Autonomous Region of Socialist Republic of Romania (1952–1968)
* Southern Ireland (1921–22) within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
* Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983) and Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)

See also

* Devolution
* Regional autonomy
* List of autonomous areas by country
** Autonomous administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China
** Autonomous administrative divisions of India
** Autonomous administrative divisions of Russia
** Autonomous administrative divisions of Spain
* List of autonomous regions leaders
* Personal union
* Region (administrative)
* Regional state
* Imperial immediacy
* Dependent territory
* Vassal state
* Protectorate
* Countries of the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Works cited

* M. Weller and S. Wolff (eds), Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Abingdon, Routledge, 2005

From Conflict to Autonomy in Nicaragua: Lessons Learnt
report by Minority Rights Group International
* P.M. Olausson, Autonomy and Islands, A Global Study of the Factors that determine Island Autonomy. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007.
* Thomas Benedikter (ed.)
Solving Ethnic Conflict through Self-Government - A Short Guide to Autonomy in Europe and South Asia
EURAC Bozen 2009,
* Thomas Benedikter, 100 Years of Modern Territorial Autonomy - Autonomy around the World, Berlin/Zürich, LIT 2021, (pb)
*

{{Irredentism

Autonomy
Decentralization