Betula nana upernavik kujalleq 2007-07-25 1

The Circumboreal Region in

phytogeography Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, ''phytón'' = "plant" and γεωγραφία, ''geographía'' = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution o ...

is a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom in

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, as delineated by such geobotanists as Josias Braun-Blanquet and

Armen Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

. It is the largest floristic region in the world by area, comprising most of

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically ...

and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

, as well as North

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

(as the southernmost part of the region) and parts of northern

New England New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces ...

Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the ...

Minnesota Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...

, and the Turtle Mountains of

North Dakota North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the Native Americans in the United States, indigenous Dakota people, Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north a ...

. Northern portions of the region include polar desert,

taiga Taiga (; rus, тайга́, p=tɐjˈɡa; relates to Mongolic and Turkic languages), generally referred to in North America as a boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruce ...

and

tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless moun ...

biomes. Many geobotanists divide Eurasian and North American areas into two distinct regions. The continents, however, share much of their boreal flora (e.g. '' Betula nana'', '' Alnus viridis'', '' Vaccinium vitis-idaea'', '' Arctostaphylos uva-ursi''). The flora was severely impoverished during

glaciation A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate betw ...

s in the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological Epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fina ...

. The region is bordered by Eastern Asiatic, North American Atlantic,

Rocky Mountain The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico in ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

and

Irano-Turanian Region The Irano-Turanian Region is a floristic region located within the Tethyan Subkingdom of the Holarctic Kingdom. It is divided into 12 floristic provinces according to the work of Armen Takhtajan, a Soviet-Armenian botanist who created a classifi ...

s. There are no biological

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideall ...

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

to this region, but it has endemic

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

(e.g. ''

Lunaria ''Lunaria'', common names honesty, dollar plant, money-in-both-pockets, money plant, moneywort, moonwort, and silver dollar; is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to central and southern Europe and North Americ ...

'', '' Borodinia'', '' Gorodkovia'', '' Redowskia'', ''

Soldanella The genus ''Soldanella'', commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species of flowering plants native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans. They grow in woods, damp pa ...

'', '' Physospermum'', '' Astrantia'', '' Thorella'', '' Pulmonaria'', '' Erinus'', '' Ramonda'', ''

Haberlea ''Haberlea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The only member of this genus, ''Haberlea rhodopensis'', is endemic to parts of Bulgaria and a small part of northern Greece, especially in the Rhodope Mountains. C ...

'', ''

Stratiotes ''Stratiotes'' is a genus of submerged aquatic plant commonly known as water soldiers, described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753. Several specific names have been coined within the genus, but at present only one is recognized: '' Stratiotes aloi ...

'', ''

Telekia ''Telekia'' is a genus of flowering plant, of the family (biology), family Asteraceae. ; Species * ''Telekia speciosa'' (Schreb.) Baumg. - Europe + southwest Asia from France and Great Britain to Caucasus * ''Telekia speciosissima'' DC. 1836 cons ...

'') and many endemic

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, especially in the mountains.

Floristic provinces

It is subdivided into a number of floristic provinces. Their delineation is debatable. According to a version of Takhtajan's classification, these are the Arctic, Atlantic European, Central European, Illyrian, Euxinian, Caucasian, Eastern European, Northern European, West Siberian,

Altai-Sayan The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains, near to where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. It ...

, Central Siberian, Transbaikalian, Northeastern Siberian, Okhotsk-Kamtchatkan and Canadian Provinces. *Arctic Province (

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is t ...

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

, northern treeless parts of

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

and

, all the

Arctic The Arctic ( or ) is a polar regions of Earth, polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenla ...

Islands), with more than a hundred endemic species (e.g. '' Ranunculus sabinei'', '' Papaver polare'', '' Salix arctica'', '' Colpodium vahlianum'', '' Сolpodium wrightii'', ''

Puccinellia angustata ''Puccinellia'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family, known as alkali grass or salt grass. These grasses grow in wet environments, often in Saline water, saline or alkaline conditions. They are native to temperate to Arctic regions ...

'') *Atlantic European Province (

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

Andorra , image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...

, parts of

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark ...

and Norway), with two endemic genera (''

Petrocoptis ''Petrocoptis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. Its native range is Pyrenees to Northern Spain. Species Species: *''Petrocoptis crassifolia'' *''Petrocoptis glaucifolia'' *''Petrocoptis grandiflora'' * ...

'' and '' Thorella''), few dozens of endemic species (e.g. '' Corydalis claviculata'', '' Ulex europaeus'', ''

Genista anglica ''Genista anglica'', the petty whin, needle furze or needle whin, is a shrubby flowering plant of the family Fabaceae which can be found growing in Cornwall, Wales and eastern Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, ...

'', ''

Deschampsia setacea ''Deschampsia'' is a genus of plants in the Poaceae, grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

Luxembourg Luxembourg ( ; lb, Lëtzebuerg ; french: link=no, Luxembourg; german: link=no, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, ; french: link=no, Grand-Duché de Luxembourg ; german: link=no, Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small lan ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

, parts of

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Norway,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

, Finland, Russia,

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, a ...

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

Moldova Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

), with several endemic genera (e.g. '' Rhizobotrya'', ''

Hladnikia ''Hladnikia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. Its sole species, ''Hladnikia pastinacifolia'', is a Slovenian paleoendemite, restricted to the area of only 4 km, located in Trnovo Forest Plateau, karst ...

'', ''

Berardia ''Berardia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing the single species ''Berardia subacaulis''. It is an alpine plant native to the Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alp ...

'') and 10-15% endemic species (e.g. ''

Aconitum paniculatum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Dianthus alpinus ''Dianthus alpinus'', the alpine pink, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, endemic to the Alps of Eastern Austria. It is a short (2–10 cm high) mat-forming herbaceous perennial, with linear to lanceolate leaves, ...

'', '' Rhododendron hirsutum'', ''

Soldanella carpatica The genus ''Soldanella'', commonly known in English as snowbell, includes about 15 species of flowering plants native to European mountains, from the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkans. They grow in woods, damp p ...

'', ''

Rosa abietina ''Rosa abietina'' is a species of rose that was described by Jean Charles Marie Grenier. ''Rosa abietina'' is part of the genus ''Rosa'', and the family Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that ...

'', ''

Saxifraga muscoides ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 473 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', ''

Trifolium saxatile Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus ''Trifolium'' (from Latin ''tres'' 'three' + ''folium'' 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus h ...

'', ''

Chaerophyllum villarsii ''Chaerophyllum'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, with 35 species native to Europe, Asia, North America, and northern Africa. It includes the cultivated root vegetable '' Chaerophyllum bulbosum'' (turnip rooted chervil). F ...

'', '' Heracleum carpaticum'', ''

Syringa josikaea ''Syringa josikaea'', the Hungarian lilac, is a species of lilac, native to central and eastern Europe, in the Carpathian Mountains in Romania and western Ukraine.Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins .Flora Europaea''Syr ...

'', '' Valeriana tripteris'', ''

Campanula zoysii ''Favratia zoysii'', known commonly as Zois' bellflower, Zoysi's harebell, or crimped bellflower, is the sole member of the genus ''Favratia'', closely related to '' Campanula '' (bellflowers). Distribution and habitat The plant is endemic to Au ...

'', ''

Campanula carpatica ''Campanula carpatica'', the tussock bellflower or Carpathian harebell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae. Description ''Campanula carpatica'' is a low-growing herbaceous perennial. Plants possess basal leaves and th ...

'', '' Pulmonaria filarzkyana'', ''

Leontopodium alpinum ''Leontopodium nivale'', commonly called edelweiss (german: Alpen-Edelweiß, English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is ...

'', '' Narcissus poeticus'', ''

Narcissus angustifolius Narcissus may refer to: Biology * ''Narcissus'' (plant), a genus containing daffodils and others People * Narcissus (mythology), Greek mythological character * Narcissus (wrestler) (2nd century), assassin of the Roman emperor Commodus * Tiberiu ...

'', '' Gymnadenia albida'', ''

Carex carvula ''Carex'' is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' ...

'', ''

Calamagrostis villosa ''Calamagrostis villosa'' is a species of flowering plant from the family Poaceae which is native to Europe. Description The species is perennial and caespitose with short rhizomes and long culms. It ligule have an eciliate membrane which is ...

'') *Illyrian Province (

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

Kosovo Kosovo ( sq, Kosova or ; sr-Cyrl, Косово ), officially the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Republika e Kosovës, links=no; sr, Република Косово, Republika Kosovo, links=no), is a partially recognised state in Southeast Euro ...

, Republic of Macedonia, parts of Slovenia, Croatia,

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...

and

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

) with several endemic genera (e.g. ''

'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Ramonda heldreichii ''Ramonda heldreichii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. It was formerly treated as ''Jankaea heldreichii'', the only member of the monotypic genus ''Jankaea''. It is Endemism, endemic to Mount Olympus in Greece where i ...

'', ''

Ramonda nathaliae ''Ramonda nathaliae'', also known as Natalie's ramonda ( sr, Наталијина рамонда / , mk, Наталиева рамонда, Natalieva ramonda), is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Ramonda'' that grows in Serbia, North ...

'', ''

Ramonda serbica ''Ramonda serbica'', also known as Serbian ramonda and Serbian phoenix flower, is a species in the family Gesneriaceae. It is one of the few European representatives of this family, found in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia and Serbia. ...

'', ''

Picea omorika ''Picea omorika'', common name Pančić spruce or Serbian spruce ( sr, Панчићева оморика, Pančićeva omorika, ), is a species of coniferous tree endemic to the Drina River valley in western Serbia, and eastern Bosnia and Herzego ...

'', ''

Pinus heldreichii ''Pinus heldreichii'' (synonym ''P. leucodermis''; family Pinaceae), the Bosnian pine or Heldreich’s pine, is a species of pine native to mountainous areas of the Balkans and southern Italy. Description It is an evergreen tree up to in height ...

'', ''

Pinus peuce ''Pinus peuce'' (Macedonian pine or Balkan pine) (Serbo-Croatian/ Macedonian: молика, molika; Bulgarian: бяла мура, Byala mura) is a species of pine native to the mountains of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, the ...

'', '' Rheum rhaponticum'', ''

Aesculus hippocastanum ''Aesculus hippocastanum'', the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. It is also called horse-chestnut, Europ ...

'', ''

Forsythia europaea ''Forsythia europaea'', commonly known as Albanian forsythia or European forsythia, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family, with a native range from Montenegro to northern Albania. It is the only species of ''Forsythia'' native to ...

'', ''

Lathraea rhodopea ''Lathraea'' (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in th ...

'', '' Wulfenia baldacci'', ''

Solenanthus scardicus ''Solenanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. Species include: * '' Solenanthus albanicus'', (Degen & Bald.) Degen & Bald. * '' Solenanthus apenninus'', (L.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. * '' Solenanthus biebersteinii'', DC. * ...

'', '' Amphoricarpus neumayeri'', '' Narthecium scardicum'', ''

Dioscorea balcanica ''Dioscorea balcanica'' is a herbaceous perennial in the family Dioscoreaceae. Description Height 2–5 m. Flowers cup-shaped, arranged in racemes, producing loculicidal capsules. Taxonomy This species was named in 1914 by Nedeljko K ...

'') *Euxinian Province (parts of Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Russia around the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...

), with two endemic genera ('' Chymsidia'' and '' Megacaryon'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies nordmanniana'', ''

Epimedium pubigerum ''Epimedium pubigerum'', also known by the common name hairy barrenwort,Rhs.org.uk. (2020). Epimedium pubigerum , hairy barrenwort/RHS Gardening. nlineAvailable at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/6494/Epimedium-pubigerum/Details ccessed 16 Feb. ...

'', ''

Quercus pontica ''Quercus pontica'', the Pontine oak or Armenian oak, is a species of endangered oak currently extant to the western Caucasus mountains of Georgia and northeastern Turkey where it grows at altitudes of . Description ''Quercus pontica'' is a deci ...

'', ''

Quercus hartwissiana ''Quercus hartwissiana'', the Strandzha oak ( bg, странджански дъб), is a species of oak, native to southeastern Bulgaria, northern Asia Minor along the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. It was described by the Finnish-born Russian bota ...

'', '' Веtula medwedewii'', '' Вetula megrelica'', ''

Corylus colchica ''Corylus colchica'' also known as ''Corylus iberica'' is a species of hazelnut endemic to Armenia and Georgia in the Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, ...

'', '' Сorylus pontica'', '' Paeonia wittmanniana'', '' Hypericum bupleuroides'', ''

Hypericum xylosteifolium ''Hypericum xylosteifolium'' is a flowering plant in the St. John's wort family, Hypericaceae. It is the only species in ''Hypericum'' sect. ''Inodora''. Distribution The species is found in northeast Turkey and southwest Georgia Georgia most ...

'', ''

Rhododendron ungernii ''Rhododendron'' (; from Ancient Greek ''rhódon'' "rose" and ''déndron'' "tree") is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the Ericaceae, heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most specie ...

'', ''

Rhododendron smirnovii ''Rhododendron'' (; from Ancient Greek ''rhódon'' "rose" and ''déndron'' "tree") is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the Ericaceae, heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most specie ...

'', ''

Epigaea gaultherioides ''Epigaea gaultherioides'' is a species of flowering plant in the Ericaceae family. It is native to Transcaucasia and Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list o ...

'', ''

Primula megaseifolia ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (co ...

'', '' Cyclamen adsharicum'', '' Andrachne colchica'', '' Trapa colchica'', '' Staphylea colchica'', ''

Hedera colchica ''Hedera colchica'' is a species of ivy (genus ''Hedera'') which is native to Near and Middle East. It is commonly called Persian ivy or colchis ivy. It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, ...

'', ''

Astrantia pontica ''Astrantia'' is a genus of herbaceous plants in the family Apiaceae, native to Central, Eastern and Southern Europe and the Caucasus. There are several species, which have aromatic roots, palmate leaves, and decorative flowers. They are comm ...

'', ''

Heracleum mantegazzianum ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'', commonly known as giant hogweed, is a monocarpic perennial herbaceous plant in the carrot family Apiaceae. ''H. mantegazzianum'' is also known as cartwheel-flower, giant cow parsley, giant cow parsnip, or hogs ...

'', ''

Seseli rupicola ''Seseli'' is a genus of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Apiaceae. They are sometimes woody at base with a conic taproot. Leaf blades are 1–3-pinnate or pinnately decompound. Umbels are compound, with bracts few or absent. Petals are w ...

'', '' Rhamnus imeretinus'', ''

Osmanthus decorus ''Osmanthus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae. Most of the species are native to eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Indochina, the Himalayas, etc.),and was ...

'', '' Trachystemon orientale'', ''

Rhamphicarpa medwedewii ''Rhamphicarpa'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, Turkey to the Caucasus, India, New Guinea to Northern Australia. Species: *''Rhamphicarpa austr ...

'', ''

Gentiana paradoxa ''Gentiana paradoxa'', the Caucasian gentian, is a species of flowering plant in the family Gentianaceae, endemic to the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Mountains in western Asia, near the Black Sea. A compact, mat-forming herbaceous perennial ...

'', ''

Scabiosa olgae ''Scabiosa'' is a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) of flowering plants. Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious, but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in r ...

'', ''

Campanula mirabilis ''Campanula'' () is one of several genus, genera of flowering plants in the family (biology), family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is ...

'', '' Campanula lactiflora'', '' Inula magnifica'', '' Lilium ponticum'', ''

Ruscus colchicus ''Ruscus'' is a genus of six species of flowering plants, native to western and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwestern Africa, and southwestern Asia east to the Caucasus. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Aspa ...

'', ''

Dioscorea caucasica ''Dioscorea'' is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending ...

'', ''

''), some endemic species and genera shared with the Caucasian Province (see below). *Caucasian Province (parts of Russia, Georgia,

Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...

and

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

), with five endemic genera ('' Pseudovesicaria'', '' Symphyoloma'', '' Pseudobetckea'', ''

Trigonocaryum ''Trigonocaryum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. Its native range is Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan ...

'' and '' Cladochaeta'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Betula raddeana ''Betula raddeana'' is a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It is found in Georgia and Russia. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction) is the process by which a natural h ...

'', '' Papaver oreophilum'', '' Corydalis pallidiflora'', '' Сorydalis emanuelii'', '' Cerastium kasbek'', '' Сerastium argenteum'', '' Сerastium multiflorum'', '' Minuartia inamoena'', '' Silena lacera'', ''

Gypsophila acutifolia ''Gypsophila'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the carnation family, Caryophyllaceae. They are native to Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.Dianthus fragrans'', '' Sobolevskia caucasica'', ''

Draba bryoides ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Draba elisabethae'', ''

Draba supranivalis ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', ''

Draba molissima ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', '' Draba ossetica'', '' Primula bayernii'', ''

Saxifraga subverticillata ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', '' Sedum stevenianum'', ''

Geranium renardii Geranium renardii is a species of hardiness (plants), hardy flowering herbaceous plant, herbaceous perennial plant in the genus ''Geranium'', in the family (biology), family Geraniaceae. It is native plant, native to the Caucasus region between E ...

'', '' Oxytropis owerinii'', '' Genliana grossheimii'', '' Gentinana septemfida'' var. ''lagodechiana'', '' Gentiana marcowiczii'', '' Veronica caucasica'', ''

Campanula andina ''Campanula'' () is one of several genera of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae commonly known as bellflowers. They take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers — ''campanula'' is Latin for "little bell". ...

'', ''

Centaurea amblyolepis ''Centaurea'' () is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding reg ...

'', ''

Lilium monadelphum ''Lilium monadelphum'' is a bulbous plant native to Crimea and to North and South Caucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, str ...

'', ''

Galanthus latifolius ''Galanthus'' (from Ancient Greek , (, "milk") + (, "flower")), or snowdrop, is a small genus of approximately 20 species of bulbous perennial herbaceous plants in the family (biology), family Amaryllidaceae. The plants have two linear leav ...

'', ''

Ornithogalum magnum ''Ornithogalum'' is a genus of perennial plants mostly native to southern Europe and southern Africa belonging to the family Asparagaceae. Some species are native to other areas such as the Caucasus. Growing from a bulb, species have linear b ...

'', ''

Colchicum laetum ''Colchicum laetum'' is a species of ''Colchicum'' found in south east Russia through to the Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and ...

'', '' Asphodoline tenuior'', ''

Gagea helenae ''Gagea'' is a large genus of Spring (season), spring flowers in the Liliaceae, lily family. It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species (''Gagea serotina'') in North America. The genus is na ...

'', ''

Calamagrostis caucasica ''Calamagrostis'' (reed grass or smallweed) is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family (biology), family Poaceae, with about 260 species that occur mainly in temperate regions of the globe. Towards equatorial latitudes, species of ''Calam ...

''), many endemic species and genera shared with the Euxinian Province (e.g. '' Agasyllis'', '' Sredinskya'', ''

Rhododendron caucasicum ''Rhododendron caucasicum'', the Caucasian rhododendron or the Georgian snow rose, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Rhododendron'' native to the Transcaucasus and Anatolia. Its hybrid cultivar 'Christmas Cheer' has gained the Royal ...

'', ''

Vaccinium arctostaphylos ''Vaccinium arctostaphylos'' or Caucasian whortleberry is a species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color. It is native to Western Asia (Iran and Turkey), the Caucasus (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia (country), Georgia; Russian Federation, Russi ...

'', ''

Daphne pontica ''Daphne pontica'', commonly known as twin-flowered or Pontic daphne, is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to Bulgaria, northern Turkey and the Caucasus. It is a small evergreen shrub growing to tall by wide, with ...

'', '' Paris incompleta''). *Eastern European Province (parts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Romania) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. '' Anemone uralensis'', '' Papaver maeoticum'', '' Dianthus eugeniae'', '' Dianthus krylovianus'', '' Dianthus volgicus'', ''

Diplotaxis cretacea The scientific name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name com ...

'', ''

Sisymbrium wolgense ''Sisymbrium volgense'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Southwestern European Russia to Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea ...

'', '' Syrenia talievii'', '' Pyrus rossica'', ''

Hedysarum cretaceum ''Hedysarum'' (sweetvetch) is a genus of the botanical family Fabaceae, consisting of about 200 species of annual or perennial herbs in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and North America. Description Species within genus ''Hedysarum'' may be herbace ...

'', '' Нedysarum ucrainicum'', '' Erodium beketowii'', '' Linaria cretacea'', ''

Linaria macroura ''Linaria'' is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Planta ...

'', '' Scrophularia cretacea'') *Northern European Province (parts of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), without endemic genera, with but few endemic species (e.g. '' Corispermum algidum'', '' Castilleja schrenkii'') *West Siberian Province (parts of Russia and

Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...

), without endemic genera, with few endemic species *

Province (Parts of Russia and

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

), with one endemic genus (''

Microstigma ''Microstigma'' is a species of damselflies belonging to the family Pseudostigmatidae. Species * '' Microstigma anomalum'' Rambur, 1842 * ''Microstigma maculatum ''Microstigma maculatum'' is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the famil ...

'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Callianthemum sajanense ''Callianthemum'' is a genus that consists of 24 species of little rhizomatous herbs from high mountains in Europe, Central Asia and East Asia. The botanical name comes from the Greek, which means beautiful flower. The plants are low-growing, orn ...

'', ''

Eranthis sibirica ''Eranthis'' is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the buttercup family (biology), family Ranunculaceae, native plant, native to southern Europe and east across Asia to Japan. The common name winter aconite comes from the early flowe ...

'', '' Aquilegia borodinii'', '' Delphinium mirabile'', ''

Delphinium inconspicuum ''Delphinium'' is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linn ...

'', ''

Aconitum krylovii ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Aconitum altaicum ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Anemone baicalensis ''Anemonastrum baicalense'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Anemonastrum''. It is native to forests, scrub, and grassy places at 500–3100 m. altitude in Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, and North Korea North Korea, off ...

'', '' Ranunculus sajanensis'', ''

Gymnospermium altaicum ''Gymnospermium'' is a group of tuberous Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and ...

'', '' Betula kelleriana'', '' Stellaria martjanovii'', ''

Stellaria imbricata ''Stellaria'' is a genus of about 190 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Common names include starwort, stitchwort and chickweed. Description ''Stellaria'' species are relatively small ...

'', ''

Stellaria irrigua ''Stellaria irrigua'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names umbrella starwort and umbellate starwort. It is native to western North America from Alaska and north-western Canada to the south-wester ...

'', '' Silene turgida'', ''

Aphragmus involucratus ''Aphragmus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Southwestern Siberia to Himalaya and Aleutian Islands. Species: *''Aphragmus bouffordii'' *''Aphragmus eschscholtziana'' *''Aphragmus hima ...

'', ''

Erysimum inense ''Erysimum'', or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms. The genus ''Cheiranthus'' is sometimes included here in whole o ...

'', '' Euphorbia alpina'', ''

Euphorbia altaica ''Euphorbia'' is a very large and diverse genus of flowering plants, commonly called spurge, in the family Euphorbiaceae. "Euphorbia" is sometimes used in ordinary English to collectively refer to all members of Euphorbiaceae (in deference to t ...

'', '' Euphorbia tshuiensis'', '' Rhodiola algida'', '' Sedum populifolium'', '' Chrysosplenium filipes'', ''

Caragana altaica ''Caragana pygmaea'' is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Caragana ''Caragana'' is a genus of about 80–100 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, native to Asia and eastern Europe. They are shrubs or small trees grow ...

'', ''

Vicia lilacina ''Vicia'' is a genus of over 240 species of flowering plants that are part of the legume family (Fabaceae), and which are commonly known as vetches. Member species are native to Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Africa. Some other ...

'', '' Lathyrus frolovii'', '' Lathyrus krylovii'', '' Linum violascens'', '' Scrophularia altaica'', ''

Schizonepeta annua ''Schizonepeta'' (Japanese catnip) is a genus of herbs. It should not be confused with the true catnips of the genus ''Nepeta'' (also Lamiaceae) known for their euphoria-inducing effect on domestic cats. Used as a medicinal herb, ''Schizonepeta ...

'', '' Valeriana petrophila'', '' Brachanthemum baranovii'', ''

Echinops humilis ''Echinops'' is a genus of about 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, commonly known as globe thistles. They have spiny foliage and produce blue or white spherical flower heads. They are native to Europe, east to central As ...

'', '' Saussurea serratuloides'', ''

Saussurea sajanensis ''Saussurea'' is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae, native to cool temperate and arctic regions of East Asia, Europe, and North America, with the highest diversity in alpine habita ...

'', ''

Allium pumilum ''Allium'' is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants that includes hundreds of species, including the cultivated onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. The generic name ''Allium'' is the Latin word for garlic,Gledhill, Dav ...

'', ''

Carex tatjanae ''Carex'' is a vast genus of more than 2,000 species of grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, commonly known as sedges (or seg, in older books). Other members of the family Cyperaceae are also called sedges, however those of genus ''Carex'' ...

'', species of '' Astragalus'' and '' Oxytropis'') *Central Siberian Province (parts of Russia) without endemic genera, with but few endemic species *Transbaikalian Province (Parts of Russia and Mongolia) without endemic genera, with some endemic species (e.g. ''

Aconitum montibaicalensis ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', ''

Draba baicalensis ''Draba'' is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, commonly known as whitlow-grasses (though they are not related to the true grasses). Species There are over 400 species: *'' Draba abajoensis'' Windham & Al-Shehbaz *'' ...

'', ''

Saxifraga algisii ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', '' Potentilla adenotricha'', '' Astragalus trigonocarpus'', '' Oxytropis heterotricha'', '' Mertensia serrulata'') *Northeastern Siberian Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Gorodkovia'') and many endemic species (e.g. ''

Corydalis gorodkovii ''Corydalis'' (from Greek ''korydalís'' " crested lark") is a genus of about 470 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants in the family Papaveraceae, native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere and the high mountains of tropical ea ...

'', '' Androsace gorodkovii'', ''

Saxifraga anadyrensis ''Saxifraga'' is the largest genus in the family Saxifragaceae, containing about 465 species of holarctic perennial plants, known as saxifrages or rockfoils. The Latin word ''saxifraga'' means literally "stone-breaker", from Latin ' ("rock" or " ...

'', '' Potentilla anadyrensis'', '' Potentilla tollii'', ''

Helictotrichon krylovii ''Helictotrichon'', or alpine oatgrass, is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the grass family. The genus name comes from the Greek ''heliktos'' meaning twisted, and ''trichos'' meaning hair, referring to the shape of the awn. Most of the ...

'', ''

Poa lanatiflora ''Poa'' is a genus of about 570 species of Poaceae, grasses, native to the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Common names include meadow-grass (mainly in Europe and Asia), bluegrass (mainly in North America), tussock (some New Zealand sp ...

''). *Okhotsk-Kamchatkan Province (parts of Russia), with one endemic genus ('' Redowskia'') and many endemic species (e.g. '' Abies gracilis'', ''

Picea kamtschatkensis A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal ecosystem, boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole gen ...

'', '' Delphinium ochotense'', ''

Aconitum ajanense ''Aconitum'' (), also known as aconite, monkshood, wolf's-bane, leopard's bane, mousebane, women's bane, devil's helmet, queen of poisons, or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. ...

'', '' Aconitum ochotense'', '' Corydalis redowskii'', '' Stellaria peduncularis'', '' Arenaria redowskii'', '' Lychnis ajanensis'', '' Sorbus kamtschatcensis'', '' Oxytropis ajanensis'', ''

Oxytropis tilingii ''Oxytropis'' is a genus of plants in the Fabaceae, legume family. It is one of three genera of plants known as locoweeds, and are notorious for being toxic to grazing animals. The other locoweed genus is the closely related ''Astragalus''. Ther ...

'', ''

Sambucus kamtschatica ''Sambucus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae. The various species are commonly called elder or elderberry. The genus was formerly placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae, but was reclassified as Adoxaceae due to ge ...

''). *Canadian Province (

St. Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon (), officially the Territorial Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (french: link=no, Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon ), is a self-governing territorial overseas collectivity of France in t ...

, parts of Canada and the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

)David Lewis Lentz. 2000

Notes

Bibliography

* C.Michael Hogan. 2011
''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
* David Lewis Lentz. 2000. ''Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the Precolumbian Americas'', Science, 547 pages, page * Robert F. Thorne
Phytogeography of North America North of Mexico
''

Flora of North America The ''Flora of North America North of Mexico'' (usually referred to as ''FNA'') is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenla ...

'', Vol. 1, Ch. 6. {{Flora of the United States by political division Floristic regions Holarctic

Floristic provinces

See also

Notes

Bibliography