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Arduino () is an open-source hardware and
software Software is a set of computer programs and associated software documentation, documentation and data (computing), data. This is in contrast to Computer hardware, hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. ...
company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the
GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses that guarantee end user In product development, an end user (sometimes end-user) is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ulti ...
(GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official
website A website (also written as a web site) is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server. Examples of notable websites are Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Wikip ...
or through authorized distributors. Arduino board designs use a variety of
microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circu ...
s and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output In computing, input/output (I/O, or informally io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals ...
(I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or
breadboards A breadboard, solderless breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or stripboard, breadboards do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are h ...
(for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply ( interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. A broa ...
(USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++
programming language A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Most programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may also be graphical. They are a kind of computer language. The description of a programming l ...
s, using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino Programming Language, inspired by the Processing language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional
compiler In computing, a compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one programming language (the ''source'' language) into another language (the ''target'' language). The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs that ...
toolchains, the Arduino project provides an
integrated development environment An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools a ...
(IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go. The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and
actuator An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover". An actuator requires a control device (controlled by control signal) a ...
s. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple
robot A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be ...
s, thermostats and motion detectors. The name ''Arduino'' comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.


History


Founding

The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a
BASIC Stamp The BASIC Stamp is a microcontroller with a small, specialized BASIC interpreter ( PBASIC) built into ROM. It is made by Parallax, Inc. and has been popular with electronics hobbyists since the early 1990s. Technical specifications Although t ...
microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2003
Hernando Barragán Hernando Barragán (born 1974) is a Colombian interdisciplinary artist, designer, and academic known for creating the Wiring development platform as his 2003 Master’s thesis project at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy. T ...
created the development platform '' Wiring'' as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a
printed circuit board A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich str ...
(PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called ''Arduino''. The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis. Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.


Trademark dispute

In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC, to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company. At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company ''Arduino SRL'' and created the website ''arduino.org'', copying the graphics and layout of the original ''arduino.cc''. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team. In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL. In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States. At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies. Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees. The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many
open source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open-source model is a decentralized sof ...
licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry. By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.


Post-dispute

In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures. Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name. As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads. In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool
arduino-cli
, which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell. In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment.


Hardware

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Creative Commons (CC) is an American non-profit organization and international network devoted to educational access and expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has releas ...
Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under
copyleft Copyleft is the legal technique of granting certain freedoms over copies of copyrighted works with the requirement that the same rights be preserved in derivative works. In this sense, ''freedoms'' refers to the use of the work for any purpose, ...
licenses, the developers have requested the name ''Arduino'' to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in ''-duino''. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit
AVR microcontroller AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed since 1996 by Atmel, acquired by Microchip Technology in 2016. These are modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers. AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to u ...
(ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed ''shields''. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I2C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or
ceramic resonator A Ceramic Resonator is an electronic component consisting of a piece of a piezoelectric ceramic material with two or more metal electrodes attached. When connected in an electronic oscillator circuit, resonant mechanical vibrations in the device ge ...
. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip
flash memory Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash memory, NOR flash and NAND flash, are named for the NOR and NAND logic gates. Both u ...
. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between
RS-232 In telecommunications, RS-232 or Recommended Standard 232 is a standard originally introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines signals connecting between a ''DTE'' ('' data terminal equipment'') suc ...
logic levels and
transistor–transistor logic Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a logic family built from bipolar junction transistors. Its name signifies that transistors perform both the logic function (the first "transistor") and the amplifying function (the second "transistor"), as o ...
(TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via
Universal Serial Bus Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables, connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply ( interfacing) between computers, peripherals and other computers. A broa ...
(USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable,
Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal area networks (PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limit ...
or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used. The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The ''Diecimila'', ''Duemilanove'', and current ''Uno'' provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards. Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.


Official boards

The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies
SparkFun Electronics SparkFun Electronics (sometimes known by its abbreviation, ''SFE'') is an electronics retailer in Niwot, Colorado, United States. It manufactures and sells microcontroller development boards and breakout boards. All products designed and produ ...
and Adafruit Industries. , 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced. File:Arduino316.jpg, Arduino RS232
(male pins) File:Arduino Diecimila 6.jpg, Arduino Diecimila File:Arduino Duemilanove 2009b.jpg, Arduino Duemilanove
(rev 2009b) File:Arduino UNO unpacked.jpg, Arduino Uno R2 File:Arduino Uno - R3.jpg, Arduino Uno SMD R3 File:Arduino Leonardo.jpg, Arduino Leonardo File:2x3 pin header on Arduino Micro.jp
Arduino micro
(AtMega 32U4) File:Arduino Pro Micro.jpg, Arduino pro micro (AtMega32U4) File:Arduino Pro.jpg, Arduino Pro
(No USB) File:Arduino Mega.jpg, Arduino Mega File:Arduino Nano.jpg, Arduino Nano
(DIP-30 footprint) File:LilyPad Arduino Main Board.JPG, Arduino LilyPad 00
(rev 2007) (No USB) File:Arduino Robot Top.jpg, Arduino Robot File:Arduino Esplora.jpg, Arduino Esplora File:Arduino Ethernet Board.jpg, Arduino Ethernet
(AVR + W5100) File:ArduinoYun.jpg, Arduino Yún
(AVR + AR9331) File:ArduinoDue Front.jpg, Arduino Due
( ARM Cortex-M3 core)


Shields

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called ''shields'', which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers. Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet,
liquid crystal display A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but ...
(LCD), or breadboarding ( prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY). File:Multiple shields stacked on an Arduino board.jpg, Some shields offer stacking headers which allows multiple shields to be stacked on top of an Arduino board. Here, a prototyping shield is stacked on two Adafruit motor shield V2s. File:Wingshield on Arduino - ARSH-05-WI.jpg, Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format, allowing bare-end wires to be connected to the board without requiring any specialized pins File:ARSH-09-DL 03.jpg, Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a
Secure Digital Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary non-volatile flash memory card format developed by the SD Association (SDA) for use in portable devices. The standard was introduced in August 1999 by joint efforts between Sa ...
(SD) card slot and real-time clock (RTC) chip along with some space for adding components and modules for customization File:Adafruit Motor Shield - ARSH-02-MS 01.jpg, Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors. Officially discontinued, this shield may still be available through unofficial channels. File:Front of the motor shield.jpg, The Adafruit motor shield V2 uses IC, requiring vastly fewer digital I/O pins than attaching each motor directly. File:Closeup of usbhost shield with jumper.JPG, A USB host shield which allows an Arduino board to communicate with a USB device such as a keyboard or a mouse


Software

A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any
programming language A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Most programming languages are text-based formal languages, but they may also be graphical. They are a kind of computer language. The description of a programming l ...
with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer).


Legacy IDE

The Arduino
integrated development environment An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of at least a source code editor, build automation tools a ...
(IDE) is a
cross-platform In computing, cross-platform software (also called multi-platform software, platform-agnostic software, or platform-independent software) is computer software that is designed to work in several computing platforms. Some cross-platform software ...
application (for Microsoft Windows,
macOS macOS (; previously OS X and originally Mac OS X) is a Unix operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac (computer), Mac computers. Within the market of ...
, and
Linux Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which i ...
) that is written in the
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
programming language. It originated from the IDE for the languages '' Processing'' and '' Wiring''. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple ''one-click'' mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the
GNU General Public License The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a series of widely used free software licenses that guarantee end user In product development, an end user (sometimes end-user) is a person who ultimately uses or is intended to ulti ...
, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and sub ...
from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub ''main()'' into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program ''avrdude'' to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware. From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it's independent from IDE.


IDE 2.0

On September 14, 2022, the Arduino IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable. Previously, on October 18, 2019 the initial alpha preview was released as the Arduino Pro IDE. On March 1, 2021, the beta preview was released, renamed IDE 2.0. The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional development environment, autocompletion support, and Git integration. The application frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. The main features available in the new release are: * Modern, fully featured development environment * Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro Mode (File System view) * New Board Manager * New Library Manager * Board List * Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only) * Git Integration * Serial Monitor * Dark Mode


Sketch

A ''sketch'' is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions: * : This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function . * : After function exits (ends), the function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function . ;Blink example Most Arduino boards contain a
light-emitting diode A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light ( ...
(LED) and a current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions , , and , which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer. #define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED. void setup() void loop()


Libraries

The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects.


Operating systems/threading

There is a Xinu OS port for the atmega328p (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes most of the basic features. The source code of this version is freely available. There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes.


Applications

*
Arduboy The Arduboy is a handheld game console with open source software, based on the Arduino hardware platform. History Development The original version of the Arduboy was thick, with the height and width of a credit card, and was initially designed b ...
, a
handheld game console A handheld game console, or simply handheld console, is a small, portable self-contained video game console with a built-in screen, game controls and speakers. Handheld game consoles are smaller than home video game consoles and contain the cons ...
based on Arduino *
Arduinome An Arduinome is a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome using the Arduino physical computing platform. The plans for the Arduinome are released under an open source, non-commercial use only license. The Arduinome platform is noted for pr ...
, a
MIDI controller A MIDI controller is any hardware or software that generates and transmits Musical Instrument Digital Interface ( MIDI) data to MIDI-enabled devices, typically to trigger sounds and control parameters of an electronic music performance. They mo ...
device that mimics the
Monome Monome is an Upstate New York-based company, founded by Brian Crabtree and Kelli Cain, that produces sound modules and MIDI controllers. Monome is also the name of their initial product, a grid-based controller that is now sometimes simply refer ...
* Ardupilot, drone software and hardware *
ArduSat ArduSat is an Arduino based nanosatellite, based on the CubeSat standard. It contains a set of Arduino boards and sensors. The general public will be allowed to use these Arduinos and sensors for their own creative purposes while they are in s ...
, a cubesat based on Arduino *
C-STEM Studio C-STEM Studio is a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics. It can be used to control multiple Linkbot, Lego Mindstorms NXT Lego Mindstorms NXT is a prog ...
, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics * Data loggers for scientific research * OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars * OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger * XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino


Simulation

* Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation * Wokwi, a digital and free to use simulator for Arduino boards


Recognitions

The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006
Prix Ars Electronica The Prix Ars Electronica is one of the best known and longest running yearly prizes in the field of electronic and interactive art, computer animation, digital culture and music. It has been awarded since 1987 by Ars Electronica (Linz, Austria). ...
. The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital Services" in 2020.


See also

* List of Arduino boards and compatible systems * List of open-source hardware projects *


Explanatory notes


References


Further reading

* Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; ''Make: Getting Started with Arduino''; 3rd ed.; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014; . * Jeremy Blum; ''Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry''; 2nd ed.; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019; . * John Boxall; ''Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects''; 1st ed.; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013; . * Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; ''Make: Sensors''; 1st ed.; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014; . * Simon Monk; ''Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches''; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018; . * Simon Monk; ''Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches''; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016; . * John Nussey; ''Arduino For Dummies''; 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons; 400 pages; 2018; . * Jack Purdum; ''Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino''; 2nd ed.; Apress; 388 pages; 2015; . * Maik Schmidt; ''Arduino: A Quick Start Guide''; 2nd ed.; Pragmatic Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015; .


External links

*
How Arduino is open sourcing imagination
a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
Evolution tree for Arduino

Arduino Cheat Sheet

Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns

Arduino Shield Template
* Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams
DueEsploraLeonardoMegaMicroMiniPro MicroPro MiniUnoYun
; Historical * Arduino - The Documentary (2010)
IMDbVimeo
* Massimo Banzi interviews
Triangulation 110FLOSS 61

Untold History of Arduino
- Hernando Barragán
Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al.
- United States Courts Archive {{Authority control Microcontrollers Open hardware electronic devices Robotics hardware Computer-related introductions in 2005 Physical computing Italian inventions