The Arctowski Peninsula () is a peninsula, long in a north-south direction, lying between

Andvord Bay Andvord Bay () is a bay-like fjord, long and wide, which lies between Beneden Head and Duthiers Point along the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Adrien de Gerlache, and named by ...

and

Wilhelmina Bay Wilhelmina Bay is a bay wide between the Reclus Peninsula and Cape Anna along the west coast of Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897-99 led by Adrien de Gerlache. The bay is named ...

on the west coast of

Graham Land Graham Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula that lies north of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This description of Graham Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the British Antarctic Place-names Committee and ...

, Antarctica.

Location

The Arctowski Peninsula is on the

Danco Coast The Danco Coast () is the portion of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Sterneck and Cape Renard. This coast was explored in January and February 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache, who named it f ...

on the west of the

Antarctic Peninsula The Antarctic Peninsula, known as O'Higgins Land in Chile and Tierra de San Martín in Argentina, and originally as Graham Land in the United Kingdom and the Palmer Peninsula in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland Antarctic ...

. It extends in a north-northwest direction from the

Forbidden Plateau The Forbidden Plateau is a small, hilly plateau in the east of the Vancouver Island Vancouver Island Ranges, Ranges in British Columbia, northwest of Comox Lake roughly between Mount Albert Edward (British Columbia), Mount Albert Edward to the sou ...

to the south into the

Gerlache Strait Gerlache Strait or de Gerlache Strait or Détroit de la Belgica is a Channel (geography), channel/strait separating the Palmer Archipelago from the Antarctic Peninsula. The Belgian Antarctic Expedition, under Lt. Adrien de Gerlache, explored the ...

to the north.

is to the east. Across the Gerlache Strait the end of the peninsula faces the

Solvay Mountains The Solvay Mountains are a mountain range that rises to 1590 m (Cook Summit) and extends in an ENE–WSW direction in the south part of Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. They were discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expediti ...

Brabant Island Brabant Island is the second largest island of the Palmer Archipelago within the British Antarctic Territory, lying between Anvers Island and Liège Island. Brabant Island is long north-south, wide, and rises to in Mount Parry. The interior ...

to the north, and the Osterrieth Range on

Anvers Island Anvers Island or Antwerp Island or Antwerpen Island or Isla Amberes is a high, mountainous island long, the largest in the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. It was discovered by John Biscoe in 1832 and named in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic E ...

to the northwest.

Rongé Island Rongé Island is a high, rugged island long, the largest island of the group which forms the west side of Errera Channel, off the west coast of Graham Land in Antarctica. Location Rongé Island is off the Danco Coast on the west side of the A ...

is west of the northwest side of the peninsula. The Laussedat Heights on the southwest side of the peninsula look over

to the west. The peninsula extends southeast to a line defined by

Arago Glacier Arago Glacier () is a glacier flowing into Andvord Bay just northwest of Moser Glacier, on the west coast of Graham Land. History Arago Glacier was mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey from air photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys L ...

, which flows south into Henryk Cove, and

Woodbury Glacier Woodbury Glacier () is a glacier just west of Montgolfier Glacier, flowing into Piccard Cove, Wilhelmina Bay, on the west coast of Graham Land. Mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from air photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys L ...

, which flows north into

Piccard Cove Wilhelmina Bay is a bay wide between the Reclus Peninsula and Cape Anna along the west coast of Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897-99 led by Adrien de Gerlache. The bay is named f ...

. Northern features include Cape Anna, Mount Fourcade, Orne Harbour, Spigot Peak, Selvick Cove, Zeiss Needle, Sable Pinnacles (Noire Rock) and Henryk Peak. Central features include Wild Spur, Henryk Glacier, Pulfrich Peak, Hubl Peak and Stolze Peak. Southern features include Porro Bluff, Orel Ice Fring, Laussedat Heights, Deville Glacier, Scheimpflug Nunatak, Fliess Glacier (flowing into Neko Harbour) and The Downfall.

Geology

On the west coast of the Arctowski Peninsula, and the islands lying to the west, there are three main groups of exposed rocks.

Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleoz ...

(?) –

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...

metasediments of the Trinity Peninsula Group,

Early Cretaceous The Early Cretaceous ( geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name), is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 145 Ma to 100.5 Ma. Geology Pro ...

lavas, agglomerates and tuffs of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group, and

Mid-Cretaceous The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the ...

adamellite, granite, granodiorite, diorite, tonalite and gabbro plutons of the Andean Intrusive Suite. There are also basic and acid hypabyssal dykes that may date to the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', the ...

Discovery and name

The Arctowski Peninsula was discovered by the

Belgian Antarctic Expedition The Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899 was the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic region. Led by Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery aboard the RV ''Belgica'', it was the first Belgian Antarctic expedition and is considered the firs ...

(BelgAE), 1897–99, under

Adrien de Gerlache Baron Adrien Victor Joseph de Gerlache de Gomery (; 2 August 1866 – 4 December 1934) was a Belgian officer in the Belgian Royal Navy who led the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–99. Early years Born in Hasselt in eastern Belgium as t ...

. The name, for

Henryk Arctowski Henryk Arctowski (15 July 1871 – 21 February 1958; ), born Henryk Artzt, was a Polish scientist and explorer. Living in exile for a large part of his life, he was one of the first persons to winter in Antarctica and became an internationally ...

of that expedition, was suggested by the United States

Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (ACAN or US-ACAN) is an advisory committee of the United States Board on Geographic Names responsible for recommending commemorative names for features in Antarctica. History The committee was established ...

(US-ACAN) for this previously unnamed feature.

Northern features

Northern features include, from north to south:

Anna Cove

. A cove immediately east of Cape Anna at the north end of Arctowski Peninsula. Charted by the BelgAE on January 30, 1898, and named in association with Cape Anna.

Mount Fourcade

. Mountain standing southwest of Cape Anna. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for H.G. Fourcade, South African surveyor who designed the stereogoniometer and gave it practical application for plotting

photogrammetric Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant ima ...

surveys in about 1900.

Orne Harbor

. Cove wide, indenting the west coast of Graham Land southwest of Cape Anna. Discovered by the BelgAE under Gerlache in 1898. The name Orne Harbor was probably in use by Norwegian whalers, because it was used by Scottish geologist David Ferguson following his geologic reconnaissance of this area aboard the whaler ''Hanka'' in 1913.

Spigot Peak

. A conspicuous black peak high, marking the south side of the entrance to Orne Harbor. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1950. The name, given by the

UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (or UK-APC) is a United Kingdom government committee, part of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, responsible for recommending names of geographical locations within the British Antarctic Territory (BAT) and ...

(UK-APC) in 1956, is descriptive of the appearance of the feature; a spigot is a wooden peg.

Lagarrigue Cove

. A small cove south of Spigot Peak, Errera Channel, on the Danco Cast. The name was proposed by the Argentine navy and was approved by the Argentine geographical coordinating commission in 1956 to replace the provisional name "Puerto Lote., Named in memory of a navy cook with the Argentine Antarctic Expedition of 1947-48 who perished in a crevasse accident in the vicinity. Called "Selvick Cove" by the United Kingdom.

Sophie Rocks

. A small group of land rocks, midway between Spigot Peak and Zeiss Needle ount Dedo overlooking Selvick Cove to the W, and Orne Harbour to the E, Arctowski Peninsula. First seen and named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1898, the name Roches Sophie was shown on Lecointe map 1899. However Frederick Albert Cook M.D. a member of the same expedition used the name Sophie Rocks, and it was decided to name this feature Sophie Rocks to retain the use of the name in this area.

Mount Dedo

. Conspicuous needle-like peak, high, standing south of Orne Harbor on the west coast of Graham Land. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897–99. The name appears on an Argentine government chart of 1954 and is descriptive, "dedo" meaning finger in Spanish. Called "Zeiss Needle" by the United Kingdom.

Vidbol Glacier

. A long and wide glacier on Arctowski Peninsula draining the north slopes of Pulfrich Peak. Flowing northwestwards west of Henryk Peak and east of Mount Dedo to enter Gerlache Strait at Orne Harbour. Named after the Vidbol River in Northwestern Bulgaria.

Noire Rock

. A dark pinnacle rock southwest of Mount Dedo. Charted and descriptively named (''noire'' means black) by the BelgAE under Gerlache in 1898.

Henryk Peak

. A prominent peak in the northern part of the main ridge of Arctowski Peninsula. Named after

, member of the 1897-1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition.

Central features

Central features include, from north to south:

Pulfrich Peak

. A peak near the east part of Wild Spur on Arctowski Peninsula, on the west coast of Graham Land. Mapped by the

Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on ...

(FIDS) from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for

Carl Pulfrich Carl P. Pulfrich (September 24, 1858 in Burscheid, Rhine Province – August 12, 1927 in Baltic Sea, drowned when his canoe capsized) was a German physicist, noted for advancements in optics made as a researcher for the Carl Zeiss company in ...

(1858-1927), "father of stereophotogrammetry,, who independently developed a stereocomparator in 1901 and developed the principle of the "floating mark, established by Franz Stolze.

Wild Spur

. Spur extending from Pulfrich Peak to the west side of Arctowski Peninsula. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for

Heinrich Wild Heinrich Wild (Mitlödi, Canton of Glarus, November 15, 1877 – Baden, Switzerland, December 26, 1951) was a Swiss businessman, industrial designer, and inventor who was the founder of Wild Heerbrugg, a Swiss optical instruments manufacturing com ...

(1833-1902), Swiss instrument designer responsible for the autograph, first used about 1924 for stereosurvey from ground stations and later adapted for air survey.

Henryk Glacier

. A glacier on the Arctowski Peninsula with a noteworthy

cirque A (; from the Latin word ') is an amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion. Alternative names for this landform are corrie (from Scottish Gaelic , meaning a pot or cauldron) and (; ). A cirque may also be a similarly shaped landform ...

at the head. It flows southwest between Wild Spur and Hübl Peak into

Errera Channel Errera Channel () is a channel between Rongé Island and the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–1899, under Adrien de Gerlache, who named this feature for Leo Errera, a professor at the Univer ...

. Named in association with the peninsula after Henryk Arctowski by the

Polish Antarctic Expedition The Polish Antarctic Expedition to the A. B. Dobrowolski Polar Station was conducted by a team of doctors, geophysicists, and geomorphologists between 1978 and 1979. It was sponsored by the Polish Academy of Sciences. This was the third expedition ...

, about 1993.

Stolze Peak

. Peak on Arctowski Peninsula near the head of Beaupré Cove. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by

Hunting Aerosurveys Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd was a British aerial photography company founded by Percy Hunting in 1944. Its operations became more diversified under the name Hunting Surveys. History The firm incorporated Aerofilms Ltd and the Aircraft Operating Co ...

Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for

Franz Stolze Franz may refer to: People * Franz (given name) * Franz (surname) Places * Franz (crater), a lunar crater * Franz, Ontario, a railway junction and unorganized town in Canada * Franz Lake, in the state of Washington, United States – see ...

, a German scientist who in 1881 suggested improvements in methods of air photography and, in 1892, first established the principle of the "floating mark, used in

stereophotogrammetry Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant ima ...

, later developed by Pulfrich.

Hübl Peak

. A peak west of Stolze Peak on Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Artur Freiherr von Hubl (1853-1932), Austrian surveyor, head of the topographic section of the Militargeographische Institut, Vienna, who in 1894 designed a stereocomparator which was developed independently by Doctor Carl Pulfrich in 1901.

Southern features

Southern features include,

Wheatstone Glacier

. A glacier on the west coast of Graham Land. It enters

east of

Danco Island Danco Island or Isla Dedo is an island off Antarctica, long lying in the southern part of Errera Channel, off the west coast of Graham Land. It was charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Adrien de Gerlache, 1897–1899. Danco Island ...

. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Sir

Charles Wheatstone Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS FRSE DCL LLD (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for di ...

(1802-75), English scientist and inventor who designed the first mirror stereoscope in 1832.

Birdsend Bluff

. Rocky bluff at the south side of the mouth of Wheatstone Glacier. First roughly surveyed by the BelgAE under Gerlache, {{convert, 1897-99. The name originated when two members of the FIDS were camped immediately below this bluff in May 1956 and a fall of rock from the bluff flattened a bird outside their tent.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=68

Porro Bluff

{{coord, 64, 45, S, 62, 33, W. Bluff lying south of Birdsend Bluff and overlooking Errera Channel. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1950. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for

Ignazio Porro Ignazio Porro (25 November 1801 – 8 October 1875) was an Italian inventor of optical instruments. Porro's name is most closely associated with the prism system which he invented around 1850 and which is used in the construction of Porro prism ...

(1795-1875), Italian engineer who in 1851 invented a prism combination, important in the development of stereo-plotting instruments.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=584

Orel Ice Fringe

{{coord, 64, 46, S, 62, 36, W. A strip of coastal ice bordering the south side of Errera Channel between

Beneden Head Beneden Head () is a steep-sided headland, high, forming the north side of the entrance to Andvord Bay, on the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, and named after Professor Edouard Van ...

and Porro Bluff. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by

Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for

Eduard von Orel The stereoautograph is a complex opto-mechanical measurement instrument for the evaluation of analog or digital photograms. It is based on the stereoscopy effect by using two aero photos or two photograms of the topography or of buildings from di ...

(1877-1941), Austrian surveyor who in 1905 designed the first

stereoautograph The stereoautograph is a complex opto-mechanical measurement instrument for the evaluation of analog or digital photograms. It is based on the stereoscopy effect by using two aero photos or two photograms of the topography or of buildings from di ...

for plotting maps directly from horizontal photographs.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, pp=545–546

Deville Glacier

{{coord, 64, 48, S, 62, 35, W. Glacier flowing along the south side of Laussedat Heights into

. The glacier is shown on an Argentine government chart of 1952. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Edouard G. Deville (1849-1924), Surveyor General of Canada, 1885-1924, who introduced and developed photogrammetric methods of survey in Canada from {{convert, 1888 onward.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=186

Scheimpflug Nunatak

{{coord, 64, 48, S, 62, 36, W. Nunatak in the mouth of Deville Glacier on Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Theodor Scheimpflug (1865-1911), Austrian pioneer of

aerophotogrammetry Aerial survey is a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods. Typical types of data collected include aerial photography, Lidar, remote sensing (using various visible ...

.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=652

Laussedat Heights

{{coord, 64, 47, S, 62, 30, W. A series of elevations extending eastward for {{convert, 8, nmi in the southwest part of Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Aimé Laussedat (1819-1907), French military engineer, the "father of photogrammetry," who pioneered the application of photography to survey from about {{convert, 1851 onward.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=422

Nadjakov Glacier

{{coord, 64, 45, 10, S, 62, 23, 20, W. A {{convert, 5.5, km long and {{convert, 2, km wide glacier on Arctowski Peninsula draining north-northeastwards to enter the head of Beaupré Cove east of Stolze Peak. Named after the Bulgarian physicist

Georgi Nadjakov Georgi Nadjakov (also spelled Georgi Nadzhakov) ( bg, Георги Наджаков) (26 December 1896 – 24 February 1981) was a Bulgarian physicist. He became a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1940) in Germany, memb ...

(1897-1981) who discovered the photoelectret state essential to modern

photocopying A photocopier (also called copier or copy machine, and formerly Xerox machine, the generic trademark) is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto paper or plastic film quickly and cheaply. Most modern photocopiers u ...

.{{sfn, Nadjakov Glacier SCAR{{sfn whitelist, CITEREFNadjakov Glacier SCAR

The Downfall

{{coord, 64, 48, S, 62, 23, W. A mountain (c. {{convert, 1,500, m high between the heads of

and

. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. So named by the UK-APC in 1960 because the feature marked the end of the route from Orel Ice Fringe by which members of the FIDS at Danco Island station had hoped in 1956 to reach

. A very steep drop on the east side of the summit precludes further progress.{{sfn, Alberts, 1995, p=198

References

{{Reflist, 25em

Sources

{{refbegin *{{citation, url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf , accessdate=2023-12-03 , edition=2 , editor-last=Alberts , title=Geographic Names of the Antarctic , editor-first=Fred G. , publisher=United States Board on Geographic Names , year=1995 {{Include-USGov , agency=United States Board on Geographic Names *{{citation , url=https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052676.pdf , accessdate=2024-05-28 , title=Geology of Gerlache Strait, West Antarctica. I. Arctowski Peninsula , last=Birkenmajer , first=Krzystof , year=1995 , journal=Polish Polar Research , volume=16 , issue=1-2 , pages=47-60 *{{citation , title=Through the First Antarctic Night, 1898–1899, url=https://archive.org/details/throughfirstan00cook , last=Cook, first=Frederick A, date=1900 *{{citation , url=https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/7696/ , accessdate=2024-05-03 , title=Graham Land and South Shetland Islands , publisher=BAS: British Antarctic Survey , year=2005 , ref={{harvid, Graham Land and South Shetland BAS *{{cite scar2 , id=136086 , name=Henryk Glacier *{{cite scar2 , id=116507 , name=Henryk Peak *{{cite scar2 , id=136995 , name=Nadjakov Glacier *{{cite scar2 , id=111113 , name=Selvick Cove *{{cite scar2 , id=111276 , name=Sophie Rocks *{{cite scar2 , id=136881 , name=Vidbol Glacier *{{cite scar2 , id=112033 , name=Zeiss Needle {{refend Peninsulas of Graham Land Danco Coast Poland and the Antarctic