Arabic language influence on the Spanish language on:
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, Iron(II) sulfate">iron
Iron () is a chemical element with Symbol (chemistry), symbol Fe (from la, Wikt:ferrum, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 element, group 8 of the periodic table. It is, Abundanc ...
Arabic influence on the Spanish language overwhelmingly dates from the Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula between 711 and 1492. The influence results mainly from the large number of
The
Real Academia de la Lengua Española
although a small minority are only available in other sources or past editions of this dictionary. Many of these words will be unfamiliar to many Spanish speakers because their use is restricted to certain regions of Spain or Spanish-speaking countries or they are no longer in regular use. For example, the word for Arabic-derived word for "jewel" alhaja is very common in Mexico whereas in Spain it is restricted to rural areas of the southern half of the country, the alternative Spanish term joya being much more common. On the other hand the Arabic derived term for fruit juice zumo is the standard term in Spain whereas in Hispanic America the Latin-derived jugo or agua are generally used. The Arabic term alberca in Spain refers to agricultural water deposits, whereas in Mexico it is the common term used for swimming pool as opposed to piscina elsewhere or pileta in Argentina.
_
Iron_()_is_a__chemical_element_with_Symbol_(chemistry),_symbol_Fe_(from__la,_Wikt:ferrum,_ferrum)_and_atomic_number_26._It_is_a_metal_that_belongs_to_the_first_transition_series_and_group_8_element,_group_8_of_the_periodic_table._It_is,_Abundanc_...
_or_Zinc_sulfate.html" ;"title="Iron(II)_sulfate.html" "title="Copper(II)_sulfate.html" "title="Ribes"> ''Ribes'', genus of berry plants, e.g. blackcurrant, redcurrant and white currant">Ribes.html" ;"title=" ''Ribes"> ''Ribes'', genus of berry plants, e.g. blackcurrant, redcurrant and white currant
#acebuche: wild olive tree, or wood from such a tree. From Andalusi Arabic ''azzabbúǧ''.
#aceche: Copper(II) sulfate">copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
loanwords and derivations in Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
, plus a few other less obvious effects.
History
The Spanish language
Spanish ( or , Castilian) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from colloquial Latin spoken on the Iberian peninsula. Today, it is a global language with more than 500 million native speakers, mainly in th ...
, also called ''Castilian'', is a Romance language
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language f ...
that evolved from the dialects of Roman Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve into numerous Romance languages. Its literary counterpa ...
spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The first documents written in a language with some features specific of modern Spanish are ascribed to a number of documents from different monasteries in the area of Burgos
Burgos () is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is the capital and most populated municipality of the province of Burgos.
Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, on the confluence of ...
and La Rioja
La Rioja () is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño. Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra, Arnedo, Alfaro, Haro, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, an ...
in what is now northern Spain. However, Toledo in central Spain, which became the capital of the early Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (; es, Reino de Castilla, la, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. It began in the 9th cent ...
during its southward expansion, is where Spanish began to appear in a written form recognizable today. The pre-existing Mozarabic
Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...
dialect of this region (i.e. the Romance present during Muslim rule) is therefore likely to have also had an influence on modern Spanish.
The lexical influence of Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista
The ' (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid ...
, when the emerging Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (; es, Reino de Castilla, la, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the host of castles constructed in the region. It began in the 9th cent ...
conquered large territories from Moorish rulers particularly in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. These territories, which included the former Taifa of Toledo
The Taifa of Toledo () was an islamic polity ('' taifa'') located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula in the high middle ages. It was ruled by the Dhulnunids, a Hawwara Berber clan. It emerged after 1018 upon the fracturing of the Caliphate of ...
, had large numbers of Arabic speakers, as well as many who spoke local Romance dialects (Mozarabic language
Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...
) that were heavily influenced by Arabic, both influencing Castilian. It is possible that Arabic words and their derivatives had also been priorly brought into Castilian by Mozarab Christians who emigrated northwards from Al Andalus in times of sectarian violence
Sectarian violence and/or sectarian strife is a form of communal violence which is inspired by sectarianism, that is, discrimination, hatred or prejudice between different sects of a particular mode of an ideology or different sects of a religion ...
, particularly during the times of Almohad
The Almohad Caliphate (; ar, خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or or from ar, ٱلْمُوَحِّدُونَ, translit=al-Muwaḥḥidūn, lit=those who profess the unity of God) was a North African Berber Muslim empire fou ...
and Almoravid
The Almoravid dynasty ( ar, المرابطون, translit=Al-Murābiṭūn, lit=those from the ribats) was an imperial Berber Muslim dynasty centered in the territory of present-day Morocco. It established an empire in the 11th century that ...
rule in the 12th and 13th centuries. As such, Arabic can be considered to have had a formative influence on the Spanish language.
The degree to which the Arabic language percolated through the Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...
varied enormously from one period and area to another and is the subject of academic debate. However, it is generally agreed that, in much of the peninsula, Arabic was used among the local elites, Muslims and Christians, and that the prevalent vernacular in many areas was Mozarabic
Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...
, a continuum of Arabic-influenced local Romance dialects. Only the southern third of the peninsula became totally Arabized as both Mozarabic and Christianity were extinguished following the Almoravid and Almohad periods.
Much of the Arabic influence upon Spanish came through the various Arabized
Arabization or Arabisation ( ar, تعريب, ') describes both the process of growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations, causing a language shift by the latter's gradual adoption of the Arabic language and incorporation of Arab culture, aft ...
Romance dialects that were spoken in areas under Moorish rule, known today by scholars as Mozarabic
Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...
. This resulted in Spanish often having both Arabic and Latin derived words with the same meaning. For example, ''aceituna'' and ''oliva'' (olive), ''alacrán'' and ''escorpión'' (scorpion), ''jaqueca'' and ''migraña'' (migraine), ''alcancía'' and ''hucha'' (piggy bank), ''ajonjolí'' and ''sésamo'' (sesame) etc.
The influence of the Arabized Mozarabic and of Arabic itself is more noticeable in the Spanish dialects from regions with a longer history of Moorish domination than those where it was shorter-lived. For this reason, the dialects of the southern half of the country, known collectively as ''castellano meridional'' or Southern Castilian, seem collectively to show a higher degree of preference for Arabisms. Northern Spanish dialects tend to prefer Romance synonyms to terms of Arabic origin, such as the Romance ''calendario'' vs. Arabic ''almanaque'', ''hucha'' vs. ''alcancía'', ''espliego'' vs. ''alhucema'', etc. Because Canarian and all Hispanic American dialect
The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena:
One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a ...
s are mainly derived from Southern Castilian, Spanish words of Arabic origin are common in most varieties
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
of Modern Spanish.
A number of words were also borrowed from Moroccan Arabic
Moroccan Arabic ( ar, العربية المغربية الدارجة, translit=al-ʻArabīya al-Maghribīya ad-Dārija ), also known as Darija (), is the dialectal, vernacular form or forms of Arabic spoken in Morocco. It is part of the Maghreb ...
principally as a result of Spain's protectorate over Spanish Morocco in the 19th and 20th centuries, although these are of minor significance.
The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands has also adopted a small number of words from Hassaniya Arabic, principally from Canarian sailors who fish in proximity to the Saharan coast as well as by those Canarians who returned from Western Sahara after the Green March
The Green March was a strategic mass demonstration in November 1975, coordinated by the Moroccan government, to force Spain to hand over the disputed, autonomous semi-metropolitan province of Spanish Sahara to Morocco. At that time, the Span ...
of 1975.
Lexical influence
The influence ofArabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
on the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its other influences are also briefly examined in this article. It is estimated that there are about one thousand Arabic root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the su ...
s, and approximately three thousand derived words, for a total of around four thousand words or 8% of the Spanish dictionary. See Influences on the Spanish language
Spanish is a Romance language which developed from Vulgar Latin in central areas of the Iberian peninsula and has absorbed many loanwords from other Romance languages like French, Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese, and Italian. Spanish also has lexic ...
for more on how the number of Arabisms in Spanish has been estimated. The exact number of words of Arabic origin and their derivatives in Spanish is not known, and many words not included on this list are regionalisms: words that are used in certain parts of Spain and/or Hispanic America but are generally unknown elsewhere.
The high point of Arabic word use in Spanish was in late medieval times and has declined since then, but hundreds are still used in normal conversation. A larger majority of these words are nouns, with a number of verb
A verb () is a word ( part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descr ...
s and adjective
In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated ) is a word that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun.
Traditionally, adjectives were considered one of the ma ...
s derived directly from these nouns, e.g. ''alquilar'' (to rent) and ''alquilado'' (rented) from ''alquiler'' (rent), most of which are excluded from this list. There is also one preposition: ''hasta'' ("until"), and one adverb An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc., answering ...
: ''he''. There has been little influence on the basic grammatical structure of the language.
Many Arabic loanwords in Spanish start with ''a-'' or ''al-'', where these sounds come from the Arabic article ''al-'' (giving just ''a-'' when the Arabic word begins with a solar letter). This initial ''a(l)-'' is an integral part of the word in Spanish, that is, it's not a morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes that stand alone are ...
.
List of words of Arabic origin
This is an open list of Spanish words acquired ''directly'' from Classical andAndalusi Arabic
Andalusi Arabic (), also known as Andalusian Arabic, was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 17th century in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) once under Muslim rule. It b ...
, listed in alphabetical order. This list includes the Spanish meaning of the word as well as the Arabic etymology
Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...
. No fixed standard of Arabic transliteration is used.
Rationale for inclusion
''Due to the large influence of Arabic on Spanish vocabulary, this list is relatively restrictive:''
*This list has been edited to include only words which are considered to appertain to the Spanish language and the Hispanic culture
The term ''Hispanic'' ( es, hispano) refers to people, cultures, or countries related to Spain, the Spanish language, or Hispanidad.
The term commonly applies to countries with a cultural and historical link to Spain and to viceroyalties forme ...
and society. Arabic words which may be understood by Spanish speakers, but remain foreign to the Hispanic civilisation such as Ayatolá, Yihad, or Chiita, are excluded from this list.
*Only words which have passed directly from Arabic are included. Arabic words which entered the Spanish language through other, non- Iberian, Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Dutc ...
(such as '' Ayatolá'', ''Beduino'', ''Sofá'', or ''sorbete'') are not included. Included as exceptions to this rule are ''álcali'' and ''álgebra'', words of Arabic origin which are thought to have entered Spanish through "Low Latin
Late Latin ( la, Latinitas serior) is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.Roberts (1996), p. 537. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the , and continuing into the 7th century in ...
"—as suggested by their initial stress (the Arabic definite article ''al-'' is not normally borrowed as a stressed syllable).
*Generally, only Spanish root words are listed, derivations (including nouns, verbs or adjectives) not being included. For example, ''aceite'' (from ''az-zeit'', oil) is included but not ''aceitería'', ''aceitero'', ''aceitón'' or ''aceitoso''. On the other hand, ''aceituna'' ( olive) is included since it derives not from ''az-zeit'' but from ''az-zeituna'' in Arabic, even though the root of the ''Arabic'' word is the same. ''Aceituno'' (olive tree), on the other hand, would not be included, since it shares the same root as ''aceituna''. For this reason a significant number of verbs and adjectives are excluded from this list. An exception to this rule may be made when the derived word is much more commonly used than the root word, when the meaning of the derivative has no evident connection with the root word or when it is not clear that one is derived from the other (e.g. horro and ahorrar).
*Words derived from Mozarabic
Mozarabic, also called Andalusi Romance, refers to the medieval Romance varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula in territories controlled by the Islamic Emirate of Córdoba and its successors. They were the common tongue for the majority of ...
are not included (Mozarabic being fundamentally a Romance language
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language f ...
), unless the Mozarabic word is itself derived from classical or Andalusi Arabic.
*Words acquired from Berber or Hebrew
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
(or other Afro-Asiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic, or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, Erythraean or Lisramic, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic su ...
) are not included.
The etymology and meaning of most of these words can be verified on the site of thReal Academia de la Lengua Española
although a small minority are only available in other sources or past editions of this dictionary. Many of these words will be unfamiliar to many Spanish speakers because their use is restricted to certain regions of Spain or Spanish-speaking countries or they are no longer in regular use. For example, the word for Arabic-derived word for "jewel" alhaja is very common in Mexico whereas in Spain it is restricted to rural areas of the southern half of the country, the alternative Spanish term joya being much more common. On the other hand the Arabic derived term for fruit juice zumo is the standard term in Spain whereas in Hispanic America the Latin-derived jugo or agua are generally used. The Arabic term alberca in Spain refers to agricultural water deposits, whereas in Mexico it is the common term used for swimming pool as opposed to piscina elsewhere or pileta in Argentina.
A (Ababol to Azumbre)
#ababol:poppy
A poppy is a flowering plant in the subfamily Papaveroideae of the family Papaveraceae. Poppies are herbaceous plants, often grown for their colourful flowers. One species of poppy, '' Papaver somniferum'', is the source of the narcotic drug o ...
, in Aragon, Navarre, Albacete
Albacete (, also , ; ar, ﭐَلبَسِيط, Al-Basīṭ) is a city and municipality in the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, and capital of the province of Albacete.
Lying in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, the ...
and Murcia
Murcia (, , ) is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country. It has a population of 460,349 inhabitants in 2021 (about one ...
. From Andalusian Arabic ''Happapáwr'', a fusion from the Arabic plural ''al-ḥabūb'' (الْحَبُوب), the generic term for "seeds, beans or grains", and the Latin ''papāver''.
#abacero: owner of an abacería, small food shop. From Andalusi Arabic ''*ṣaḥb uz-zād'' () "owner of supplies."
#abadí: descendant/lineage of ''Mohammed ben Abad'', founder of the Taifa Kingdom of Seville in the 11th century AD. From Andalusi Arabic '' 'abbādī'' (عبّادي).
#abalorio: cheap jewellery or jewellery beads. From Andalusi Arabic and Arabic ''al-ballūriy ' (الْبَلُّورِيُِّ) " ade of/ likeglass or clear as crystal". Ultimately from Greek , "beryl"
#abarraz: stavesacre (''Delphinium staphisagria
''Staphisagria macrosperma'', formerly known as ''Delphinium staphisagria'', is a species of '' Staphisagria'' of the family Ranunculaceae. It used to belong to the subgenus or section ''Staphisagria'' of the genus ''Delphinium'', but molecular e ...
''), a medicinal plant. From Andalusian Arabic ''ḥább arrás'' () "head seeds."
#abasí: pertaining to the Abbasid dynasty, which overthrew the Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
s in the 8th century.
#abelmosco: musk seeds, an aromatic plant. From Andalusi Arabic ''ḥabb al musk'' () literally "musk seeds." Classical Arabic ''ḥabbu 'l musk''.
#abencerraje: used in expression: "''Zegríes y abencerrajes''", "partisans of opposite interests". The ''Abencerrajes'' (in Arabic ''aban as-sarráǧ'') was an Arabic family of the Kingdom of Granada
)
, common_languages = Official language:Classical ArabicOther languages: Andalusi Arabic, Mozarabic, Berber, Ladino
, capital = Granada
, religion = Majority religion:Sunni IslamMinority religions:Roman ...
, rivals of the Zegríes in the 15th century.
#abenuz: ebony
Ebony is a dense black/brown hardwood, coming from several species in the genus '' Diospyros'', which also contains the persimmons. Unlike most woods, ebony is dense enough to sink in water. It is finely textured and has a mirror finish when ...
. From Arabic ''abanūs'' (أَبَنُوس) of the same meaning but in Arabic referring to the "black wood" of the tropical tree.
#abismal: screw in head of a spear. From Arabic ''al-mismar'' (الْمِسْمَر) "nail."
#abitaque: a cut of wood used in construction of a certain shape and dimension. From Arabic ''aṭ-ṭabaqah'' (الطَّبَقَة) "layer" or "intermediate chamber" or "group, standard, type".
#acebibe: raisin. From Arabic ''az-zabīb'' (الزَّبِيب) of the same meaning but also "dried grape" or "currant" _''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant.html" ;"title="Ribes.html" ;"title=" ''_''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant">Ribes.html"_;"title="_''Ribes">_''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant
#acebuche:_wild_olive_tree,_or_wood_from_such_a_tree._From_Andalusi_Arabic_''azzabbúǧ''.
#aceche:__
Copper_is_a__chemical_element_with_the__symbol_Cu_(from__la,_cuprum)_and__atomic_number_29._It_is_a_soft,_malleable,_and_ductile_metal_with_very_high_thermal_and__electrical_conductivity._A_freshly_exposed_surface_of_pure_copper_has_a__pinkis_...
,_Iron(II)_sulfate">iron_''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant">Ribes.html"_;"title="_''Ribes">_''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant
#acebuche:_wild_olive_tree,_or_wood_from_such_a_tree._From_Andalusi_Arabic_''azzabbúǧ''.
#aceche:_Copper(II)_sulfate">copper_
Copper_is_a__chemical_element_with_the__symbol_Cu_(from__la,_cuprum)_and__atomic_number_29._It_is_a_soft,_malleable,_and_ductile_metal_with_very_high_thermal_and__electrical_conductivity._A_freshly_exposed_surface_of_pure_copper_has_a__pinkis_...
,_ _''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant">Ribes.html"_;"title="_''Ribes">_''Ribes'',_genus_of_berry_plants,_e.g._blackcurrant,_redcurrant_and_white_currant
#acebuche:_wild_olive_tree,_or_wood_from_such_a_tree._From_Andalusi_Arabic_''azzabbúǧ''.
#aceche:_Copper(II)_sulfate">copperor Zinc sulfate">zinc sulphate. From Andalusi (Hispanic) Arabic ''*azzáj, < az-zāj'', < . From Classical Arabic ''az-zāj'' (الزَّاج), meaning vitriol - Sulfuric acid, sulphuric acid or a sulphate. #aceifa: Muslim summer military expedition. From Arabic ''aṣ-ṣayf'' (الصَّيْف), "summer". #aceite: oil. From Arabic ''az-zayt'' (الزَّيْت) "oil". #aceituna: olive. From Arabic ''az-zaytūn'' (الزَّيْتُون) "olive". #aceituní: precious cloth from the Orient. From Arabic ''az-zaytuni'', a possible adaptation of the Chinese city Tsö-Thung . #acelga: Chard. From Arabic ''as-salq'' (السَّلْق) of the same meaning. #acémila:
beast of burden
A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products. Some are used for their physical strength (e.g. oxen and draft horses) or for ...
; tax formerly paid in Spain. From Arabic ''az-zamilah'' "beast of burden", most likely stemming the Arabic scientific term for "pack-animal", "''aḍ-ḍābatu 'l-ḥaml'' (الذَّابَةُ الْحَمْل)"
#acemite: wheat husk; a type of wheat porridge. From Arabic semolina
Semolina is coarsely milled durum wheat mainly used in making couscous, and sweet puddings. The term semolina is also used to designate coarse millings of other varieties of wheat, and sometimes other grains (such as rice or corn) as well.
Ety ...
, ''as-samid'' (السَّمِيد).
#acenefa: see cenefa.
#aceña: watermill
A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production of ...
. From Arabic ''as-saniyah'' (السانية) "the lifter."
#acequia: irrigation canal. From Arabic ''as-saqiyah'' () "the irrigator."
#acerola: fruit of the trees '' Malpighia emarginata'' or '' M. glabra'', generally found in the Americas, of the Malpighiaceae family. This should be differentiated from the European Service Rowan Tree (''Sorbus domestica
''Sorbus domestica'', with the common name service tree or sorb tree (because of its fruit), is a species of ''Sorbus'' native to western, central and southern Europe, northwest Africa (Atlas Mountains), and southwest Asia (east to the Caucasus) ...
''), family Rosaceae. From Arabic ''zu 'rūrah'' (). Originally from Syriac ''za‘rārā''.
#acetre: bucket or cauldron used to extract water from a well; small cauldron used to spray holy water
Holy water is water that has been blessed by a member of the clergy or a religious figure, or derived from a well or spring considered holy. The use for cleansing prior to a baptism and spiritual cleansing is common in several religions, from ...
in Christian liturgy. From Arabic ''as-saṭl'' ().
#aciar: (or acial): instrument used to keep farm-animals still by squeezing their ear or snout. From Arabic ''az-ziyār'' (الزِيَار) with the same meaning.
#acíbar: aloe (both the plant and its bitter juice); bitterness, grief, distaste. From Arabic ''aṣ-ṣabir'' (الصَّبِر).
#acicalar: to clean or polish (Acicalarse in reflexive form); to make oneself look good by combing, shaving etc. From Arabic ''aṣ-ṣaql'' (الصَّقْل), an instrument used for polishing things.
#acicate: spurs or the spikes on spurs; incentive. From Arabic ''(Muzil) as-siqaT'' "what takes away weaknesses."
#acidaque: Muslim dowry. From Arabic ''aṣ-ṣadāq'' (الصّداق), dowry
A dowry is a payment, such as property or money, paid by the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. While bride price or bride service is a payment ...
in Islamic law
Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
.
#acimut: azimuth, an astronomical concept - the angle with which the meridian forms a vertical circle which passes through a point in the globe. From Arabic ''as-sumut'' (السُّمُوت) plural of ''samt'' سَمْت.
#ación: handle on the stirrup. From Arabic ''as-suyūr'' (السُّيُور), plural of ''sayr'' (سَيْر) "strap" or "belt"
#acirate: line of soil used to separate different plots of land; path between two lines of trees. From Arabic ''aṣ-ṣirāṭ'' (الصِّرَاط).
#acitara or citara: thin wall, normally on a bridge. From Arabic ''as-sitārah'' (السِّتَارَة), wall to avoid falls - possibly from the Arabic for curtain, drapes or "hangings".
#achacar: to blame. From Arabic ''tashakkà'' (): to complain or to blame.
#adafina: pot used by Jews to cook. It is buried in embers on Friday night, where it cooks until Saturday. From Arabic: ''dafina'' () "buried", alternative meaning "hidden treasure"
#adalid: leader; general of Spanish militia. From Arabic ''dalil'' ().
#adaraja: each of the gaps made by the bricks in a horizontally unfinished wall. From ''daraja'' ().
#adarga: leather shield. From Arabic ''dāraqa'' (دارقة) "shield."
#adárgama: flour, rarely used today. From Arabic ''darmaka''.
#adarme: small portion of something; type of measurement. From Arabic ''dirham'' ().
#adarvar: to shock. From Arabic ''dharb'' () "blow." Replaced by ''pasmar'' and ''aturdir'' in current speech.
#adarve: wall of a fortress; protection, defense. From Arabic ''dharb'' ()
#adefera: a small, square wall or floor tile. From Arabic ''add-ddafeera''.
#adehala: that which is granted or taken as obligatory with the price in the leasing or sale of a property. From Mozarabic ''ad ihala'' and originally from Arabic ''ihala'' "offering credit."
#adelfa: oleander
''Nerium oleander'' ( ), most commonly known as oleander or nerium, is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the only species currently classified in the ge ...
. From Arabic ''ad-difla'' (الدِّفْلَى) of the same meaning.
#ademán: gesticulation which expresses the will to do something. From Arabic ''adh-dhamān'' (الضَّمَان), literally meaning legal guarantees. The change of meaning is due to the exaggerated promises and gesticulations which were offered in such a plea.
#ademe: wooden structures used to strengthen tunnels in mines. From Arabic ''da'm'' (دَعم), meaning "buttress, support, fortify, pillar, hold up".
#adiafa: present or refreshment given to sailors when back from a voyage. From Arabic '' Diyafa'' (''adh-dhiyāfah'' الضِّيَافَة) "present of hospitality", the word for "accommodation, hospitality, housing" or "hospitable reception"
#adivas: a disease provoking throat inflammation in animals. From Arabic ''aD-Dibbah'' "wolverine", which is the old Arabic name for this disease. Most likely the disease lupus, ''aḍ-ḍa'ab'' (الذَّأَب)
#adive: a type of canid similar to a fox. From Arabic a''ḍ-ḍi'b'' (الذِّئْب).
#adobe: brick made from clay. From Arabic ''aṭ-ṭūbah'' (الطُّوبَة, from Coptic ''tôbe'') of the same meaning, and from ''ad-dabba''.
#adoquín: paving-stone, cobble; block. From Arabic ''Dukkan'' bench of rock or wood.
#ador: in regions where water for irrigation is restricted and shared out by local authorities, irrigation-time for each farm/field. From Arabic ''dawr''.
#aduana: customs house; customs. From Arabic ''diwaan'' ().
#aduar: semi-permanent rural settlement, normally used for Gypsies, Bedouins or Amerindians in South America. From Bedouin Arabic ''duwwar''.
#adúcar: type of silk made from the outside of the silk-worm's cocoon. From Andalusi Arabic ''Haduqa''.
#adufe: tambourine used by Spanish Muslims. Originally from Arabic ''ad-duff'' (الدُّفّ), the generic word for tambourine.
#adul: in Morocco, assessor of the ''Cadí'' (see under letter C, another Arabic loanword). From Arabic ‘''adl'' (عَدْل), "honorable, trustworthy person" or "fair, impartial".
#adula: see dula.
#adunia: (adverb) lots. From Andalusi Arabic ''addunya'', originally from classical Arabic ''ad-dunyā'' (الدُّنْيَا) "the (whole) world", "the material world"
#adutaque: same meaning as adárgama. From Arabic ''ad-duqāq'' (الدُّقَاق) "fine flour" or "flour meal".
#afán: effort; desire; zeal. From afanar.
#afanar: to steal; to work with passion. From Arabic ''al-fanā‘'' (فناء) "extinction, extinction, destruction, vanishing", the notion, emotion of "annihilation through passion", used in poetry or to describe a type of madness
#aguajaque: the whitish resin of fennel. From Arabic ''aw-washaq'' "contaminated with water."
#agüela: Income from interest on loans assigned in public documents; Renta de los derechos sobre préstamos consignados en documento público. From Arabic ''Hawalah''.
#ajabeba: Moorish flute. From Classical Arabic ''ash-shabbābah'' (الشَّبَّابَة), the generic word for "flute, clarinet".
#ajaquefa: Roof. Same origin as Azaquefa (see the word).
#ajaraca: Ornamental loop in Andalusian and Arabic architecture. From Andalusi Arabic ''Ash-sharakah'' "loop".
#ajarafe: terrace. From Classical Arabic ''saraf'' "commanding height."
#ajebe: Alum; Para rubber tree
''Hevea brasiliensis'', the Pará rubber tree, ''sharinga'' tree, seringueira, or most commonly, rubber tree or rubber plant, is a flowering plant belonging to the spurge family Euphorbiaceae originally native to the Amazon basin, but is now pan ...
. From Arabic ''ash-Shabb''.
#ajedrea: plant in the genus ''Satureja
''Satureja'' is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. It is native to North Africa, southern and southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. A few New World species were formerly included ...
'' (family Lamiaceae), about 30 cm in height, with many branches and dark, narrow leaves. It is cultivated as an ornamental in gardens. From Arabic ''assariyya'' or ''assiriyya'', ultimately from Latin ''satureia''.
#ajedrez: chess
Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces in their color, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to dist ...
. From Arabic ''ash shatranj'' (الشطرنج) which is from Persian ''Shatranj'' from the Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
''Chaturang'' (four armed) as was the shape of the original chess board in India
#ajenuz: nutmeg flower or Roman Coriander (''Nigella sativa
''Nigella sativa'' (black caraway, also known as black cumin, nigella, kalonji or siyahdaneh) is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to eastern Europe (Bulgaria and Romania) and Western Asia (Cyprus, Turkey, Iran and Ir ...
''). From Andalusi Arabic ''Shanuz'' and ultimately Classical Arabic ''Shuniz''.
#ajimez: bifora
The bifora or ''pifara'' was a Sicilian double reed instrument of the oboe family, related to the ancient shawm and particularly to the piffero of the northern Italian Apennines. Much larger than the piffero, and made in one piece, it was employed ...
(twin arched window); wooden balcony with lattice windows. From Arabic ''shamis''.
#ajomate: pluricellular alga
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
formed by very thin filaments, without knots, bright and of intense green color. It abounds in fresh waters of Spain. From Classical Arabic ''gumam'', pl. of ''gumma'', "luxurious hair".
#ajonjolí: sesame; herbaceous, annual plant of the family of the Pedaliaceae
Pedaliaceae, the pedalium family or sesame family, is a flowering plant family classified in the order Lamiales.
The family includes sesame (''Sesamum indicum''), the source of sesame seeds.
It comprises 13 genera and approximately 70 spec ...
, a meter high, straight stem, serrate and almost triangular leaves, white or rosy corolla, and fruit with four delicate, yellowish, oily and edible capsules and many seeds. From Classical Arabic ''gulgulān'' "sesame."
#ajorca: bangle; type of gold hoop, silver or another metal, used by the women to adorn the wrists, arms or the feet. From Classical Arabic ''shuruk'', ultimately from the word ''shirāk'' "strap."
#ajorrar: To drag, to tow. See Jorro.
#ajuagas: equine animal ulcers. From Classical Arabic ''shuqaq''.
#ajuar: dowry, a collection of household and personal items (clothes, furniture, jewelry etc...) which women in Spain traditionally prepare from a young age for the day in which they marry and move in with their husband. From Arabic ''shawār'', "household utensils".
#alacena: cupboard. From Classical Arabic ''ẖizānah'' (خزانة).
#alacet: foundation of a building. From Classical Arabic ''asas'' (أساس).
#alacrán: scorpion
Scorpions are predatory arachnids of the order Scorpiones. They have eight legs, and are easily recognized by a pair of grasping pincers and a narrow, segmented tail, often carried in a characteristic forward curve over the back and always en ...
. From Classical Arabic ''aqrab'' (عقرب) of same meaning.
#aladar: Tuft of hair which falls on either side of the head. From Arabic ''idar''.
#aladroque: Anchovy. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al Hatruk'', "big mouthed".
#alafa: wage; pay. From Classical Arabic ''alafah'' "subsistence allowance." The word was replaced by ''sueldo'' in modern Spanish.
#alafia: grace; pardon; mercy. From Andalusian Arabic ''al afya'' ultimately from Classical Arabic ''afiyah'' (عافية) "health."
#alahílca: tapestry to adorn the walls. Perhaps of ''alailaca'' from Andalusian Arabic ''ilaqa'', and this of Classical Arabic ''ilāqah'' (علاقة) perhaps meaning "hanger."
#alajor: Tax which was paid to owners of land where buildings were built. From Arabic ''Ashur'', period of ten days before Easter when debts were paid and alms were given.
#alajú: Andalusian cake made of almonds, nuts, pine nut
Pine nuts, also called piñón (), pinoli (), pignoli or chilgoza (), are the edible seeds of pines (family Pinaceae, genus ''Pinus''). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, only 29 species provide edible nuts, while 20 are trad ...
s, bread, spices and cooked honey. From ''al Hashu'' "filling".
#alamar: A type of decorative attachment which is buttoned on clothing. From Andalusi Arabic ''Alam'', decoration (in clothes).
#alambique: alembic, alchemical still consisting of two vessels connected by a tube, used for distilling chemicals. From Arabic ''al-anbiq'' "the cup/container holding water", in turn from Greek.
#alambor: Two meanings in Spanish with two different etymologies. 1) Embankment, from Andalusi Arabic ''Harabul'' "rim", from classical Arabic verb ''Hawwala'', "to alter". 2) Type of orange tree. From Catalan ''l'ambor'', singular of ''els zambors'', derived from Andalusi Arabic ''Azzambu''.
#alamín: Village judge who decided on irrigation distribution or official who measured weights. From Arabic ''al-amin''.
#alamud: Steel bar used to close windows. From Arabic ''amud''.
#alaqueca: A type of blood-coloured quartz. From Arabic 'safflower
Safflower (''Carthamus tinctorius'') is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae. It is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds and was used by the early Spanish colonies along ...
. From Arabic ''al-usfur''.
#albacara: Wall around a fortress, within which cattle were normally kept. From Arabic ''bab al-baqqara'' "The cattle gate/door". ''baqara'' (بقرة) means "cow" in Arabic.
#albacea: Executor (of a will). From Andalusi Arabic ''Sahb al Wassiya'' (صاحب الوصية); "The owner of the will".
#albacora: Albacore. From Arabic ''al-bakura'' "premature" or ''al-bakrah'' "young camel."
#albadena: Type of tunic or silk dress. From Arabic ''badan'': Type of shirt which covers the torso.
#albahaca: Basil
Basil (, ; ''Ocimum basilicum'' , also called great basil, is a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae (mints). It is a tender plant, and is used in cuisines worldwide. In Western cuisine, the generic term "basil" refers to the variety also k ...
. From Arabic ''al-habaqah''.
#albahío: Pale yellowish colour, used commonly for cattle. From Arabic ''bahi'': "Shining".
#albalá: Official document. From Arabic ''al-bara'ah''.
#albaida: Anthyllis cystoides (Flowering plant). From Arabic ''al-baida'': "The white one".
#albanega: 1) Net used for hair. 2) Rabbit trap. From Arabic ''al-baniqa''.
#albañal: Sewer. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-ballá'': "swallower".
#albañil: Construction worker. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-banni''. Originally from classical Arabic ''banna''.
#albaquía: The remainder. From Arabic ''al-baqi'' (الباقي) of the same meaning.
#albarán: Invoice. From Arabic ''al-bara'ah''.
#albarazo: Vitiligo
Vitiligo is a disorder that causes the skin to lose its color. Specific causes are unknown but studies suggest a link to immune system changes.
Signs and symptoms
The only sign of vitiligo is the presence of pale patchy areas of depigmen ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Barash''.
#albarda: Pack-saddle. From Arabic ''al-barda'ah''.
#albardán: Clown or fool. From Andalusi Arabic ''albardán'': "insolent". Originally from Classical Arabic ''bardan'': "Idiot (cold headed)".
#albardín: Plant endemic to the Spanish steppes, similar in nature and use to Esparto
Esparto, halfah grass, or esparto grass is a fiber produced from two species of perennial grasses of north Africa, Spain and Portugal. It is used for crafts, such as cords, basketry, and espadrilles. '' Stipa tenacissima'' and '' Lygeum spart ...
. From Arabic "al-bardi": "papyrus".
#albaricoque: Apricot. From Arabic ''al-barqouq'' (البرقوق) "plum" or "early-ripe."
#albarrada: 1) Clay vase, see alcarraza. 2) Stone wall. From Arabic al-barradah: "the cooler".
#albarrán: 1) Farm boy 2) Shepherd 3) Person with no fixed residence. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-barrani'': "Outsider".
#albatoza: Small, covered boat. From Arabic ''al-gattosha'': grebe
Grebes () are aquatic diving birds in the order Podicipediformes . Grebes are widely distributed freshwater birds, with some species also found in marine habitats during migration and winter. Some flightless species exist as well, most notably ...
. Due to the Arabic custom of giving names of birds to vessels.
#albayalde: Cerrusite. From Arabic ''al-bayad''.
#albéitar: Vet. From Arabic ''al-baytar''.
#albenda: Decorated white linen. From Arabic ''al-band''.
#alberca: Water deposit for irrigation. In Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
and Honduras it is also the term of choice for swimming pool. From Arabic ''al-birka''.
#albérchigo: Apricot tree. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-bershiq''.
#albihar: Mayweed. From Arabic ''al-bahar''.
#albitana: 1) Fence to protect plants in gardening. 2) Prolongation of the keel or stern post of a ship. From Arabic ''al-bitana''.
#alboaire: The craft of decorating churches and domes with "azulejos". From Andalusi Arabic ''al-buhaira'': lagoon.
# albogue: Single-reed clarinet used in Spain. From Arabic ''al-bûq'' (البوق): The horn or the trumpet.
#alboheza: Malva
''Malva'' is a genus of herbaceous annual, biennial, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae. It is one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow. The genus is widespread throughout the temper ...
, from Andalusi Arabic ''al''-''hubayza''.
#albohol: Morning glory
Morning glory (also written as morning-glory) is the common name for over 1,000 species of flowering plants in the family Convolvulaceae, whose current taxonomy and systematics are in flux. Morning glory species belong to many genera, some of ...
, from Andalusi Arabic ''al-hubuul'': "rope".
#albollón: Drainage or sewage. From Mozarabic ''Ballaón'' and ultimately from Classical Arabic ''balla'ah''.
#albóndiga: Meatball; ball. From Arabic ''al-bunduqa'' (البندقة) "the ball," from Greek (κάρυον) ποντικόν ''(káryon) pontikón'', "Pontic ut"
#albórbola: Joy, celebratory noise. From Arabic ''walwalah''.
#alborga: Matweed sandal. From Arabic ''albúlḡa''.
#albornía: A type of large vase. From Arabic ''barniya''.
#albornoz: Bath-robe. From ''al-burnos'' (البرنس); "(bath)robe".
#alboronía: A type of Andalusian vegetable stew. From Arabic ''al buranniya'' "Buran's (stew)." Buran was the wife of Caliph Ma'moun.
#alboroque: 1) A present or gratuity given in exchange for a service. 2) The kind treatment and lavish attention offered and received in anticipation of a commercial transaction. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-borok'', possibly ultimately from Classical Arabic ''arbun''.
#alboroto: Riot, joy. Comes from arabism ''alborozo'' (joy), from andalusí Arabic ''al-burúz'' derived from Classical Arabic ''al-burūz'', "military parade previous to a campaign"; or related to Latin ''volutāre''.
#alborozo: Extreme chaos or happiness. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-buruz'': "Military parade prior to an expedition".
#albotín: Turpentine Tree Turpentine tree may refer to:
* ''Pistacia terebinthus'', native to the Mediterranean region
* ''Pistacia atlantica'', native to the Middle East, the Maghreb, the Canary Islands and Southeast Europe
* '' Pistacia eurycarpa'', native to West Asia
* ' ...
. From Arabic ''butm'' of the same meaning.
#albricias: 1) Term used to congratulate someone. 2) Present or gift provided to a bringer of good news. From Arabic ''bushra''.
#albudeca: A bad watermelon
Watermelon (''Citrullus lanatus'') is a flowering plant species of the Cucurbitaceae family and the name of its edible fruit. A scrambling and trailing vine-like plant, it is a highly cultivated fruit worldwide, with more than 1,000 varie ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''al batiha''.
#albufera: Lagoon. From Arabic ''al buhaira''.
#albur: This term has a wide range of meanings: 1) Flathead mullet
The flathead grey mullet (''Mugil cephalus'') is an important food fish species in the mullet family Mugilidae. It is found in coastal tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. Its length is typically . It is known with numerous English name ...
(Spain and Cuba), 2) A card combination in a card game known as Banca, 3) A chance occurrence on which an enterprise hedges its bets, 4) An expression which has a double or hidden meaning (Mexico and Dominican Republic) 4) An amorous affair (Nicaragua), 5) A lie, slander or rumour (Puerto Rico and Honduras). From Arabic ''al-boori''.
# alcabala: 1) A tax on commercial transactions. 2) Police checkpoint outside cities and on main roads (Colombia and Venezuela). From Andalusi Arabic ''al qabala''.
#alcabor: Hollow interior of a chimney or oven. From Arabic ''al qabw''.
#alcabtea: A type of linen. From Arabic ''al qubtiya'', meaning "Egyptian" or "Coptic".
#alcacel or alcacer: 1) Green barley 2) A barley field. From Arabic ''al qasil''.
#alcachofa: Artichoke. From Arabic ''al-ẖarshoof'' of the same meaning.
#alcaduz: Water pipe. From Arabic ''Qâdûs'' (قادوس) meaning "water-wheel scoop".
#alcafar: Limbs of a cuadruped (normally a horse). From Arabic ''al kafal''.
#alcahaz: Birdcage. From Arabic ''qafaṣ'' (قفص) of the same meaning
#alcahuete: Accomplice, pimp, a person who helps another in a love affair, specially an illicit one; gossipy person. Alcahuete comes from Hispanic Arabic ''alqawwad'' (the messenger), and this from Classical Arabic ''qawwad''. This "messenger" carried messages to a married woman's lover. By extension it became commonly known as any person who sets up a love affair, generally illicit.
#alcaicería: an establishment where silk farmers presented their produce, under the rights reserved to the Muslim rulers in Granada and other towns of the Nasrid Kingdom. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Qaysariya'', originally from the Latin ''Caesarea''.
#alcaide: a term historically referred to various positions of government authority. In modern Spanish commonly refers to a prison warden. From Arabic ''al qa'id'', "military commander".
#alcalde: Mayor. From Arabic ''al-qadi'' (the judge). ''Qadi'' comes from the verb ''qada'' (to judge).
#álcali: Alkali. From Arabic ''qalawi'' (قلوي) of the same meaning thru Medieval Latin.
#alcaller: Clay artisan or his helper. From Andalusi Arabic ''al qallal''.
#alcamiz: An obsolete term referring to a list of soldiers. Its etymology is an erroneous transmission of ''at-taymiz'', "Military inspection" in Andalusi Arabic and "Distinction" in Classical Arabic.
#alcamonías: Seeds used in spice mixes such as anisseed or cumin. It is also a now obsolete expression referring to the act of hiding things. From Arabic ''kammuniya'', a cumin-based concoction.
#alcana: Henna or Henna tree. From Arabic, ''hinna''.
#alcaná: Commercial street or neighbourhood. From Arabic ''qanaah'': "Drains or water pipes".
#alcancía: Clay money box, penny or piggy bank
Piggy bank (sometimes penny bank or money box) is the traditional name of a coin container normally used by children. The piggy bank is known to collectors as a "still bank" as opposed to the " mechanical banks" popular in the early 20th centu ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''alkanzíyya'', derived from classical Arabic ''kanz'': "treasure".
#alcándara: Hook used to hang clothes or fowl. From Arabic ''Kandarah''.
#alcandía: Sorghum. From Andalusi Arabic ''qatniyya''.
#alcandora: A type of shirt. From Arabic ''qandura''.
#alcanería: A rural term for a type of artichoke. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-qannariya'', an Arabic rendering of the Latin ''cannaria''.
#alcanfor: Camphor. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Kafur''.
#alcántara/alcantarilla: Drain. From Arabic ''al-qantarah'' meaning "bridge".
#alcaparra: Caper. From Andalusian Arabic ''al-kaparra''. Via Latin and Greek.
#alcaraván: Stone-Curlew. From Andalusian Arabic ''al-karawan''.
#alcaravea: Caraway
Caraway, also known as meridian fennel and Persian cumin (''Carum carvi''), is a biennial plant in the family Apiaceae, native to western Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
Etymology
The etymology of "caraway" is unclear. Caraway has been ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-Karawiya''.
#alcarceña: Name given to the Ervil
''Vicia ervilia'', commonly known as ervil or bitter vetch, is an ancient grain legume crop of the Mediterranean region. Besides the English names, other common names include: (Persian), (Arabic), (Spanish), (Greek), and (Turkish). Accordi ...
and the Carob
The carob ( ; ''Ceratonia siliqua'') is a flowering evergreen tree or shrub in the Caesalpinioideae sub-family of the legume family, Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated for its edible fruit pods, and as an ornamental tree in gardens and lands ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-kershana'', meaning "the big bellied", due to the plants causing a swelled stomach when consumed in large quantities.
#alcarraza: A type of clay container similar to a Spanish Botijo. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-karraza''. Ultimately from Persian ''Koraz''.
#alcarria: Of uncertain Arabic etymology. Refers to a flat highland with little vegetation.
#alcatenes: A type of medicine which is mixed with copper sulfate to treat ulcers. From Arabic ''al-qutn''.
#alcatara (or alquitara): Alembic. From Arabic root for the verb "to distill" ''qattara''.
#alcatifa: An obsolete term for a thin carpet or underlay for carpet. From Arabic ''al-qatifa''.
#alcatraz: Cormorant. From Arabic ''القطرس al-qaṭrās'', meaning "sea eagle".
#alcaucil: Artichoke. From Spanish Andalusi Arabic ''alqabsíl ', that comes from Mozarab diminutive ''kapićéḻa'', and this from Spanish Latin ''capĭtia'', "head". Standard Latin, ''caput-itis.''
#alcaudon: Shrike. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-kaptan''.
#alcavela/alcavera: Mob, herd, family, tribe. From Arabic ''al-qabila''.
#alcayata: Metallic hanger or hook. From Andalusi Arabic ''al-kayata'', originally from Latin ''Caia''
#alcazaba: Palace. From Arabic ''al-qasbah'', (قصبة), "the quarter".
#alcázar: Citadel; palace. From Arabic ''al-qasr'' (القصر) "the citadel," from Latin ''castrum,'' "castle," same etymology with Spanish term ''castro.''
#''alcazuz'' (or orozuz): Liquorice. From Arabic ''‘urúq sús'' or ''‘írq sús,'' and from classic Arabic ''irqu ús.''
#alcoba: Alcove. From Arabic ''al-qubba'' "the vault" or "the arch."
#alcohela: Endive
Endive () is a leaf vegetable belonging to the genus '' Cichorium'', which includes several similar bitter-leafed vegetables. Species include '' Cichorium endivia'' (also called endive), '' Cichorium pumilum'' (also called wild endive), and ''Ci ...
. From the Andalusi Arabic
Andalusi Arabic (), also known as Andalusian Arabic, was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 17th century in Al-Andalus, the regions of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) once under Muslim rule. It b ...
''alkuḥáyla'', and this one from the Arabic ''kuḥaylā'.''
#alcohol: From Arabic ''al-kuhul'' (الكحول), fine powder of antimony sulfide Antimony sulfide may refer to either of two compounds of antimony and sulfur:
*Antimony trisulfide
Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is found in nature as the crystalline mineral stibnite and the amorphous red mineral (actually a mineraloid) metastibn ...
used as eye makeup. Derivate wordalcoholar
#alcolla: Large glass bulb or a
Decanter
A decanter is a vessel that is used to hold the decantation of a liquid (such as wine) which may contain sediment. Decanters, which have a varied shape and design, have been traditionally made from glass or crystal. Their volume is usually equ ...
. From Hispanic Arabic ''alqúlla,'' and this one from the Arabic ''qullah.''
#alcor: Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit.
Terminology
The distinction between a hill and a mountain is unclear and largely subjective, but a hill is universally considered to be not a ...
. From Hispanic Arabic ''alqúll, and this one from the Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
'' ''collis.''
#alcora
#alcorcí
#alcorque
#alcorza
#alcotán
#alcotana
#alcrebite
#alcuacil
#alcubilla
#alcuña
#alcuza
#alcuzcuz
#alchub
#aldaba
#aldea/aldeano: Village / Villager.
#aldiza
#alefriz
#aleja
#alejija
#alema
#alerce
#aletría
#aleve/alevoso/alevosía: from Hispanic Arabic ''al'áyb'' and the latter from Classical Arabic ''áyb'', "defect, blemish, or smudge of infamy"
#aleya
#alfaba
#alfábega
#alfadía
#alfaguara: Geyser. From Arabic ''fawwâra'' (فوارة): "spout, fountain, water jet".
#alfahar/alfaharería
#alfaida
#alfajeme
#alfajor: Sweet almond shortbread. From Spanish Arabic ''fašúr'', and this from Persian ''afšor'' (juice).
#alfalfa: alfalfa hay. From Hispanic Arabic alfáṣfaṣ from Classical Arabic fiṣfiṣah, and this from Pelvi aspast.
#alfaneque: 1) A type of bird, from Arabic ''al-fanak 2)'' A tent, from Berber ''afarag.''
#alfanje: A type of sword. From Arabic ''al-janyar'' "dagger".
#alfaque
#alfaqueque
#alfaquí
#alfaquín
#alfaraz
#alfarda: Two meanings; from Arabic ''al-farda'' and from Arabic ''al-fardda.''
#alfarero: potter.
#alfardón
#alfareme
#alfarje
#alfarrazar
#alfaya
#alfayate
#alfazaque
#alféizar: Window ledge. From Arabic ''al-hayzar,'' "The one which takes possession".
# alfeñique: 1) Weakling. 2) A type of sweet consumed in Spain and Mexico. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-Fanid''. Ultimately from Persian and Sanskrit.
#alferecía
#alferez
#alferraz
#alferza: Piece, known as Vizir in other languages, corresponding to the modern chess "queen
Queen or QUEEN may refer to:
Monarchy
* Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom
** List of queens regnant
* Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king
* Queen dowager, the widow of a king
* Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...
" (though far weaker), from which modern chess
Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces in their color, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to dist ...
developed in medieval Spain. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al Farza'', ultimately from Persian ''Farzan'', "the guardian".
#alficoz
#alfil: Bishop, in chess. From Arabic ''al-fiyl'' (الفيل) "The elephant."
#alfilel/alfiler
#alfinge
#alfitete
#alfiz
#alfolí
#alfombra: Carpet. Two meanings; from Arabic ''al-jumra'' and from Arabic ''al-humra.''
#alfóncigo: Pistachio. From Arabic ''al-fustuq''.
#alfóndiga
#alforfón
#alforja: Saddlebag. From Arabic ''al-khurj'' ( الخرج ) "saddle-bag", portmanteau.
#alforre
#alforrocho
#alforza
#alfóstiga
# alfoz: Neighborhood, district. From Arabic ''hauz'' (حوز) meaning "Precinct" or "City limits".
#algaba
#algadara
#algaida
#algalaba
#algalia
#algalife
#algar
#algara
#algarada
#algarabía: Incomprehensible talk; gabble; gibberish. From Arabic ''al-'arabiya'': "Arabic".
#algarivo
#algarazo: Short rainstorm. From Arabic ''al 'ard'': "cloud".
#algarrada
#algarrobo: Carob. From Arabic ''al-kharouba'' "the carob."
#algavaro
#algazafán
#algazara
#algazul
#álgebra: Algebra. From Latin ''algebræ'' from Arabic ''al-jabr'', meaning "completion, rejoining", from the name of al-Khwarizmi
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ( ar, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, Muḥammad ibn Musā al-Khwārazmi; ), or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronom ...
's book '' Hisab al-jabr w’al-muqabala'' "''The Calculus of Completion and Equality''."
#algodón: Cotton. From Arabic "al-qúţun (قطن)", meaning "The cotton", "Egyptian", "Coptic".
#algorfa
#algoritmo: algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing ...
, comes from the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ( ar, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, Muḥammad ibn Musā al-Khwārazmi; ), or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persians, Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in Mathematics ...
, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciation ''Algorithmi''.
#algorza:
#alguacil: Sheriff. From Arabic "al-wazîr (الوزير)", meaning "Minister".
#alguaquida: fuel for a fire. From Arabic ''waqîda'' (وقيدة) meaning "Fuel"
#alguaza: Window or door hinge.From Arabic ''wasl'' "juncture".
#alhadida: From Arabic "''al-hadida" (الحديدة),'' meaning ''Copper sulfate Copper sulfate may refer to:
* Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, a common compound used as a fungicide and herbicide
* Copper(I) sulfate
Copper(I) sulfate, also known as cuprous sulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu2 SO4. It ...
.''
#alhaite: Jewel. From Arabic ''al hayt'' "string". الخيط
#alhaja: Jewel. From Arabic ''al-hajah'' "the valuable thing." الحاجة
#alhamar: Red mattress or bed cover. From Arabic ''hanbal, "''fur bedcover". Also from Arabic ''Alhamar / Al-Ahmar'' "red".
#alhamel: Beast of burden or human porter, in Andalusian Spanish. From Arabic ''hammal''. الحامل، حمّال
#alhamí: Stone bench normally covered with azulejos
''Azulejo'' (, ; from the Arabic ''al- zillīj'', ) is a form of Spanish and Portuguese painted tin-glazed ceramic tilework. ''Azulejos'' are found on the interior and exterior of churches, palaces, ordinary houses, schools, and nowadays, resta ...
. Refers to the Grenadine town of Alhama.
#alhandal: Colocynth
''Citrullus colocynthis'', with many common names including Abu Jahl's melon, (native name in Turkey) colocynth, bitter apple, bitter cucumber, egusi, vine of Sodom, or wild gourd, is a desert viny plant native to the Mediterranean Basin and ...
. From Arabic ''Alhandhal''. الحنظل
#alhanía: 1) Bedroom 2) Cupboard 3) A type of small mattress. From Andalusi Arabic ''al haniyya,'' "alcove".
#alhaquín: Weaver. From Arabic plural ''Al Hayikeen,'' "weavers". الحيّاكين
#alharaca: Violent reaction to a small issue. From Arabic ''haraka''. حركة
#alhavara: Flour. From Arabic ''huwara''.
#alhelí: Aegean Wallflower. From Arabic ''hiri''.
#alheña: Spanish word for Henna and the plant from which it is derived.
#alholva: Fenugreek. From Arabic ''hulbah.''
#alhorí: Same meaning and etymology as more commonly used term alfolí.
#alhorre: 1) Feaces of a newborn child. From Arabic ''hur, "''feaces". 2) Common skin rash in babies, nappy rash. Commonly used in expression "''Yo te curaré el alhorre!"'' when threatening to beat a child. From Arabic ''shakatu'' ''el hurr'', "skin infection".
#alhorría: (or ahorría): Expression used for when a slave is freed. From Arabic ''al-hurriya,'' "freedom".
#alhucema: Lavender
''Lavandula'' (common name lavender) is a genus of 47 known species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found in Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, and from Europe across to northern and easte ...
. From Arabic ''huzama''.
#alhuceña: Woodruff. From Arabic ''uhshina''.
#aliara: Drinking horn. From Andalusian Arabic ''al fiyara''.
#alicante: Vernacular name of two different types of poisonous snakes present in Spain and Northern Mexico respectively. From Arabic ''al aqrab, "''scorpion".
#alicatar: To till. From Arabic ''qat,'' "to cut".
#alicate: Pliers. From Arabic ''laqaat,'' "tongs".
#alidada: Alidade
An alidade () (archaic forms include alhidade, alhidad, alidad) or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to triangulate a scale map on site ...
. From Andalusian Arabic ''al'idada''.
#alifa: Sugar cane, two years old, in Andalusian and Mexican Spanish. From Arabic ''halifa'' "successor".
#alifafe: 1) Light indisposition. 2) Type of tumor which develops on the legs of horses from excessive work. From Arabic ''ifash "s''owing bag".
#alifara
#alijar
#alimara
#alioj
#alirón
#alizace
#alizar
#aljaba
#aljabibe
#aljama
#aljamía/aljamiado: Medieval Romance Spanish or Mozarabic written in Arabic script.
#aljaraz
#aljarfa
#aljébana
#aljerife
#aljez
#aljibe
#aljófar/aljofarar
#aljofifa
#aljor (or ''aljez'')
#aljuba
#aljuma
#añagaza
#almacabra
#almacén: Deposit, dry goods store. From Arabic ''al-majzan'' of ''makhzan'' (المخزن) "the storage" or "the depot."
#almacería
#almáciga
#almadén
#almádena: sledgehammer. From Andalusian Arabic ''al-māṭana'' (الْمَاطَنَة) "sledgehammer."
#almadía
#almadraba
Almadraba (from Andalusi Arabic ''almaḍraba,'' meaning 'the place to strike, also derived into pt, Almadrava) is an elaborate and ancient technique for trapping and catching Atlantic bluefin tuna (''Thunnus thynnus'') originally used by the Ph ...
: Tuna fishing in Andalusia and particularly in Cadiz province. From Andalusi Arabic ''Al-madraba'', "place where to hit", in reference to the fishing technique.
#almadraque
#almagazén
#almagra
#almahala
#almaizar
#almaja
#almajaneque
#almajar
#almajara
#almalafa
#almanaque: almanac
An almanac (also spelled ''almanack'' and ''almanach'') is an annual publication listing a set of current information about one or multiple subjects. It includes information like weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and othe ...
(see etymology section in the article for further discussion). From Andalusian Arabic ''almanáẖ'' "calendar", from Arabic ''munāẖ'' "caravan stop", or from Greek ''almenichiakon'' "calendar."
#almancebe: type of river fishing net, from Spanish Arabic ''al-manṣába'', bank.
#almarada
#almarbate
#almarcha
#almarjo
#almarrá
#almarraja or almarraza
#almártaga: two meanings, from ''al-marta'a'' and ''al martak.''
#almástica
#almatroque
#almazara: Olive press. From Arabic "al-ma'sarah" (المعصرة), "juicer".
#almazarrón
#almea: two meanings, from ''almay'a'' and ''alima.''
#almejía
#almenara: two meanings, from ''al-manara'' and ''al-minhara.''
#almez
#almíbar: sugar syrup, juice concentrate.
#almicantarat
#almijar
#almijara
#almijarra
#almimbar
#alminar
#almiraj/almiraje/almiral
#almirez
#almirón: Dandelion
''Taraxacum'' () is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, which consists of species commonly known as dandelions. The scientific and hobby study of the genus is known as taraxacology. The genus is native to Eurasia and Nor ...
. From Andalusian Arabic ''al mirun''.
#almizate
#almizcle/almizque
#almocadén
#almocafre
#almocárabe
#almocela
#almocrebe
#almocrí
#almodón
#almófar
#almofariz
#almofía
#almofrej/almofrez
#almogama
#almogávar
#almohada: Pillow, from Arabic ''al-makhada'' (المخده) with the same meaning.
#almoharrefa
#almohaza
#almojábana
#almojama: see mojama
#almojarife
#almojaya
#almona
#almoneda: Sale or auction. From Arabic ''munadah''.
#almoraduj/almoradux
#almorávide
#almorí
#almoronía: see alboronía.
#almotacén
#almotalafe
#almotazaf/almotazán
#almozala/almozalla
#almud
#almuédano
#almuerzo: Lunch. Arabic ''al-'' + Latin ''morsus'' (bite).
#almunia: an agricultural settlement, from meaning desire. (see Article in Spanish).
#alpargata
#alpechín
#alpiste
#alquería: Farmhouse. From Arabic ''al-qaria'' "the village."
#aloque
#aloquín
#alpargata
#alquequenje
#alquería
#alquermes
#alquerque: Two meanings, from ''al-qirq'' and ''al-qariq.''
#alquez
#alquezar
#alquibla
#alquicel
#alquiler: Rent. From Arabic Al kira' (الكراء)
#alquimia: alchemy, from Arabic ''al-kīmiyāLate Greek
Late Greek refers to writings in the Greek language in Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine period; and in other words, from about the late 2nd century AD until about the late 7th century AD.See the definitions of "Late Greek" aDictionary.comanT ...
term ''khēmeía'' (χημεία), also spelled ''khumeia'' (χυμεία) and ''khēmía'' (χημία), meaning 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'.
#alquinal
#alquitira
#alquitrán: tar, from Arabic اَلْقِطْرَان ''al-qitran.''
#alrota
#altabaca
#altamía
#altramuz: Lupin bean
Lupin or lupini beans are the yellow legume seeds of the genus ''Lupinus''. They are traditionally eaten as a pickled snack food, primarily in the Mediterranean basin ('' L. albus''), Latin America ('' L. mutabilis'') and North Africa ('' L. ang ...
. From Arabic ''at-turmus''.
#alubia: Pea, bean. From Arabic ''lubiya''.
#aludel
#aluquete/luquete
#alloza
#amán
#ámbar: amber, from Arabic ''ʿanbar'' , meaning "anything that floats in the sea", via Middle Latin ''ambar.''
#ámel
#amín
#amirí
#anacalo
#anacora
#anafaga
#anafalla/anafaya
#anafe
#anaquel
#andorra
#andrajo
#anea
#anejir
#anúteba
#añacal
#añacea/añacear
#añafea
#añafil
#añagaza
#añascar
#añazme
#añil: Ultimately from Sanskrit ''nilah,'' "dark blue".
#arabí
#arancel
#arbellón/arbollón
#archí
#argadillo
#argamandel
#argamula
#argán
#argel
#argolla
#arguello/arguellarse
#arije
#arimez
#arjorán
#arnadí
#arrabá
#arrabal
#arracada
#arráez
#arrayán
#arrecife
#arrejaque/arrejacar
#arrelde
#arrequife
#arrequive
#arriate
#arricés
#arroba
#arrobda
#arrocabe
#arrope
#arroz: Rice.
#áscar/áscari
#asequi
#asesino: Assassin. From Arabic ''hashshshin'' "someone who is addicted to hashish (marijuana)." Originally used to refer to the followers of the Persian Hassan-i-Sabah (حسن صباح), the Hashshashin.
#atabaca
#atabal
#atabe
#atacar: To tie, to button up. From Andalusi Arabic ''tákka'', originally from classical Arabic ''tikkah'', ribbon used to fasten clothes.
#atacir
#atafarra/ataharre
#atafea
#atahona
#atahorma
#ataifor
#ataire
#atalaya
#atalvina
#atambor
#atanor
#atanquía
#ataracea
#atarazana
#atarfe
#atarjea
#atarraga
#atarraya
#ataúd: Coffin.
#ataujía
#ataurique
#atifle
#atijara
#atíncar
#atoba
#atocha
#atracar: To assault, to burgle, to dock a boat, to get stuck, to gorge oneself with food, to cheat, to get stuck. From Arabic ''Taraqa'', "To rise".
#atríaca/atriaca: Obsolete word.
#atún: Tuna fish. From the Arabic word ''al-tuna'' (التونه).
#atutía
#auge: surge, rise, boom.
#aulaga
#avería
#azabache
#azabara
#azacán
#azacaya
#azache
#azafate/azafata
#azafrán: Saffron
Saffron () is a spice derived from the flower of ''Crocus sativus'', commonly known as the "saffron crocus". The vivid crimson stigma and styles, called threads, are collected and dried for use mainly as a seasoning and colouring agent in ...
. From Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان ''az-za`farān'', from Persian زعفران ''zaferān'' or زرپران ''zarparān'' gold strung.
#azahar: White flower, especially from the orange tree. From Spanish Arabic ''azzahár'', and this from Classic Arabic ''zahr'', flowers.
#azalá
#azamboa
#azándar
#azaque: Alms-giving or religious tax in Islam. From Arabic ''zakāt'' (Arabic: زكاة æˈkæː "that which purifies" . See article zakat
Zakat ( ar, زكاة; , "that which purifies", also Zakat al-mal , "zakat on wealth", or Zakah) is a form of almsgiving, often collected by the Muslim Ummah. It is considered in Islam as a religious obligation, and by Quranic ranking, is ...
.
#azaquefa: Covered portico or patio. From Andalusi Arabic ''assaqifa'', "portico", originally from Arabic ''as-saqf'' (السَّقْف), meaning "roof" or "upper covering of a building".
#azar: Luck; chance. From Arabic ''az-zahr'' "the dice" or North African Arabic ''az-zhar'' "luck".
#azarbe
#azarcón
#azarja
#azarnefe
#azarote
#azófar
#azofra/azofrar
#azogue: Two meanings, from ''az-za'uq'' and from ''as-suq.''
#azolvar
#azorafa
#azote: Smacking, beating, scourge. From Arabic ''sawṭ''.
#azotea: Flat roof or terrace. From Andalusi Arabic ''assutáyha'', diminutive of ''sath'', "terrace" in Classical Arabic.
#azoya
#azúcar: Sugar. From Arabic (سكر) ''sukkar'' of the same meaning, from Persian ''shekar.''
#azucarí
#azucena
#azuche
#azud
#azufaifa/azufaifo
#azul: Blue. From Arabic ''lāzaward'', ultimately from Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
.
#azulaque (or zulaque)
#azulejo
''Azulejo'' (, ; from the Arabic ''al- zillīj'', ) is a form of Spanish and Portuguese painted tin-glazed ceramic tilework. ''Azulejos'' are found on the interior and exterior of churches, palaces, ordinary houses, schools, and nowadays, r ...
: Handpainted glazed floor and wall tiles, from Arabic ''az- zellīj'' (), a style of mosaic tile
Tiles are usually thin, square or rectangular coverings manufactured from hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or even glass. They are generally fixed in place in an array to cover roofs, floors, walls, edges, or o ...
work made from individually hand-chiseled tile pieces set into a plaster
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for Molding (decorative), moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of ...
base, from ''zalaja'' () meaning "to slide". See also alboaire and alhamí.
#azúmbar
#azumbre: Measurement for liquids equivalent to around two litres. From ''Del Andalusi Arabic aTTúmn'', and this from Classical Arabic: ''Tum '', "an eighth".
B
#babucha: Slippers. From Arabic ''baboush'' (بابوش), derived from Persian "papoosh" (پاپوش) literally meaning "foot covering". The transition from Persian "p" to Arabic "b" occurs due to lack of the letter p in the Arabic alphabet. "Pa-" in Persian means foot and "poosh" means covering. Persian "pa" or foot shares the same root with other Indo-European languages, i.e. Latin ''pede ', French "pied", Spanish "pie" and "pata", etc. #badal: Cut of meat from the back and ribs of cattle, close to the neck. From Andalusi Arabic ''bad'a'' "Calf muscle" derived from classical Arabic ''bad'ah'' "piece". #badán: Trunk of an animal. From Arabic ''badan''. #badana: 1) Sheepskin, 2) Hat lining, 3) Lazy person. From Arabic ''bitana'', "lining". #badea: 1) Watermelon or melon of bad quality. 2) Insipid cucumber, 3) Weak person, 4) Unimportant thing. From Arabic ''battiha'' "bad melon". #badén: Dip in land, road, sidewalk or ford. From Arabic ''bāṭin'' (بطين) "sunken" (land). #bagarino: Free or hired sailor, as opposed to a press-ganged or enslaven one. Same origin as baharí. #bagre: a freshwater fish that has no scales and has a chin. From Arabic ''baghir'' or ''baghar''. #baharí:Bird of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds). In addition to speed and strength, these predators h ...
. From Arabic ''bahri'': "from the sea".
#baja: Pasha, Turkish officer or governor of high rank. From Arabic ''basha'' ultimately from Turkish ''pasha'' of the same meaning.
#baladí: 1) Unimportant thing or matter. 2) Something of the land our country. From Arabic ''baladiy'' "From the country".
#balaj/balaje: Purple ruby. From Arabic ''Balahshi'': From Balahshan (region in central Asia where these stones are found).
#balate
#balda (and baldío)
#baldar
#balde: 1) Free. 2) Without cause. 3) In vain. From Arabic ''batil'' "false" or "useless."
#bancal
#baño
#baraka: Heavenly providence or unusual luck. From Moroccan Arabic. Recently introduced word.
#barbacana
#barcino
#bardaje
#bardoma/bardomera
#barragán
#barrio/barriada: Area, district or neighbourhood in a town. From Arabic ''barri'' "outside".
#bata: either from Arabic ''batt'' or French ''ouate''.
#batán
#batea
#baurac
#bayal
#belez
#bellota: Acorn, the fruit or seed of the oak tree. From Arabic ''ball-luta'' (بلوط) of the same meaning.
#ben
#benimerín
#benjui
#berberí
#berberís
#bereber
#berenjena/berenjenal: eggplant, aubergine, from Arabic بَاذِنْجَان (bāḏenjān), from Persian بادنجان (bâdenjân) of the same meaning.
#bezaar/bezoar
#biznaga
#bocací
#bodoque/bodocal
#bófeta
#bórax: Borax
Borax is a salt (ionic compound), a hydrated borate of sodium, with chemical formula often written . It is a colorless crystalline solid, that dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It is commonly available in powder or granular form, ...
, from Arabic word ''bawraq'' (بورق), from Persian ''bure'' of the same meaning.
#borní
#boronía
#botor
#bujía
#bulbul
#burche
#buz
#buzaque
C
#cabila: Tribe of Berbers or Bedouins. From Arabic ''qabila'' "tribe." #cachera #cadí: From Arabic ''qādiy /'' ''qādī'' (قَاضِي), a "judge", type of public officer appointed to hear and try causes in a court of justice; same etymology with alcalde. #cadira #café: Coffee. From Arabic ''qahwa'' (قهوة) of the same meaning. #cáfila #cafiz (or cahiz) #cafre #caftán #cáid (same origin as alcaide) #caimacán #calabaza: Pumpkin or squash. From Arabic ''qerabat'' (قربات), plural of ''qerbah'' (قربة), meaning wineskin. #calafate/calafatear #calahorra #calí: same root as álcali. #cálibo/calibre #cambuj #camocán #canana: Cartridge belt. #cáncana/cancanilla #cáncano #cande: in azúcar cande. #canfor #caraba #cárabe #cárabo: Owl; dog. Taken from Arabic ''qaraab'' and ''kalb'' "dog" (''kalaab'' "dogs"), respectively. #caracoa #caramida #caramuzal #caravana #caravasar #carcajada/carcajear #carcax #carmen/carme: From Spanish Arabic ''kárm'', and this from Classical Arabic ''karm'', vine. #carmesí: Crimson, bluish deep red. From Arabic ''quirmizi.'' #carmín #carraca #carrafa #cártama/cártamo #catán #catifa #cazurro #cebiche #cebtí #ceca #cedoaria #cegatero #cegrí #ceje #celemí/celemín/celeminero #cenacho #cendolilla #cenefa #ceneque #cení #cenia #cenit: zenith, from Arabic ''samt'' سَمْت, same etymology with ''acimut.'' #cequí #cerbatana #cero: Zero. From Arabic ''sifr'' of the same meaning. #cetís #ceutí #chafariz #chafarote #chaleco #charrán #chifla #chilabai: From Moroccan Arabic. #chiquero #chirivía #chisme: Gossip. #chivo #choz #chupa #chuzo #cianí #cibica #cica #cicalar #cicatear #cicatero: different root to cicatear. #ciclán #ciclar #ciclatón #cid #cifaque #cifra/cifrar #címbara #cimboga #cimitarra #circón #citara #civeta/civeto #coba/cobista #cofa #coima #coime #colcótar #cora #corán: from ''qur'aan'' (قرآن), the Muslim Holy Book. #corbacho #corma #cotonía #cubeba #cúrcuma #curdo #cuscutaD, E
#dado: Dice, cube or stamp. From Classical Arabic ''a'dad'' "numbers." #daga - dagger #dahír #daifa #dante #darga (adarga): Shield. #dársena: Dock / basin. #daza #descafilar #destartalado #dey #dirham #diván: Divan / couch. From Arabic from Persian دیوان ''dēvān'' (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian دیپی ''dipi'' (="writing, document") + واهانم ''vahanam'' (="house"). This is a recent loanword and directly entered Spanish via Persian, as sound in دیوان ''dēvān'' is a modern Persian pronunciation. #droga: Drug. #druso #dula/dular #edrisí #ejarbe #elche #elemí #elixir: from ''al-ʾiksīr'' (الإكسير) through Medieval Latin, which in turn is theArabization
Arabization or Arabisation ( ar, تعريب, ') describes both the process of growing Arab influence on non-Arab populations, causing a language shift by the latter's gradual adoption of the Arabic language and incorporation of Arab culture, aft ...
of Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
''xērion'' (ξήριον) "powder for drying wounds" (from ξηρός ''xēros'' "dry").
#embelecar/embeleco
#emir (or amir)
#encaramar
#enchufar/enchufe: 1) To plug in/plug; 2) To connect, 3) To offer an unmerited job or a post through personal connections. From Andalusi Arabic ''Juf'' derived from Classical Arabic ''jawf'' "stomach; internal cavity".
#engarzar: To set/thread.
#enjalma
#enjarje
#enjeco
#escabeche: Pickle or marinade. From Arabic ''as-sukbaj''. Originally from Persian ''Sekba''.
#escafilar (see descafilar)
#escaque/escaquear
#espinaca: Spinach.
#exarico
F, G
#faca #falagar #falca #falleba #faltriquer: Pocket. #falúa/faluca #fanega/hanega #fanfarrón #faranga (or haragán): Lazy, idler, loafer. #farda #fardacho #farfán #fárfara #farnaca #farota #farruco: Insolent or "cocky". From Andalusian Arabic ''Farrouj,'' "Cock". #felús #fetua #fez #fideo #filelí #foceifiza #fondolí #fondac/fonda #fulano: "any one" without naming, X of people. From Arabic ''Fulan''. #fustal #fustete #gabán #gabela #gacel/gacela #gafetí #galacho #galanga #galbana #gálibo #galima #gandula/gandula #gañan #garbi:Sirocco
Sirocco ( ), scirocco, or, rarely, siroc (see below) is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season.
Names
''Sirocco'' derives from ...
wind.
#garama
#garbino
#gardacho
#garfa
#gárgol
#garra
#garrafa
#garrama
#garroba
#gazpacho
#gilí
#gomer
#granadí
#grisgrís
#guadamací
#guájara
#guájete
#guala
#guarismo: figure, character. From the name of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ( ar, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, Muḥammad ibn Musā al-Khwārazmi; ), or al-Khwarizmi, was a Persians, Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in Mathematics ...
, محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي, famous mathematician, through its Latinized prounuciation ''Algorithmi,'' same etymology with algoritmo.
#guifa
#guilla
#gumía
#gurapas
H, I
#habiz: Donation of real estate under certain conditions to muslim religious institutions. From Classical Arabic: ''ḥabīs'': amortized. #habús: Same meaning as ''habiz'' has in Morocco. From Arabic ''ḥubūs,'' "property belonging to the deceased used for charity". #hachís: Hashish. From Classical Arabic ''Hashish, "grass".'' This is a recent loanword influenced by written form , wherein ''hachís'' is pronounced [], sinceJ, K
#jabalí : Wild Boar. From Arabic ''jebeli'': From the mountains. Perhaps originally from ''Khanzeer Jebelí'': Mountain Pig. #jabalón #jábega #jabeca #jabeque #jabí : A type of apple and type of grape. From Andalusi Arabic ''sha‘bí'', a type of apple. #jácara #jácena #jacerino #jadraque #jaez #jaguarzo #jaharí #jaharral #jaharrar #jaima #jaique #jalear #jalma (or enjalma) #jaloque #jamacuco #jametería #jámila #japuta #jaque #jaqueca: Migraine. From Arabic ''Shaqiqa'', with same meaning. #jáquima #jara #jarabe: Syrup. From Arabic ''Sharab''. Usually in the context of cough syrup or linctus. #jaraíz #jarcha #jareta #jaricar #jarifo/jarifa #jarquía #jarra: Pitcher or other pot with handle(s). From ''ǧarrah'', same as English ''jar''. #jatib #jazarino/jazarina #jazmín: jasmine. From Arabic ''yasmin'' (يسمين) then from the Persian word (same word). #jebe #jeliz #jemesía #jeque: From Arabic ''shaikh'' or ''sheikh
Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...
'', older
#jerife: From Arabic ''sharif
Sharīf ( ar, شريف, 'noble', 'highborn'), also spelled shareef or sherif, feminine sharīfa (), plural ashrāf (), shurafāʾ (), or (in the Maghreb) shurfāʾ, is a title used to designate a person descended, or claiming to be descended, fr ...
'', noble, respected.
#jeta: Snout, face, cheek (in both literal and figurative sense). From Arabic ''khatm'': "snout".
#jifa
#jinete
#jirafa: giraffe. From ''ziraffa'' of the same meaning.
#jirel
#jofaina: a wide and shallow basin for domestic use. From ''ǧufaynah''.
#jofor
#jorfe
#joroba
#jorro
#juba/aljuba/jubón
#julepe
#jurdía
#jurel
#kermes
L, M
#laca: resinous substance tapped from thelacquer tree
''Toxicodendron vernicifluum'' (formerly ''Rhus verniciflua''), also known by the common name Chinese lacquer tree, is an Asian tree species of genus ''Toxicodendron'' native to China and the Indian subcontinent, and cultivated in regions of C ...
. From Arabic ''lak'', taken from Persian ''lak'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''laksha'' literally meaning "one hundred thousand" referring to the large number of insects that gather and sap out all the resin from the trees.
#lacre
#lapislázuli: lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli (; ), or lapis for short, is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color.
As early as the 7th millennium BC, lapis lazuli was mined in the Sar-i Sang mines, ...
, a deep blue mineral. From Arabic ''lazaward'' () from Persian ''lagvard'' or ''lazward'', ultimately from Sanskrit ''rajavarta'' literally meaning "ringlet of the king."
#latón: brass. From Arabic ''latun'' from Turkish ''altın'' "gold."
#laúd: lute. From Arabic ''al 'ud'' () "the lute."
#lebeche: Southeasterly wind on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. From Andalusi Arabic ''Labash''.
#lebení: a Moorish beverage prepared from soured milk
Soured milk denotes a range of food products produced by the acidification of milk. Acidification, which gives the milk a tart taste, is achieved either through bacterial fermentation or through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vineg ...
. From Arabic ''labani'' () "dairy."
#leila: from Arabic ''layla'' () "night."
#lelilí: Shouts and noise made by moors when going into combat or when celebrating parties. From Arabic '' lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh'' (): There is no god but Allah; ''Ya leilí'' () : Night of mine; ''ya ʿayouni'' () : My eyes.
#lima: lime. From Arabic ''limah'' of the same meaning.
#limón: lemon. From ''laymoon'' (), derived from the Chinese word ''limung''.
#loco: crazy. From Arabic ''lawqa'' "fool."
#macabro
#macsura
#madraza
#magacén
#magarza/magarzuela
#maglaca
#maharon/maharona
#maharrana/marrana/marrano
#mahozmedín
#maimón
#majareta
#majzén
#mamarracho
#mameluco
#mamola
#mandeísmo
#mandil
#maquila
#marabú
#maravedí
#marcasita
#marchamo
#márfega
#marfil
#marfuz/a
#margomar
#marjal
#marlota
#marojo
#maroma
#marrano pig; cf. Arabic ''muharram'' "forbidden".
#marras
#márraga
#masamuda: (adj) Individual from the Berber ''Masmuda'' tribe, from which originate the Almohades, a movement which ruled Spain and North Africa in the 12th century. From Arabic: ''Masamuda''.
#matafalúa
#matalahúga/matalahúva: Aniseed, from Andalusi Arabic ''habbat halwa'', "sweet seed".
#mártaga
#máscara
#matarife
#mate
#matraca
#matula
#mauraca
#mazamorra: Word to designate a number of bread or cereal based dishes typical of Southern Spain and parts of Hispanic America. From Andalusi Arabic ''Pishmat''.
#mazapán
#mazarí
#mazarrón
#mazmodina
#mazmorra: Dungeon. From Arabic ''matmura'' "silo".
#mazorca: corn cob; roll of wool or cotton. From Andalusi Arabic: ''Masurqa'', derived from classical Arabic ''Masura'' () : a tube used as a bobbin (sewing) .
#meca: Place which is attractive because of a particular activity. From Arabic ''Makkah'' ().
#mechinal
#mejala
#mejunje
#mendrugo: Piece of dry or unwanted bread, often reserved to give to beggars. From Andalusi Arabic ''Matruq'' "Marked/Touched".
#mengano/mengana: Expression of similar meaning as fulano or zutano, used always after the former but after the latter, meaning "whoever". From Arabic ''man kan'' meaning "whoever".
#mequetrefe: Nosy or useless person. From Andalusi Arabi ''qatras'' meaning person of boastful demeanor.
#mercal
#metical
#mezquino
#mía: A military term, formerly designating a regular native unit composed of 100 men in the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco; by analogy, any colonial army. From Arabic ''Miʿah'': one hundred ().
#mihrab:
#miramamolín
#moaxaja
#mogataz
#mogate
#moharra: tip of the sword. From ''muharraf'', meaning "beached".
#moharracho
#mohatra
#mohedal
#mohino
#mojarra: Refers to fish in the Gerreidae order. From Arabic ''muharraf''.
#mojama
Mojama (; Portuguese: ''muxama'') is a Mediterranean delicacy consisting of filleted salt-cured tuna, typically found in the Murcia and Andalusia regions of Spain, particularly in Huelva and Cádiz. Bluefin or yellowfin tuna are the most common ...
(originally almojama): Delicacy of phoenician origin from the region of Cadiz. It consists of filleted salt-cured tuna. From the Arabic ''al mushama'': "momified or waxed".
#mojí
#momia
#mona
#monfí
#morabito
#moraga
#morapio
#mozárabe
#mudéjar
#muftí
#mujalata
#mulato: Perhaps from Muwallad, as with the Muladi. Walad () means, "descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one". According to DRAE, from latin ''mulus'' ''mulo'' (mule), in the sense of ''hybrid''.
#mulquía: Owned/Property. From "Mulkiyya"
#muslim / muslime: (Adjective) Muslim. A rare alternative to musulmán. From Arabic ''Muslim'' ().
N, O, P, Q
#nabí: Prophet among arabs. From Arabic ''nabiy''. #nácar: Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalan ''nacre'', derived from Arabic ''naqra'', small drum. #nácara: Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology as nacar. #nadir: Nadir, the point on the celestial sphere opposite the zenith directly below the observer. From ''nadheer''. #nádir: In Morocco, administrator of a religious foundation. #nagüela: Small hut for human habitation. From Andalusi Arabic ''nawalla'': hut. #naife: High quality diamond. From Andalusi Arabic ''nayif''. Originally from classical Arabic ''na'if'': excellent. #naipe: Playing card. From Catalan ''naíp''. Originally from Arabic ''ma'ib''. #naranja: Orange. from Arabic ''nāranja'', fr Persian ''nārang'', fr Sanskrit ''nāranga'', fr a Dravidian language akin to Tamil ''naŗu'' "fragrant". #narguile #natrón #nazarí: Related to the Nasrid kingdom or dynasty ofGranada
Granada (,, DIN 31635, DIN: ; grc, Ἐλιβύργη, Elibýrgē; la, Illiberis or . ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain. Granada is located at the fo ...
.
#neblí: Subspecies of the peregrine falcon
The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a Cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan bird of prey (Bird of prey, raptor) in the family (biology), family Falco ...
, valued in the art of falconry. Possibly from Andalusi Arabic ''burni''.
#nenúfar: Water-lily. From Arabic ''naylufar'' from Persian ''nilofer, niloofar, niloufar.''
#nesga:
#noria: Watermill
A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower. It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering. Such processes are needed in the production of ...
, Ferris wheel
A Ferris wheel (also called a Giant Wheel or an observation wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, gondolas, capsules ...
. From Arabic ''na'urah''.
#nuca: Nape of the neck. From Arabic ''nuḵāʿ'' , .
#ojalá: "I hope"; "I wish that...". From ''law šhaʾ allāh'' "If God wills."
#¡ole! (or olé
¡Ole! or ¡olé! is a Spanish interjection used to cheer on or praise a performance, especially associated with the audience of bullfighting and flamenco dance. The word is also commonly used in many other contexts in Spain, and has become clos ...
): The most famous expression of approval, support or encouragement, said to have come from '' wa-llah'' , "by Allah!". However, its proposed Arabic origin is disputed and it is described as "''falsos arabismos''" (false Arabisms) by the Spanish Arabist
An Arabist is someone, often but not always from outside the Arab world, who specialises in the study of the Arabic language and culture (usually including Arabic literature).
Origins
Arabists began in medieval Muslim Spain, which lay on the ...
Federico Corriente in his ''Diccionario de Arabismos y Voces Afines en Iberorromance''.
#omeya: adj. Related to the Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
.
#orozuz
#ox: Expression to scare away wild and domesticated birds. From Andalusi Arabic ''Oosh''.
#papagayo
#quermes
#quilate/quirate: Carat or Karat. From Andalusi Arabic ''Qirat''.
#quilma
#quina: Galbanum (a type of aromatic gum resin. From Classical Arabic al qinnah.
#quintal: weight unit of about 46 kg. In its current use under the metric system, it represents 100 kg. From Arabic ''Qintar'' "referring to a large number similar objects or an object which is large in its size.
R, S, T
#rabadán: A rural position. One who oversees the training of shepherds on a farm. From Andalusian Arabic ''rab aḍ-ḍān'' (رب الضأن) "lord/master of the lambs." #rabal #rabazuz #rabel #rábida #rafal #rafe #ragua #rahez #ramadán #rambla: A ravine; a tree-lined avenue. From Arabic ''ramlah'' (رملة) "sand." #rauda #rauta #real: Military encampment; plot where a fair is organized; (in Murcia region) small plot or garden. From Arabic ''rahl'': camping. #rebato #rebite #recamar #recua #redoma #rehala #rehalí #rehén: Hostage or captive. From Arabic , captive, ransom. #rejalgar:realgar
Realgar ( ), also known as "ruby sulphur" or "ruby of arsenic", is an arsenic sulfide mineral with the chemical formula α-. It is a soft, sectile mineral occurring in monoclinic crystals, or in granular, compact, or powdery form, often in asso ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''reheg al-ghar'': "powder of the cave"
#requive
#resma
#retama
#rincón: Corner. From Andalusi Arabic ''rukan'', derived from classical Arabic ''Rukn'', or perhaps related to French ''recoin''.
#robda
#robo (or arroba)
#roda
#romí/rumí
#ronzal
#roque: rook (chess piece), from Arabic روخ ''rukh'', from Persian رخ ''rukh.''
#sajelar
#salema
#sandía: Watermelon. From Arabic ''Sindiya'' "from Sindh
Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
(province of Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
)".
#sarasa: Homosexual or effeminate man. From "Zaraza".
#sarraceno
#sebestén
#secácul
#serafín
#siroco
#sofí
#sófora
#soldán
#soltaní
#sufí
#sura
#tabal (or atabal)
#tabaque
#tabefe
#tabica
#tabique
#taca
#tafurea
#tagarino/tagarina
#tagarnina
#taha
#tahalí
#tahona
#tahúr
#taifa
The ''taifas'' (singular ''taifa'', from ar, طائفة ''ṭā'ifa'', plural طوائف ''ṭawā'if'', a party, band or faction) were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), re ...
: Refers to an independent Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
-ruled principality, an emirate
An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. It can be considered equivalen ...
or petty kingdom
A petty kingdom is a monarchy, kingdom described as minor or "petty" (from the French 'petit' meaning small) by contrast to an empire or unified kingdom that either preceded or succeeded it (e.g. the Heptarchy#List of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, numerou ...
, of which a number formed in the Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus DIN 31635, translit. ; an, al-Andalus; ast, al-Ándalus; eu, al-Andalus; ber, ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, label=Berber languages, Berber, translit=Andalus; ca, al-Àndalus; gl, al-Andalus; oc, Al Andalús; pt, al-Ândalus; es, ...
( Moorish Iberia) after the final collapse of the Umayyad
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
Caliphate of Córdoba
The Caliphate of Córdoba ( ar, خلافة قرطبة; transliterated ''Khilāfat Qurṭuba''), also known as the Cordoban Caliphate was an Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 929 to 1031. Its territory comprised Iberia and parts o ...
in 1031. Used in numerous expressions. Can also mean 1) a faction 2) a group of people of ill judgement. 3) ''un reino de Taifas'' (a kingdom of Taifas) can also refer to a chaotic or disorderly state of affairs. From classical Arabic ''Ta'ifah'': faction.
#tajea
#talco
#talega
#talvina
#támara
#tamarindo
#tambor
#tara
#taracea
#taraje: Salt Cedar
The genus ''Tamarix'' (tamarisk, salt cedar, taray) is composed of about 50–60 species of flowering plants in the family Tamaricaceae, native to drier areas of Eurasia and Africa. The generic name originated in Latin and may refer to the Tam ...
. From Arabic ''Tarfah''.
#tarasí
#tarbea
#tarea: Task. From Arabic ''ṭaríḥa''and root , "to throw".
#tareco
#tarida
#tarifa
#tarima
#tarquín
#tarraya
#taza: cup. From ''Tasa''.
#tértil
#tíbar
#tochibí
#tomín
#toronja
#toronjil
#trafalmejas
#truchimán/na
#trujamán/na
#tuera
#tumbaga
#Tunecí
#turbit
#turquí (in Azul Turquí)
#tutía (or atutía)
V, X, Y, Z
#vacarí: from Arabic ''baqari'' () "bovine." #valencí: Uva Valencia. A type of grape from Murcia region in South East Spain. #velmez: from Arabic ''malbas'' () "clothing." #verdín: Spontaneous growth of grass or sprouting. From Arabic ''bardi'' (Same etymology as albardín). Influenced by Spanish word "Verde". #visir: vizier. From Arabic ''wazir'' () "minister," recent loanword. Same etymology with alguacil. #yébel: from Arabic ''jabal'' (جبل) "mountain"; same etymology as jabalí. #zabalmedina: in the Middle Ages, judge with civil and criminal jurisdiction in a city. From Arabic ''ṣāḥib al-madīna'' (صاحب المدينه) "Chief of the City." #zabarcera: women who sells fruits and other food. Same origin as abacero #zabazala: imam who leads Islamic prayer. From Arabic '' ṣāḥib aṣ-ṣalāh'' (صاحب الصلاه) "leader of prayer." #zabazoque: same meaning as almotacén. From Arabic ''ṣāḥib as-sūq'' (صاحب السوق) "leader of the market." #zábila: aloe vera (used mainly in Hispanic America) From Andalusi Arabic ''sabíra'', originally from classical Arabic ''Sibar,'' same etymology with ''acíbar''. #zabra
A zabra (zah-brə) was a small or midsized sailing vessel used off the coasts of Spain and Portugal to carry goods by sea from the 13th century until the mid-16th century; they were well-armed to defend themselves against pirates and corsairs.
...
: type of vessel used in the Bay of Biscay in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age. From Arabic ''zauraq''.
#zacatín: in some villages, a square where clothes are sold. From ''saqqatin'', plural of ''saqqat'': seller of clothes.
#zafar: a number of meanings in Spain and Hispanic American countries: To free, to untie, to ignore, to unknit among others. From Arabic ''azaHa'': to take away.
#zafarí: ''Granada zafarí'': a type of pomegranate. ''Higo zafarí'': a type of fig. From Arabic ''Safr''.
#zafariche: Structure used for placing clay urns. Same etymology as jaraíz (see above).
#zafio: Uncouth. From Andalusi Arabic ''Fellah safi'': "Mere peasant".
#zafrán: See Azafran.
#zaga: Backside of something. Cargo on the back of a truck. From Arabic ''Saqah'': Rear, rearguard.
#zagal: A boy. From Andalusian Arabic ''zaḡāl'' (زغال), traditional Arabic ''zuḡlūl'' (زغلول) with the same meaning.
#zagaya (or azagaya)
#zagua
#zaguán: Vestibule, foyer, entry-way. From Andalusian Arabic ''ʾisṭiwān'' (إِسْطِوَان), traditional Arabic ''ʾusṭuwāna'' (أسطوانة) "pillar."
#zagüía: A zawiya. From Arabic ''zāwiyah'' (زاوية) "corner."
#zaharrón
#zahén
#zahón
#zahora: (Mainly used in Spanish region of La Mancha): Large meal accompanied by dancing or partying. From Arabic Islamic term suhoor.
#zahorí
#zaida
#zaino
#zala
#zalamelé
#zalea/zalear
#zalema/zalama
#zalmedina: Same meaning and origin as zabalmedina.
#zalona
#zamacuco
#zambra: Traditional festivity of the Moriscos in Spain which is maintained by the Gypsy community of Sacromonte, Granada. From Andalusi Arabic ''Zamra'', originally from classical Arabic ''Zamr''.
#zanahoria: carrot, presumably from Andalusi Arabic ''safunariyya'' (سَفُنَّارْيَة), via Classical Arabic: ''isfanariyya'' (إِسْفَنَارِيَّة), ultimately from Ancient Greek σταφυλίνη.
#zaque: Leather recipient for wine or extracting water from a well. Drunken person. From Andalusi Arabic zaqq. Originally from classical Arabic ziqq.
#zaquizamí
#zaragüelles
#zaranda/zarandillo/zarandaja
#zarandear: To shake vigorously / push around / toss about. From ''Zaranda''.
#zaratán: Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a re ...
. From the Arabic ''saratan'': crab.
#zarazán:
#zarco
#zarracatín
#zarzahán: Astrakhan
Astrakhan ( rus, Астрахань, p=ˈastrəxənʲ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in Southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the ...
, a type of fleece used in making outerwear. From Arabic ''zardakhān'' (زردخان).
#zatara
#zéjel: a form of Arabic poetry. From arabic ''zajal'' (زجل).
#zoco: market in an Arab country. From Arabic ''sūq'' (سوق) "market." Not to be confused with other meanings of ''zoco''.
#zofra
#zorzal: An intelligent person. From Andalusi Arabic ''zurzāl'' (زورزال), originally from classical Arabic ''zurzūr'' (زرزور) " thrush".
#zubia: Place where a large amount of water flows. From Arabic ''Zubya''.
#zulaque
#zulla
#zumaque: sumac. From Arabic ''summāq'' (سماق) of the same meaning.
#zumo: fruit juice. From Arabic ''zum''.
#zuna: Sunnah, from Arabic Sunnah
#zurriaga or zurriago: Refers to a type of whip and to a lark. From Andalusi Arabic ''surriyaqa''
Words with a coincidental similarity to Arabic and false arabisms
* el: The Spanish definitearticles
Article often refers to:
* Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness
* Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication
Article may also refer to:
G ...
''el'' / ''la'' / ''lo'' / ''los'' / ''las'', like most definite articles in the Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language fam ...
, derive from the Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
demonstratives ''ille'' / ''illa'' / ''illud''. The similarity to the Arabic article ''al'' is a mere coincidence. The exact Spanish article ''al'' is a contraction of ''a el'', translated as "to the."
* usted: The formal second-person pronoun ''usted'' is derived from a shortening of the old form of address ''Vuestra merced'', as seen in dialectal Spanish ''vosted'', Catalan
Catalan may refer to:
Catalonia
From, or related to Catalonia:
* Catalan language, a Romance language
* Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia
Places
* 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
''vostè'', etc. ''Usted'' is the remaining form from a number of variants used in Renaissance Spanish, such as ''Usté'', ''Uced'', ''Vuesa Merced'', ''Vuesarced'', '' Vusted'', ''Su Merced'', ''Vuesasted'' or ''Voaced''. The possibility of a link with the Arabic word ''ustādh'' ('mister'/'professor'/'doctor') seems very remote.
*paella: It is commonly believed in certain Arabic countries that the rice dish paella
Paella (, , , , , ) is a rice dish originally from Valencian Community, Valencia. While non-Spaniards commonly view it as Spain's national dish, Spaniards almost unanimously consider it to be a dish from the Valencian community, Valencian region ...
comes from the Arabic baqiya (meaning leftovers). The Spanish pronunciation of paella is similar to the Arabic "baqiya", particularly where the latter is pronounced with a silent qaaf as in a number of eastern Arabic dialects. Nevertheless, the word paella is a Catalan word of Latin origin and refers to the pan in which it is cooked, with Spanish, Italian, French and Portuguese cognates ''Padilla'', ''Padella'', ''Poêle'' and ''Panela''.
Other influences
Hypothesis of the
Verb–subject–object
A verb () is a word (part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descri ...
(VSO) sentence structure
As in most Romance languages, word order in Spanish is primarily governed by topicalization
Topicalization is a mechanism of syntax that establishes an expression as the sentence or clause topic by having it appear at the front of the sentence or clause (as opposed to in a canonical position further to the right). This involves a phrasal ...
and focalization
Focalisation is a term coined by the French narrative theorist Gérard Genette. It refers to the perspective through which a narrative is presented. Genette focuses on the interplay between three forms of ''focalization'' and the distinction betw ...
. This means that in practice the main syntactic constituents of a Spanish sentence can be in any order. In addition, certain types of sentence tend to favour specific orders.The Linguistics of Spanish: Basic word order in Spanish/ref> However, as all Romance languages, modern Spanish is classified in
linguistic typology
Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the co ...
as an SVO language, because this order of constituents is considered the most unmarked
In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant defau ...
one.
In 1981, Spanish philologist Rafael Lapesa hypothesized that VSO sentence orders being more frequent in Spanish and Portuguese than other Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language fam ...
was likely due to a Semitic (presumably Arabic) input in the language. Lapesa at the time considered that the topic had not been sufficiently investigated and required a more rigorous comparative study of Spanish with other Romance and Semitic languages.''Historia de la lengua española, Madrid, Gredos (8.ª reimp. de la 9.ª de corr. y aum. 1981; 1.ª ed. 1942), Lapesa, R.'' (1995), § 36.6. ''El orden de palabras normal en la frase árabe y hebrea situa en primer lugar el verbo, en segundo el sujeto y a continuación los complementos. Como en español y portugués el verbo precede al sujeto con mas frecuencia que en otras lenguas romances, se ha apuntado la probabilidad de influjo semítico. La hipótesis necesitaría comprobarse con un estudio riguroso del orden de palabras español en sus distintas épocas y niveles, parangonado con el de las demás lenguas románicas, el árabe y el hebreo. Tal estudio no existe aún; las comparaciones parciales que hasta ahora se han hecho no son suficientes''
A 2008 study concludes that, although the earliest documentation written in Spanish (13th century) can be analysed as having a VSO order, this does not affect documents written after that time. It has also been hypothesized that VSO was still the unmarked order for literary works as late as the 17th century.
A 2012 comparative study of Spanish, Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
and French showed French to be the most strictly Subject–verb–object (SVO) language of the three followed by Italian. In terms of constituent order, Spanish is the least restricted among the three languages, French is the most restricted, and Italian is intermediate. In the case of French, this is the result of a historical process, as old French was less restricted in word order. As for the VSO order, it is absent from both French and Italian, but not from Spanish.
The suffix í
Arabic has a very common type of adjective, known as the nisba or relationship adjective, which is formed by adding thesuffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns, adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Suffixes can carry ...
-ī (masc.) or ية -iyya (fem.) to a noun. This has given Spanish the suffix -í (both masc. and fem.), creating adjectives from nouns which indicate relationship or belonging, mostly for items related to medieval history, or demonym
A demonym (; ) or gentilic () is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place. Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, ...
s in Arab. Examples are ''marbellí, ceutí, maghrebí, zaragocí, andalusí'' or ''alfonsí''.
Expressions
A number of expressions such as "¡''Ole''!" (sometimes spelled "''olé''" ), possibly from ''wa'llah'', or ''ojalá'', from ''law sha'a Allah'', have been borrowed directly from Arabic. Furthermore, many expressions in Spanish might have beencalque
In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language wh ...
d from their Arabic equivalent. Examples would be ''si Dios quiere'', ''que Dios guarde'' or ''bendito sea Dios''.
Idafa
The Idafa was a feature of the Mozarabic dialects which had a major formative on modern Spanish. Although this morphological structure is no longer in use, it is still widely present in toponyms throughout Spain including names of recent origin such as the suburban colonies of Ciudalcampo and Guadalmar in Madrid and Malaga respectively.Toponyms (place names) in Spain of Arabic origin
There are thousands of place names derived from Arabic in the Iberian peninsula including provinces and regions, cities, towns, villages and even neighborhoods and streets. They also include geographical features such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys and rivers. Toponyms derived from Arabic are common in Spain except for those regions which never came under Muslim rule or where it was particularly short-lived. These regions include Galicia and the Northern coast (Asturias
Asturias (, ; ast, Asturies ), officially the Principality of Asturias ( es, Principado de Asturias; ast, Principáu d'Asturies; Galician-Asturian: ''Principao d'Asturias''), is an autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in nor ...
, Cantabria
Cantabria (, also , , Cantabrian: ) is an autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city. It is called a ''comunidad histórica'', a historic community, in its current Statute of Autonomy. It is bordered on the east ...
and the Basque country) as well as much of Catalonia
Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a ''nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy.
Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the north ...
, Navarre and northern Aragon. Regions where place names of Arabic origin are particularly common are Balearics, Eastern Coast (Valencia
Valencia ( va, València) is the capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Valencian Community, Valencia and the Municipalities of Spain, third-most populated municipality in Spain, with 791,413 inhabitants. It is ...
and Murcia
Murcia (, , ) is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country. It has a population of 460,349 inhabitants in 2021 (about one ...
) and Andalusia
Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a ...
.
Those toponyms which maintained their pre-Islamic name during the Muslim period were generally Arabized, and the mark of either the old Arabic pronunciation or the popular pronunciation from which it derived is sometimes noticeable in their modern names: e.g. Latin ''Hispalis'' = Arabic ''Ishbiliya'' = modern Sevilla
Seville (; es, Sevilla, ) is the capital and largest city of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the Guadalquivir, River Gua ...
.
Major towns, cities and regions
*Albarracín
Albarracín () is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sier ...
City of Aragón. Derived from ''Al Banū Razin'', name of the Berber family of the town.
*Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares () is a Spanish city in the Community of Madrid. Straddling the Henares River, it is located to the northeast of the centre of Madrid. , it has a population of 193,751, making it the region's third-most populated Municipalities ...
City in the Community of Madrid. Derived from ''al-qal'a'' (), meaning citadel or fortress. ''Henares'' may also come from the Arabic name for river: ''nahar''.
*Alcántara ( several places) from Arabic ''al qantara'' (القنطرة), meaning "the bridge".
*Alcarria
The Alcarria ( es, La Alcarria) is a natural region in Castile (Spain). It is located mainly in Guadalajara Province but also overlaps those of Cuenca and Madrid. Its principal attractions are its fauna and flora and it is noted for its honey ...
Large plateau region east of Madrid covering much of Guadalajara as well as part of eastern Madrid and northern Cuenca. From Arabic ''al-qaryat''.
* Axarquía Eastern region of Málaga
Málaga (, ) is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 578,460 in 2020, it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia after Seville and the sixth most pop ...
province, From Arabic ''Ash-sharquía''(): The eastern/oriental (region).
* Andalucía Most populated and 2nd largest autonomous community
eu, autonomia erkidegoa
ca, comunitat autònoma
gl, comunidade autónoma
oc, comunautat autonòma
an, comunidat autonoma
ast, comunidá autónoma
, alt_name =
, map =
, category = Autonomous administra ...
in Spain. Derived from , Al Andalus, the Arabic name for Muslim Iberia, traditionally thought to come in turn from the name of the Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic peoples, Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal Kingdom, Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century.
The ...
.
*Albacete
Albacete (, also , ; ar, ﭐَلبَسِيط, Al-Basīṭ) is a city and municipality in the Spanish autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, and capital of the province of Albacete.
Lying in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula, the ...
city and province of Castilla-La Mancha. Derived from Arabic Al-Basit () ''(the plain)''.
*Algarve
The Algarve (, , ; from ) is the southernmost NUTS II region of continental Portugal. It has an area of with 467,495 permanent inhabitants and incorporates 16 municipalities ( ''concelhos'' or ''municípios'' in Portuguese).
The region has it ...
Region of southern Portugal. From Arabic Al-Gharb (), ''the west''.
*Algeciras
Algeciras ( , ) is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Located in the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula, near the Strait of Gibraltar, it is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar ( es, Bahía de Algeci ...
City and port in Cadiz province. Derived from ''Al Jazeera Al Khadra'' () meaning the ''green island''.
*Almería
Almería (, , ) is a city and municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of the same name. It lies on southeastern Iberia on the Mediterranean Sea. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III founded the city in 955. The city gr ...
City and province of Andalucía. From Al-Meraya, the watchtower.
*Alpujarras
The Alpujarra (, Arabic: ''al-bussarat'') is a natural and historical region in Andalusia, Spain, on the south slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the adjacent valley. The average elevation is above sea level. It extends over two provinces, ...
(originally ''Alpuxarras'') Region extending South of Granada into Almería. From Arabic ''al-basharāt'': The grasslands.
*Calatayud
Calatayud (; 2014 pop. 20,658) is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in the Province of Zaragoza, within Aragón, Spain, lying on the river Jalón (river), Jalón, in the midst of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range. It is the second-larges ...
City of Aragón. Derived from ''Qal'at Ayyūb'' (Arabic ) meaning ''"(Ayyūb's) Job's Fortress"''.
*Gibraltar
)
, anthem = " God Save the King"
, song = " Gibraltar Anthem"
, image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg
, map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe
, map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green
, mapsize =
, image_map2 = Gib ...
British overseas territory and name given to surrounding area in Southern Spain (Campo de Gibraltar). From Arabic ( pronounced ''Jebel Tariq''), "Mountain of Tariq", or ''Gibr al-Tariq'' meaning "Rock of Tariq".
* Granada City in Andalusia. Originally Garnata in Andalusi Arabic. From ''Gar-a-nat'', ''Hill of pilgrims''.
*Guadalajara
Guadalajara ( , ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the list of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th largest city by population in Me ...
City and province of Castilla la Mancha. From ''Wādī al-Ḥijārah'' (Arabic ), ''River or canyon of Stones''.
* Jaén City and province of Andalusia From Arabic ''Jayyan'', crossroads of caravans.
*Medina-Sidonia
Medina Sidonia is a city and municipality in the province of Cádiz in the autonomous community of Andalusia, southern Spain. Considered by some to be the oldest city in Europe, it is used as a military defence location because of its elevation. ...
: Town and municipality in Cadiz province, from ''Madina'', city.
*Tarifa
Tarifa (, Arabic: طريفة) is a Spanish municipality in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia. Located at the southernmost end of the Iberian Peninsula, it is primarily known as one of the world's most popular destinations for windsports. Tarifa ...
town in Cadiz province, Andalusia. Originally ''Jazeera Tarif'' (): the island of Tarif. Derived from the first name of the Berber conqueror Tarif ibn Malik
Tarif ibn Malik ( ar, طريف بن مالك) was a commander under Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Berber, Muslim and Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigothic Hispania in 711. Historical sources disagree on whether he was of a Berber or an Arab ...
.
*La Sagra
La Sagra is a Castilian comarca delineated by natural formations but not legally recognized. The comarca includes localities belonging to both the province of Madrid and the province of Toledo. La Sagra covers an area of 1322 km2, and is bordered ...
, an arid region between Toledo and Madrid. Name derived from Arabic '' ṣaḥrāʾ'' () ''"desert"''.
*Úbeda
Úbeda (; from Iberian ''Ibiut'') is a town in the province of Jaén in Spain's autonomous community of Andalusia, with 34,733 (data 2017) inhabitants. Both this city and the neighbouring city of Baeza benefited from extensive patronage in the ...
, a town in Jaén province, Andalusia. From the Arabic ''Ubadat el Arab''.
*Sanlúcar de Barrameda
Sanlúcar de Barrameda (), or simply Sanlúcar, is a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, part of the autonomous community of Andalucía in southern Spain. Sanlúcar is located on the left bank at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River oppos ...
, a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, Andalusia. "Sanlúcar" may have derived from the Arabic ''shaluqa'' (), the Arabic name for the Levant wind called sirocco
Sirocco ( ), scirocco, or, rarely, siroc (see below) is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season.
Names
''Sirocco'' derives from ...
or jaloque; "Barrameda" was derived from ''bar-am-ma'ida'', an Arabic phrase for "water well of the plateau".
Geographical features
* River Almanzora. Derived from Arabic: Al-Mansura. * River Guadiana. Meaning "River ''Anae''" (from the original Latin name ''Fluminus Anae'', "River of Ducks"). * River Guadalquivir. Derived from Arabic: Al-Wādĩ Al-Kabir , ''"the big river"''. * Javalambre. Mountain in southern Aragon, ''Jabal 'Amr'', meaning "Mountain of 'Amr". *Mulhacén
Mulhacén (), with an elevation of , is the highest mountain in peninsular Spain and in all of the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range in the Cordillera Penibética. It is named after Abu l-Hasan Ali, known as ''Muley Hac ...
. Highest mountain in peninsular Spain. Named after 15th century Sultan of Granada Ali Muley Hacén Abu al-Hasan.
* Pico Almanzor
Pico Almanzor is the highest mountain in central Spain. Situated in the Sierra de Gredos in the province of Ávila, Almanzor is high. It is made of granite. The mountain is also known as ''Pico de Almanzor'' and ''Moro Almanzor''.
History
The mo ...
. Mountain in the Gredos Mountains of Central Spain. Named after "Almanzor" Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
Abu ʿĀmir Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn Abi ʿĀmir al-Maʿafiri ( ar, أبو عامر محمد بن عبد الله بن أبي عامر المعافري), nicknamed al-Manṣūr ( ar, المنصور, "the Victorious"), which is often Latiniz ...
, de facto ruler of Al Andalus in late 10th - early 11th centuries.
* Cape Trafalgar
Cape Trafalgar (; es, Cabo Trafalgar ) is a headland in the Province of Cádiz in the southwest of Spain. The 1805 naval Battle of Trafalgar, in which the Royal Navy commanded by Admiral Horatio Nelson decisively defeated Napoleon's combined ...
. From Andalusi Arabic ''Taraf-al-gharb'' ('Western Cape' or 'Cape of the West').
Given names and surnames
Given names
Almudena (from theVirgin of Almudena
The Virgin of Almudena (''Virgen de la Almudena'') is a medieval statue of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus Christ. The image is regarded as a patroness of Madrid, Spain.
The Cathedral of Madrid is dedicated to this title of the Virgin, and h ...
, patroness of Madrid, Spain) and Fátima (derived from Our Lady of Fátima
Our Lady of Fátima ( pt, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, ); formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cov ...
) are common Spanish names rooted in the country's Roman Catholic tradition, but share Arabic etymologies originating in place names of religious significance. Guadalupe, a name present throughout the Spanish-speaking world, particularly in Mexico, also shares this feature.
A few given names of Arab origin have become present in the Spanish-speaking world. In Spain, this coincided with a more flexible attitude to non-Catholic names, which were highly discouraged during the first decades of the Francoist dictatorship. Arabic names that have been present in Spain for many decades include Omar
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ( ar, عمر بن الخطاب, also spelled Omar, ) was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr () as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate o ...
and Soraya
Soraya ( fa, ثریا) is a feminine Persian name. It is derived from the Arabic name for the Pleiades star cluster, ''Thurayya'' ( ar, ثريّة). The name is also popular in Europe due to its association with Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, th ...
. Zaida is also present in Spain, perhaps after Zaida of Seville
Zaida of Seville, c. 1070–1093/1107 (?), was a refugee Muslim princess, formerly associated with the Abbadid dynasty, who became a mistress and then perhaps wife of king Alfonso VI of Castile.
She is said by Al-Andalus sources to have been th ...
, the mistress or wife of King Alfonso VI of Castile
Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. 739–757) in the Christian successor states of the Visigothic kingdom in the Iberian peninsula. ...
in the 11th century. A number of streets throughout Spain bear the name of this Muslim princess. Zahira and Zaira are also popular girls' names of Muslim origin. It is in the Spanish enclaves
An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...
of Ceuta
Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa.
Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territorie ...
and Melilla
Melilla ( , ; ; rif, Mřič ; ar, مليلية ) is an autonomous city of Spain located in north Africa. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was par ...
in the African continent where Arabic given names are common.
Surnames
Surnames of indirect Arabic origin, such as Medina, Almunia, Guadarrama or Alcaide, are common and often refer to toponyms or professions, but they are not of Arabic origin, properly speaking. Few Arabic surnames explicitly denote Arabic origin since in the 15th and the 16th centuries, religious minorities were required to change their surnames upon baptism to escape persecution. The Muslim minority was specifically compelled to convert and adopt Christian surnames by a series of royal decrees in the 16th century, when Morisco leader Muhammad Ibn Ummaya, for example, was born to the Christian name Fernando de Córdoba y Valor. Exceptions to the general rule are rare, but one is the surname "Benjumea" or "Benjumeda", which denotes ancestry from the Ummayad nobility. Currently, fewer than 6,000 Spaniards have this surname. Another, even less common, surname denoting Muslim lineage is "Muley", which is still present in the Spanish South East, and was maintained for its noble lineage.(In Spanish)
See also
*Influences on the Spanish language
Spanish is a Romance language which developed from Vulgar Latin in central areas of the Iberian peninsula and has absorbed many loanwords from other Romance languages like French, Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese, and Italian. Spanish also has lexic ...
* Influence of Arabic on other languages
Arabic has had a great influence on other languages, especially in vocabulary. The influence of Arabic has been most profound in those countries visited by Islam or Islamic power.
Arabic loanwords have made into many languages as diverse as Amh ...
* List of Arabic loanwords in English
* List of French words of Arabic origin
Spanish terms derived from Arabic
(wiktionary)
References
Selected reference works and other academic literature
These works have not necessarily been consulted in the preparation of this article. *Abu-Haidar, J. A. 1985. Review of Felipe Maíllo Salgado, ''Los arabismos del castellano en la baja edad media (consideraciones históricas y filológicas)''. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 48(2): 353-354. University of London. *Cabo Pan, José LuisEl legado del arabe
''Mosaico'' 8:7-10. Revista para la Promoción y Apoyo a la Enseñanza del Español. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia del Reino de España, Consejería de Educación y Ciencia en Bélgica, Países Bajos y Luxemburgo. [Article with convenient, short word lists, grouped by theme. In PDF. Refer t
] *Corominas, Joan. 1980-1991. ''Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico''. Madrid: Gredos. The first edition, with the title ''Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana'' (1954–1957) includes an appendix that groups words according to language of origin. *Corriente, Federico. 2003. ''Diccionario de arabismos y voces afines en iberorromance''. (2nd expanded ed.; 1st ed. 1999) Madrid: Gredos. 607 p. *Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy)
''Diccionario de la lengua española (DRAE)''
online. *Maíllo Salgado, Felipe. 1991/1998. ''Los arabismos del castellano en la Baja Edad Media : consideraciones históricas y filológicas''. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca. 554 p. nd ed., corrected and enlarged; 1st ed. 1983*Ibid. 1996. ''Vocabulario de historia árabe e islámica''. Madrid: Akal. 330 p. * Marcos Marín, Francisco 1998 ''Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos''. Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335-341. * Ibid. 1998 ''Toledo: su nombre árabe y sus consecuencias lingüísticas hispánicas''. Revista del Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos en Madrid, XXX, 1998, 93-108. *Sola-Solé, Josep María. 1983. ''Sobre árabes, judíos y marranos y su impacto en la lengua y literatura españolas''. Barcelona: Puvill. 279 p. *Spaulding, Robert K. 1942/1971.
How Spanish Grew
'. Berkeley: University of California Press. Chapter 5: "Arabic Spain", pp. 53–62. *Toro Lillo, Elena. ''La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español''. In th
Includes a brief list of historical sound changes. Useful bibliography.
Selected resource pages of universities and research institutes
Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. Search results consisting of Institute publications whose entries contain the word "arabismos"
Universidad de Granada. Holdings under the subject "arabismos"
External links
by Elena Toro Lillo; Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arabic Influence On The Spanish Language Spanish etymology Lists of Spanish words of foreign origin Spanish language Arabic words and phrases L Islam in Spain Language contact