' (; older form: ) is the Irish name for a

supernatural Supernatural refers to phenomena or entities that are beyond the laws of nature. The term is derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin (above, beyond, or outside of) + (nature) Though the corollary term "nature", has had multiple meanings si ...

race in

Celtic mythology Celtic mythology is the body of myths belonging to the Celtic peoples.Cunliffe, Barry, (1997) ''The Ancient Celts''. Oxford, Oxford University Press , pp. 183 (religion), 202, 204–8. Like other Iron Age Europeans, Celtic peoples followed ...

– spelled ''sìth'' by the Scots, but pronounced the same – comparable to fairies or elves. They are said to descend from either

fallen angel In the Abrahamic religions, fallen angels are angels who were expelled from heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" never appears in any Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven"Mehdi Azaiez, Gabriel Said ...

s or the Tuatha Dé Danann, meaning the "People of Danu", depending on the

Abrahamic The Abrahamic religions are a group of religions centered around worship of the God of Abraham. Abraham, a Hebrew patriarch, is extensively mentioned throughout Abrahamic religious scriptures such as the Bible and the Quran. Jewish tradition ...

or pagan tradition. The ''aos sí'' are said to live underground in fairy forts, across the Western sea, or in an invisible world that co-exists with the world of humans. This world is described in the '' Lebor Gabála Érenn'' as a

parallel universe Parallel universe often refers to parallel universes in fiction, a self-contained separate world, universe or reality coexisting with the real world, which is used as a recurring plot point or setting used in fantasy and science fiction. Parallel ...

in which the ''aos sí'' walk among the living. In

modern Irish Irish ( Standard Irish: ), also known as Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, which is a part of the Indo-European language family. Irish is indigenous to the island of Ireland and was ...

the people of the mounds are also called ''daoine sí''; in Scottish Gaelic they are called ''daoine sìth'' (in both cases, it means "people of the fairy mound"). They are variously said to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or goddesses and gods. Evans Wentz, W. Y. (1966, 1990
The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries
Gerrards Cross, Colin Smythe Humanities Press

Etymology

In the

Irish language Irish (an Caighdeán Oifigiúil, Standard Irish: ), also known as Gaelic, is a Goidelic languages, Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, which is a part of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European lang ...

, ''aos sí'' means "people of the mounds", as the " ''sídhe''" in Irish are hills or burial mounds (consistent with Geoffrey Keating's suggestion that the ''aos sí'' came from the Land of the Dead). In modern Irish, the word is ''sí''; in Scottish Gaelic, ''sìth''; in Old Irish, ''síde'', and the singular is ''síd''. Dictionary of the Irish Language:
síd, síth
' By the time of the Celtic Revival, when the " Fairy Faith became a topic for English and English-language authors, ''sidhe'' in its various forms, with various meanings, became a

loanword A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because t ...

into English and took on a variety of, often inaccurate, meanings. In a number of later, English-language texts, the word ''sídhe'' is incorrectly used both for the mounds and the people of the mounds. For example W. B. Yeats, writing in 1908, referred to the ''aos sí'' simply as "the ''sídhe''". However ''sidh'' in older texts refers specifically to "the palaces, courts, halls or residences" of the otherworldly beings that supposedly inhabit them.O'Curry, E., Lectures on Manuscript Materials, Dublin 1861, p. 504, quoted by Evans-Wentz 1966, p. 291 The fact that many of these ''sídhe'' have been found to be ancient burial mounds has contributed to the theory that the ''aos sí'' were the pre-Celtic occupants of Ireland. In the scholarly literature of the ''Popular Tales of Ireland'' (1880) the word ''sídh'' is conjectured to be synonymous with "immortal," and is compared with words such as ''sídsat'' "they wait/remain," ''síthbeo'' "lasting," ''sídhbuan'' "perepetual," and ''sídhbe'' "long life." In most of the tales concerning the ''sí'' a great age or long life is implied.

In Irish folklore

In many Gaelic tales, the ''aos sí'' are later, literary versions of the Tuatha Dé Danann ("People of the Goddess Danu")—the deities and deified ancestors of

Irish mythology Irish mythology is the body of myths native to the island of Ireland. It was originally passed down orally in the prehistoric era, being part of ancient Celtic religion. Many myths were later written down in the early medieval era by ...

. Some sources describe them as the survivors of the Tuatha Dé Danann who retreated into the Otherworld when fleeing the mortal Sons of Míl Espáine who, like many other early invaders of Ireland, came from Iberia. As part of the terms of their surrender to the Milesians, the Tuatha Dé Danann agreed to retreat and dwell underground. (In later interpretations, each tribe of the Tuatha Dé Danann was given its own mound.) Geoffrey Keating, an Irish historian of the early 17th century, equates Iberia with the Land of the Dead, providing a possible connection to the ''aos sí.'' In folk belief and practice, the ''aos sí'' are often appeased with offerings, and care is taken to avoid angering or insulting them. Often they are not named directly, but rather spoken of as "The Good Neighbours", "The Fair Folk", or simply "The Folk". The most common names for them, ''aos sí'', ''aes sídhe'', ''daoine sídhe'' (singular ''duine sídhe'') and ''daoine sìth'' mean, literally, "people of the mounds" (referring to the ''sídhe''). The ''aos sí'' are generally described as stunningly beautiful, though they can also be terrible and hideous. ''Aos sí'' are seen as fierce guardians of their abodes —whether a fairy hill, a

fairy ring A fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms. They are found mainly in forested areas, but also appear in grasslands or rangelands. Fairy rings are detectable by ...

, a special tree (often a hawthorn) or a particular

loch ''Loch'' () is the Scottish Gaelic, Scots and Irish word for a lake or sea inlet. It is cognate with the Manx lough, Cornish logh, and one of the Welsh words for lake, llwch. In English English and Hiberno-English, the anglicised spelling ...

or wood. It is believed that infringing on these spaces will cause the ''aos sí'' to retaliate in an effort to remove the people or objects that invaded their homes. Many of these tales contribute to the

changeling A changeling, also historically referred to as an auf or oaf, is a human-like creature found in folklore Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This in ...

myth in west European

folklore Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This includes oral traditions such as Narrative, tales, legends, proverbs and jokes. They include material culture, r ...

, with the ''aos sí'' kidnapping trespassers or replacing their children with changelings as a punishment for transgressing. The ''aos sí'' are often connected to certain times of year and hours; as the Gaelic Otherworld is believed to come closer to the mortal world at the times of dusk and dawn, the ''aos sí'' correspondingly become easier to encounter. Some festivals such as

Samhain Samhain ( , , , ; gv, Sauin ) is a Gaelic festival on 1 NovemberÓ hÓgáin, Dáithí. ''Myth Legend and Romance: An Encyclopaedia of the Irish Folk Tradition''. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402. Quote: "The basic Irish division of the year ...

, Bealtaine and Midsummer are also associated with the ''aos sí.''

Alternate names in Irish folklore

The ''Aos sí'' are known by many names in Ireland, among them: * ''Aingil Anúabhair'': "Proud angels" * ''Daoine Uaisle': "The noble folk" * ''Daoine maithe'': "Good people" * ''Deamhna Aerig'': "Air demons" * ''Dream Anúabhair'': "Excessively proud eople * ''Sídhfir'': "Immortal men" * ''Sídheógaídhe'': "Little immortals" * ''Slúagh Cille'': "Host of the churchyard" * ''Slúagh na Marbh'': "Host of the dead" * ''Slúagh Sídhe'': "Immortal host" * ''Slúagh-Sídhe-Thúatha-Dé-Danann'': "Immortal host of the Túatha Dé Danann" * ''na Uaisle'': "The noble" or "The highborn"

Daoine maithe

Daoine maithe is Irish for "the good people", which is a popular term used to refer to the fairies in Irish

. Due to the oral nature of Irish folklore the exact origins of the fairies is not well defined. There are stories enough to support two possible origins. The fairies could either be

s or the descendants of the Tuatha Dé Danann; in the latter case this is equivalent with ''Aos Sí''. In the former case, it is said that the fairies are angels who have fallen from heaven, but whose sins were not great enough to warrant hell. They are generally human-like, though there are exceptions such as the '' púca'' and the

mermaid In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish. Mermaids appear in the folklore of many cultures worldwide, including Europe, Asia, and Africa. Mermaids are sometimes asso ...

. The defining features of the Irish fairies are their supernatural abilities and their temperament. If treated with respect and kindness, Irish fairies can be quite benevolent; however, if they are mistreated they will react cruelly.

Types

The

banshee A banshee ( ; Modern Irish , from sga, ben síde , "woman of the fairy mound" or "fairy woman") is a female spirit in Irish folklore who heralds the death of a family member, usually by screaming, wailing, shrieking, or keening. Her name is ...

or ''bean sídhe'' (from sga, ban síde), which means "woman of the ''sídhe''", Dictionary of the Irish Language:
síd, síth
' and
ben
' has come to indicate any supernatural woman of Ireland who announces a coming death by wailing and keening. Her counterpart in

Scottish mythology Scottish mythology is the collection of myths that have emerged throughout the history of Scotland, sometimes being elaborated upon by successive generations, and at other times being rejected and replaced by other explanatory narratives. Na ...

is the ''bean sìth'' (sometimes spelled ''bean-sìdh''). Other varieties of ''aos sí'' and ''daoine sìth'' include the Scottish '' bean nighe'': the washerwoman who is seen washing the bloody clothing or

armour Armour (British English British English (BrE, en-GB, or BE) is, according to Lexico, Oxford Dictionaries, "English language, English as used in Great Britain, as distinct from that used elsewhere". More narrowly, it can refer specificall ...

of the person who is doomed to die; the '' leanan sídhe'': the "fairy lover"; the '' cat sìth'': a fairy cat; and the '' Cù Sìth'': fairy dog. The '' sluagh sídhe'' — "the fairy host" — is sometimes depicted in Irish and Scottish lore as a crowd of airborne spirits, perhaps the cursed, evil or restless dead. The ''siabhra'' (anglicised as "sheevra"), may be a type of these lesser spirits, prone to evil and mischief.MacKillop, James (2004)
Dictionary of Celtic Mythology
'Joyce, P.W
''A Social History of Ancient Ireland''
Vol. 1, p. 271 However, an

Ulster Ulster (; ga, Ulaidh or ''Cúige Uladh'' ; sco, label=Ulster Scots, Ulstèr or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional Irish provinces. It is made up of nine counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kin ...

folk song also uses "sheevra" simply to mean "spirit" or "fairy"."The Gartan Mother's Lullaby"
published 1904 in ''The Songs of Uladh'', lyrics by Seosamh MacCathmhaoil (Joseph Campbell)

List

* Abarta * Abhartach *

Alp-luachra In Celtic mythology, a Joint-eater, Just-halver or Alp-luachra (Ireland) is a type of fairy who sits invisibly and consumes half of their victim's food.Briggs, Katharine (1976). ''An Encyclopedia of Fairies''. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 243 Wh ...

* Bean nighe/ Caoineag *

Banshee A banshee ( ; Modern Irish , from sga, ben síde , "woman of the fairy mound" or "fairy woman") is a female spirit in Irish folklore who heralds the death of a family member, usually by screaming, wailing, shrieking, or keening. Her name is ...

* Cat sìth * Cù Sìth *

Changeling A changeling, also historically referred to as an auf or oaf, is a human-like creature found in folklore Folklore is shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. This in ...

* Clíodhna * Clurichaun * Dobhar-chú * Dullahan * Ellén Trechend * Fachen * Far darrig *

Fear gorta In Irish mythology, the fear gorta ( Irish: ''Man of hunger'' / ''Man of famine''; also known as the fear gortach) is a phantom of hunger resembling an emaciated human. According to Yeats' ''Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry'' the ...

* Am Fear Liath Mòr * Fetch * Fuath * Gancanagh * Ghillie Dhu / Gille Dubh * Glaistig/ Glashtyn * Leanan Sídhe / Leannan Sìth *

Leprechaun A leprechaun ( ga, leipreachán/luchorpán) is a diminutive supernatural being in Irish folklore, classed by some as a type of solitary fairy. They are usually depicted as little bearded men, wearing a coat and hat, who partake in mischief. ...

* Merrow * Oilliphéist * Púca * Sluagh

''Creideamh Sí''

' is Irish for the "Fairy Faith", a collection of beliefs and practices observed by those who wish to keep good relationships with the ' and avoid angering them. The custom of offering milk and traditional foods—such as baked goods, apples or berries—to the ' has survived through the Christian era into the present day in parts of Ireland, Scotland and the diaspora. Those who maintain some degree of belief in the ' also are careful to leave their sacred places alone and protect them from damage through road or housing construction.

References

Primary sources

* '' Lebor Gabála Érenn'' (''The Book of Invasions'') in '' Lebor Laignech'' (''The Book of Leinster'') * '' Annála na gCeithre Máistrí'' (''The Annals of the Four Masters'') * '' Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta'' (''The Book of Ballymote'') * '' Lebor na hUidre'' (''The Book of the Dun Cow'') * '' Leabhar Buidhe Lecain'' (''The Yellow Book of Lecan'') * '' Leabhar (Mór) Leacain'' (''The Great Book of Lecan'')

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Richard Irvine Best Richard Irvine Best (17 January 1872 – 25 September 1959), often known as R. I. Best, was an Irish scholar who specialised in Celtic Studies. Best was born into a Protestant family in Derry and educated at Foyle College before working for ...

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st pub.1976 ST, St, or St. may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Stanza, in poetry * Suicidal Tendencies, an American heavy metal/hardcore punk band * Star Trek, a science-fiction media franchise * Summa Theologica, a compendium of Catholic philosophy ...

A History of Irish Fairies
' New York. Avalon Publishing Group.
Irish folklore archive inscribed into UNESCO register
'' Rte News'' 6 December 2017 Retrieved 10 April 2018

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aos Si Fairies Fantasy creatures Irish folklore Irish legendary creatures Scottish mythology *