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Anarkali () was a legendary woman said to be loved by the 16th-century
Mughal Mughal or Moghul may refer to: Related to the Mughal Empire * Mughal Empire of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries * Mughal dynasty * Mughal emperors * Mughal people, a social group of Central and South Asia * Mughal architecture * Mug ...
Prince Salim, who later became Emperor
Jahangir Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627), known by his imperial name Jahangir (; ), was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who ruled from 1605 until he died in 1627. He was named after the Indian Sufi saint, Salim Chishti. Ear ...
. According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the
courtesan Courtesan, in modern usage, is a euphemism for a "kept" mistress (lover), mistress or prostitute, particularly one with wealthy, powerful, or influential clients. The term historically referred to a courtier, a person who attended the Royal cour ...
Nadira Begum or Sharf-un-Nisa, though scholars hold varying opinions. According to speculative and fictional accounts, Anarkali had an illicit relationship with Salim, whose father, Mughal Emperor
Akbar Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar (25 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), popularly known as Akbar the Great ( fa, ), and also as Akbar I (), was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Hum ...
, had her executed by
immurement Immurement (from the Latin , "in" and , "wall"; literally "walling in"), also called immuration or live entombment, is a form of imprisonment, usually until death, in which a person is sealed within an enclosed space without exits. This includes i ...
. The character often appears in movies, books and historical fiction and is depicted in the 1960
Bollywood Hindi cinema, popularly known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, refers to the film industry based in Mumbai, engaged in production of motion pictures in Hindi language. The popular term Bollywood, is a portmanteau of "Bombay" (fo ...
film '' Mughal-e-Azam'' in which she is portrayed by
Madhubala Madhubala (born Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi; 14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969) was an Indian actress and producer who worked in Hindi-language films. She ranked as one of the highest-paid entertainers in India in the post-independence era, ...
.


Historicity and development

Anarkali was first mentioned in the journal of English tourist and trader William Finch, who visited the
Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was an early-modern empire that controlled much of South Asia between the 16th and 19th centuries. Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the d ...
on 24 August 1608.


Western traveler accounts

The earliest Western accounts about the sexual relationship between Salim and Anarkali were written by British travellers William Finch and Edward Terry. Finch reached Lahore in February 1611, 11 years after the supposed death of Anarkali, to sell
indigo Indigo is a deep color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine, based on the ancient dye of the same name. The word "indigo" comes from the Latin word ''indicum'', m ...
he had purchased at
Bayana Bayana is a historical town and the headquarters of Bayana tehsil in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan in India. Hindaun City is nearest city of Bayana - 33 km. It was the site of famous Important Battle of Bayana in 1527 between the Rajput ...
on behalf of the
East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...
. His account, which was written in early 17th-century English, gives the following information.
... is a faire monument for Don Sha his mother, one of the Acbar his wives, with whom it is said Sha Selim had to do ( her name was Immaeque Kelle, or Pomgranate kernell); upon notice of which the King
kabar The Kabars ( el, Κάβαροι), also known as Qavars (Qabars) or Khavars were Khazar rebels who joined the Magyar confederation possibly in the 9th century as well as the Rus' Khaganate. Sources The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII is the ...
caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, and the King ahangir in token of his love commands a sumptuous tombe to be built of stone in the midst of foure square garden richly walled, with a gate and divers roomes over it. The convexity of the tombe he hath willed to be wrought in workes of gold with a large faire jounter with roomes over—head... (
sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...
) ~ William Finch.
Anarkali had a sexual relationship with Prince Salim (Jahangir). Upon notice of the relationship, King Akbar ordered her to be enclosed within a wall of his palace, where she died. Jahangir, as a token of his love, ordered a stone tomb to be built in the centre of a walled, four-square garden surrounded by a gate. As per description given by Finch, Jahangir ordered the dome of the tomb to be wrought in works of gold. Edward Terry, who visited a few years after William Finch, wrote Akbar had threatened to disinherit Jahangir for his relationship with Anarkali, the emperor's most-beloved wife, but on his death-bed he repealed the threat.


The legends

According to Lisa Balabanlilar, the majority of legends present maid Anarkali of Akbar's harem as a spouse, a concubine or a servant.'''' As per Muni Lal, Anarkali was a maidservant in the household of Salim's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. A common thread in multiple accounts is after realizing the likelihood of amour between his son Salim and Anarkali, suspicious Akbar got incensed and ordered to ''ensepulchre'' Anarkali ''alive in a wall. This brutality to Anarkali by Akbar caused enraged Salim to rebel against his father.'' Balabanlilar says though these captivating romantic legends are widely believed seem unverifiable and not likely to have happened.''''


Scholarly claims and discourse


Inscription

The gravestone in the tomb for Anarkali bears the inscription: Could I behold the face of my beloved once more, I would thank God until the day of resurrection. ~ Majnun Salim Akbar According to
Andrew Topsfield Andrew S. Topsfield is Keeper of Eastern Art at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. He was educated at Winchester College and the universities of Oxford and London. In 1978 he joined the Indian section of the Victoria and Albert Museum as an assistant ...
, in his book ''Paintings from Mughal India'', (p. 171 n. 18) Robert Skelton has identified these verses as being from the 13th-century poet Saʿdī.


Jahangir as Majnun

According to
Ebba Koch Ebba Koch is an Austrian art and architectural historian, who defines and discusses cultural issues of interest to political, social and economic historians. Presently she is a professor at the Institute of Art History in Vienna, Austria and a s ...
, Jahangir perceived himself as a Majnun prince king, who is almost mad in his love for his beloved ones. Ebba Koch have his name inscribed as Majnun on the Anarkali's sarcophagus and had pictorials of himself painted as Majnun king; as late as 1618, he reared a pair of Sarus cranes, which are considered in Indian culture to be love birds named
Layla and Majnun ''Layla & Majnun'' ( ar, مجنون ليلى ; Layla's Mad Lover) is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Bedouin poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his ladylove Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya). "The Layla ...
. Koch observed their breeding and wrote about them with keen interest. According to art historian
Ram Nath Ram Nath (R. Nath, born 9 March 1933) is an Indian historian who specializes in Mughal architecture. He obtained a doctorate from the Agra University, and later taught at the University of Rajasthan. He is regarded as one of India's leading art h ...
the Salim Anarkali love legend can not be entirely fabricated myth since nobody would have had courage to inscribe his name in public as a
Majnun ''Layla & Majnun'' ( ar, مجنون ليلى ; Layla's Mad Lover) is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Bedouin poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his ladylove Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya). "The Layla ...
(passionate lover) without his own approval. Nath says, Jahangir held his father Akbar in very high regard in his autobiography, still in 1599 he seems to have rebelled against Akbar and one most possible reason could be his tender romance with Anarkali was probably frustrated by the later (i.e. by Akbar).


Prominent guesses about who the Anarkali was

* It was just a pomegranate garden * Anarkali was just a concubine of Emperor Akbar * Anarkali as a wife of Emperor Akbar ( Prince Daniyal's mother) who fall in love with his son Jahangir. * Anarkali as a concubine of Emperor Akbar who fall in love with his son Jahangir. * Anarkali was one of the wife of Jahangir speculated either Sahib-i Jamal or Nur Jahan


= Just a pomegranate garden

= According to Haroon Khalid, irrespective of incestuous relationship in popular imagination, it is very unlikely that an emperor's
concubine Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship between a man and a woman in which the couple does not want, or cannot enter into a full marriage. Concubinage and marriage are often regarded as similar but mutually exclusive. Concubi ...
would have fallen in love with his rebellious son. Khalid says the pomegranate garden is mentioned by
Dara Shikoh Dara Shikoh ( fa, ), also known as Dara Shukoh, (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Dara was designated with the title ''Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba'' ("Prince of High Rank" ...
, the grandson of Jahangir, in his work "Sakinat al-Auliya" as a location where the saint Mian Mir used to sit. According to Subhash Parihar, Dara also mentions the existence of a tomb in the garden but does not give it a name. According to Muhammed Baqir, the author of "Lahore Past and Present", Anarkali was originally just the name of the garden in which the tomb of Sahib-i-Jamal, one of the wife of Jahangir, was situated. The tomb later came to be named as that of Anarkali.


= Sahib-i Jamal

= According to Muhammed Baqir, the tomb of Anarkali belonged to a woman named Sahib-i Jamal, another wife of Salim; the mother of the prince's second son Sultan Parvez and a daughter of the noble
Zain Khan Koka Zain Khan Koka (died 1601) was a leading official in the Mugal Empire under Akbar, including serving for a time as governor of Kabul. Zain Khan was the son of Akbar's wetnurse and thus received the title "Koka" which means foster brother. He was ...
. The daughter of Zain Khan was married to Salim on 18 June 1596. According to Akbar Nama, Jahangir "became violently enamoured of the daughter of Zain Khan Koka. Akbar was displeased at the impropriety, but he saw that his heart was immoderately affected, he, of necessity, gave his consent" The translator of Akbar Nama, H. Beveridge, said Akbar objected to the marriage because the Prince was already married "to Zain Khan's niece" (actually the daughter of paternal uncle of Zain Khan, and hence Zain Khan's cousin). Akbar objected to marrying near relations. According to Aniruddha Ray, inscribed year 1599 and name Salim are important since if it would have been built after he became emperor his alias name Jahangir would have been written. Ray says according to historians Akbar left Lahore on 1598 November 6, so it would be difficult to assume Akbar giving order of entombment in 1599. Ray says Jahangir's wife Sahib-i Jamal died in 1599 so tomb may of hers.


= Sharf-un-Nissa

= According to Haroon Khalid, a chronicler named Noor Ahmad Chishti in his Tehqiqat–i–Chishti first published in 1849 notes Anarkali or Sharf–un–Nissa as emperor Akbar's favorite concubine. According to Tehqiqat–i–Chishti Anarkali expired when Akbar was on Deccan campaign. Khalid says while Chishti's book does not speak about any love affair with Jahangir, but those were same times when Jahangir rebelled against his father Akbar. Khalid says one possibility is Akbar might have built mausoleum after his return from Deccan campaign. Khalid says popular narrative remains to be that of Anarkali was Akbar's concubine who crossed the red line and fell in love with Jahangir the Akbar's son. Khalid says many historians too use the same narrative. Khalid says, according to Tareekh''-''e''-''Lahore, a 1892 book by Sayed Abdul Latif, Anarkali's original name was Sharf-un-Nissa. According to Ellison Banks Findly Anarkali's another name was Nadira Begum. Findly reminds that according to European traveler Finch she was mother of Daniyal. Findly quotes Latif to have described Anarkali just as concubine and as legend given by him, Akbar observed Anarkali's return a smile to Jahangir in a mirror and he suspected worst and buried the lady alive in a wall, the same too had been mentioned by Finch ".. upon notice of which the King
kabar The Kabars ( el, Κάβαροι), also known as Qavars (Qabars) or Khavars were Khazar rebels who joined the Magyar confederation possibly in the 9th century as well as the Rus' Khaganate. Sources The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII is the ...
caused her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his moholl, where shee dyed, .." According to Lisa Balabanlilar, usually it is considered that Jahangir married at least 20 times. Findly says if assumed dating of death of Anarkali to be correct then already several marriages of Jahangir were taken place, he had three sons by then and married later too, then in that case, it should have been out of character for Jahangir to have been madly in love in an incestuous relationship but still the legend of Jahangir and Anarkali persists. Khalid says same narrative as of Latif was developed by later fiction writers beginning with Imtiaj Ali Taj's 1922 play 'Anarkali'. * *


= Prince Daniyal's mother

= Basing his analysis on the above two accounts, Abraham Eraly, the author of ''The Last Spring: The Lives and Times of the Great Mughals'', wrote there "seems to have been an
oedipal The Oedipus complex (also spelled Œdipus complex) is an idea in psychoanalytic theory. The complex is an ostensibly universal phase in the life of a young boy in which, to try to immediately satisfy basic desires, he unconsciously wishes to have ...
conflict between Akbar and Salim". He also considers it probable that Anarkali was the mother of Prince Daniyal Mirza. Eraly supports his hypothesis by quoting an incident recorded by Abul Fazl, Akbar's court historian, according to whom, Salim was assaulted one evening by guards of Akbar's royal harem. A mad man wandered into Akbar's harem because of the carelessness of the guards. According to Abul Fazl, Salim caught the man but was himself mistaken for the intruder. The emperor arrived and was about to strike with his sword when he recognised Salim. It is likely the intruder was Prince Salim and that the story of the mad man was concocted to hide the prince's indecency. According to Subhash Parihar, the accounts of the British travellers, and consequently the presumption of Eraly, is unlikely because Prince Daniyal's mother died in 1596, which does not match the dates inscribed on the sarcophagus.


= Nur Jahan

= A good deal of fiction has been written about Nur Jahan, obscuring her personality and social and political roles. Her first husband Sher Afghan died in a skirmish with Jahangir's foster brother Qutbuddin Koka in 1607. Jahangir fell in love with Nur Jahan and married her on 25 May 1611. According to Masudul Hasan and also Lisa Balabanlilar, a popular legend exists that Jahangir had seen Nur Jahan in childhood and attracted to her but Akbar had not given the permission to marry with her, when Jahangir ascended the throne he got her husband killed and married her. Art historian
Ram Nath Ram Nath (R. Nath, born 9 March 1933) is an Indian historian who specializes in Mughal architecture. He obtained a doctorate from the Agra University, and later taught at the University of Rajasthan. He is regarded as one of India's leading art h ...
gives credence to this theory saying for unknown reasons Nur Jahan's first marriage to Sher Afghan took place in 1599 when she was almost 22 in a way age wise too delayed marriage of girls of historical times. Nath says it is quite possible that Jahangir might have seen her, shown interest but his father Akbar denied permission taking political considerations into account. Nath says while modern biographers like Beniprasad do not put faith in this legend, but to say no contemporary traveler mentioned this legend is incorrect. Nath points out that De Laet mentions his another contemporary traveler Pelsaert saying Jahangir loved Nur Jahan even before her marriage to Sher Afghan but Akbar intervened otherwise. According to Nath it is not impossible for Jahangir to have engineered murder of Nur Jahan's first husband (1607) and suppressed the real cause of the conflict of his love interest. Hasan and also Balabanlilarsay say this legend is historically proved to be false and he got attracted to her and married with her when Nur Jahan was already widowed and she was in her 30s and Jahangir in his 40s. According to Archana Garodia Gupta the legend of prior love with Nur Jahan is unlikely because after Nur Jahan's first marriage with Sher Afgan, Jahangir had accompanied with him on campaign Mewar and also awarded a title on Shera Afgan. According to other accounts, after Akbar's death, Salim (Jahangir) recalled Anarkali and they married. She was given a new name,
Nur Jahan Nur Jahan, born Mehr-un-Nissa P ersian: نورجهان (; – 18 December 1645) was the wife and chief consort of the Mughal emperor Jahangir from 1620 until his death in 1627. Nur Jahan was born Mehr-un-Nissa, as the daughter of a Mirza Ghi ...
. Nur Jahan's father went to the sub-continent during the reign of Akbar and entered into his service, and was quickly promoted through the ranks on merit. In 1607, Nur Jahan was taken to the court as a royal ward. She was beautiful and intelligent, and attracted Jahangir's attention. Nur Jehan, died in 1645, 16 years after Jahangir's death and was buried near the tomb of Jahangir in
tomb A tomb ( grc-gre, τύμβος ''tumbos'') is a :wikt:repository, repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be ...
at Shahdara, Lahore.


Opinion of historian Ram Nath

Art historian R. Nath said Jahangir had no wife on record bearing the name or title Anarkali, to whom the emperor could have built a tomb and dedicated a couplet with a suffix ''
Majnun ''Layla & Majnun'' ( ar, مجنون ليلى ; Layla's Mad Lover) is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Bedouin poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his ladylove Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya). "The Layla ...
''. He writes:
t isabsolutely improbable that the grand Mughal emperor would address his married wife as ''yar'', designate himself as ''majnun'' and aspire to see her face once again. Had he not seen her enough? Obviously she was not his married wife but only his beloved, to whom he would take the liberty to be romantic and a little poetic too, and it appears to be a case of an unsuccessful romance of a disappointed lover... The prince could not save her, though it is on record that he was so unhappy with his father in this year 1599 that he defied his orders and revolted. It may be recalled that Mehrunissa (later Nurjahan Begum) was also married to Sher Afgan the same year and the young Prince was so dejected and disturbed on the failure of his two romances and annihilation of his tender feelings of love that he went as far as to defy Akbar.


Personalities and timeline


Fictional portrayals

Anarkali has been the subject of a number of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani books, plays and films. The earliest, most-celebrated historical play about her, ''Anarkali'', was written by Imtiaz Ali Taj in
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
''
Loves of a Mughal Prince'', which was released in India in 1928 and stars Taj as Akbar. Another Indian silent film about the courtesan, ''Anarkali'', was released in 1928 by R.S. Choudhury, who remade it in Hindi with the same title in 1935.
Bina Rai Bina Rai (13 July 1931 – 6 December 2009), sometimes referred to as Beena Rai, was an Indian actress, primarily of the black and white era of Hindi cinema. She is most known for her roles in classics such as ''Anarkali'' (1953), '' Ghunghat' ...
portrayed Anarkali in ''Anarkali'', a 1953 Indian film. In 1955, Akkineni Nageswara Rao and
Anjali Devi Anjali Devi (; 24 August 1927 – 13 January 2014) was an Indian actress, model and producer in Telugu and Tamil films. She was well known for her role as the Devi Sita in ''Lava Kusa'' as well as for the titular roles in movies like Chenchu ...
starred in ''Anarkali''.
Kunchacko Kunchacko (19 February 1912 – 15 June 1976) was an Indian film producer and director who worked in the Malayalam cinema, Malayalam film industry. His venture Udaya Studios influenced the gradual shift of Malayalam film industry from its origi ...
directed ''Anarkali'', an Indian
Tamil Tamil may refer to: * Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia ** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils **Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia * Tamil language, nati ...
-language film, in 1966. In 1960,
K. Asif K. Asif (born Asif Karim; 14 June 1922 – 9 March 1971) was an Indian film director, film producer and screenwriter who is known for his epic film, ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1960). Early life Asif was born in Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India to paren ...
's landmark film '' Mughal-e-Azam'' was released in India with
Madhubala Madhubala (born Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi; 14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969) was an Indian actress and producer who worked in Hindi-language films. She ranked as one of the highest-paid entertainers in India in the post-independence era, ...
in the role of Anarkali and
Dilip Kumar Mohammed Yusuf Khan (; 11 December 1922 – 7 July 2021), better known by his stage name Dilip Kumar, was an Indian actor who worked in Hindi cinema. Credited with pioneering method acting in cinema, he dominated the Indian movie scene from lat ...
as Prince Salim. According to Katherine Butler Schofield, while as per rumor peddled by European travelers'', the emperor Akbar ensepulchred Anarkali alive, the movie Mughal‐e‐Azam gives the historical legend a twist wherein Akbar himself lets Anarkali run away clandestinely''. Schofield says in this case film producer seemingly twists the plot finding it difficult to reconcile idealized national hero of modern times had been ''legendarily cruel to entomb a woman alive.'' In 1979, Telugu superstar
N. T. Rama Rao Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (28 May 1923 – 18 January 1996), often referred to by his initials NTR, was an Indian actor, filmmaker and politician who served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for seven years over three terms. He starred ...
directed and acted in the film ''
Akbar Salim Anarkali ''Akbar Salim Anarkali'' is a 1978 Indian Telugu-language historical romance film produced & directed by N. T. Rama Rao under his Ramakrishna Cine Studios banner. The film stars Rama Rao, Nandamuri Balakrishna and Deepa, with music composed by ...
'', featuring himself as Akbar,
Nandamuri Balakrishna Nandamuri Balakrishna (born 10 June 1960), simply known as Balakrishna or Balayya or NBK, is an Indian actor, producer and politician. He appeared in more than 100 Telugu cinema, Telugu films over forty years in a variety of roles and establis ...
as Salim and
Deepa Deepa or Dipa (Hindi : दीपा) is a Hindu/Sanskrit Indian popular feminine given name, which means "lamp" and "light". Notable people named Deepa * Deepa Bhaskar, Indian actress * Deepa Bhatia, Indian film editor * Deepa Chari, Indian act ...
as Anarkali. In Pakistan, ''
Anarkali Anarkali () was a legendary woman said to be loved by the 16th-century Mughal Prince Salim, who later became Emperor Jahangir. According to some accounts, Anarkali was the nickname of the courtesan Nadira Begum or Sharf-un-Nisa, though scho ...
'' was released in 1958 with
Noor Jehan Noor Jehan ( Punjabi: ) (born () Allah Rakhi Wasai ; 23 September 1926 – 23 December 2000; sometimes spelled Noorjehan),Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema,'' British Film Institute, Oxford University Pres ...
in the titular role, based on the Imtiaz Ali Taj play/script as adapted by Hakim Ahmad Shuja for his son Anwar Kamal Pasha's direction. Iman Ali portrayed Anarkali in Shoaib Mansoor's short music video series on the theme ''Ishq'' (love) in 2003. In the 2013
Ekta Kapoor Ekta Kapoor (born 7 June 1975) is an Indian television producer, film producer and director who works in Hindi cinema and soap opera. She is the joint managing director and creative head of Balaji Telefilms Limited, which was founded in 1994. ...
's television series '' Jodha Akbar'', she was portrayed by
Heena Parmar Heena Parmar is an Indian actress who works in Hindi television. She made her acting debut in 2011 with ''Haar Jeet'' where she portrayed Mihika Maansingh. Parmar is best known for her portrayal of Anarkali in ''Jodha Akbar'' and Rani Phool Bai R ...
while Saniya Touqeer played young Anarkali. A daily soap titled " Dastan-e-Mohabbat...Salim Anarkali" in which Prince Salim is played by
Shaheer Sheikh Shaheer Nawaz Sheikh (born 26 March 1984) is an Indian actor who primarily works in Hindi television. In 2009, he made his acting debut with ''Kya Mast Hai Life'' portraying Veer Mehra. He portrayed Anant Bajpai in '' Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye S ...
and his beloved Anarkali by Sonarika Bhadoria, was aired on
Colors TV Colors TV is an Indian general entertainment broadcast network owned by Viacom18. The network's programming consists of family dramas, comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films. History It was launched on 2 ...
.Salim Anarkali
''
Voot Voot is an Indian subscription video on-demand and over-the-top streaming service, owned by Viacom18. Launched in March 2016, it is Viacom18's advertising-led video-on-demand platform that is available as an app for iOS, KaiOS ( JioPhone) an ...
''.


See also

*
Tomb of Anarkali The Tomb of Anarkali ( ur, ) is an octagonal 16th century Mughal monument in Lahore, capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab. Location The tomb of Anarkali is located on the grounds of Lahore's Punjab Civil Secretariat complex near the Bri ...
*''
Layla and Majnun ''Layla & Majnun'' ( ar, مجنون ليلى ; Layla's Mad Lover) is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Bedouin poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his ladylove Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya). "The Layla ...
'' *
Anarkali Bazaar Anarkali Bazaar ( Punjabi, ur, ) is a major bazaar in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Anarkali also serves as a neighbourhood and union council of Data Gunj Buksh Tehsil of Lahore. It is situated in the region that extends from the south of Lahor ...
*
Madhubala Madhubala (born Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi; 14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969) was an Indian actress and producer who worked in Hindi-language films. She ranked as one of the highest-paid entertainers in India in the post-independence era, ...


Bibliography non-fictional

* Dad, Aisha. 2022
'Through the Looking Glass': The Narrative Performance of Anarkali
Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. * Nath, Prof R.. India As Seen by William Finch (1608-11 A.D): (With an Introduction to Medieval Travelogue). N.p., Independently Published, 2020. * Sen Gupta, Subhadra. MAHAL: Power and Pageantry in the Mughal Harem. India, Hachette India, 2019. * Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. India, Alpha Editions, 2020. * Choudhry, Zulfiqar Ali. Anarkali. United Kingdom, Whyte Tracks publishing, 2017. * Khawaja, Mabel Deane. “The Entombed Slave Girl of the Moguls: A Victim of Imperialism.” ''International Journal of Critical Cultural Studies'', vol. 14, no. 2, June 2016, pp. 1–9. ''EBSCOhost'', https://doi.org/10.18848/2327-0055/cgp/v14i02/1-9. * Moosvi, Shireen. The invention and persistence of a legend—The Anārkalī story. ''Studies in People's History,'' Volume: 1 issue: 1, page(s): 63-68. Article first published online: June 1, 2014; Issue published: June 1, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1177/2348448914537345 * Schofield, Katherine Butler. (2012), The Courtesan Tale: Female Musicians and Dancers in Mughal Historical Chronicles, ''c''.1556–1748. Gender & History, 24: 150-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01673.x * Sharma, Sunil. “Forbidden Love, Persianate Style: Re-Reading Tales of Iranian Poets and Mughal Patrons.” ''Iranian Studies'', vol. 42, no. 5, 2009, pp. 765–779., doi:10.1080/00210860903306044. * Glover, William J.. Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. United Kingdom, U of Minnesota Press, 2008. * Lal, Ruby. Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2005. * Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad. Anarkali, Archives and Tomb of Sahib Jamal: A Study in Perspective. Pakistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2002. * Bāqir, Muḥammad. Lahore: Past And Present (being An Account Of Lahore Compiled From Original Sources). India, Low Price Publications, 1996. * * Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard, et al. Architecture of Mughal India. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1992. p 118. * Quayum, Mohammad A. "From A String of Sweet Pearls, Vol. II (1922)". ''The Essential Rokeya''. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004255876_004 Web. * H.Beveridge, Visit to Umarkot, Calcutta Review. India, University of Calcutta, 1900. Page 67, 68, 69 * * * Panjab Gazetteer. India, n.p, 1883. Page 177. *


Bibliography fiction and literature

*Bombay Cinema's Islamicate Histories. United Kingdom, Intellect Books Limited, 2022. * Ray, Neil. The Autobiography of Time: The Saga of Human Civilization: Ambition, Greed and Power from the Dawn of Man. United Kingdom, Archway Publishing, 2020. Semi fiction * Sharma, Manimugdha. Allahu Akbar: Understanding the Great Mughal in Today's India. India, Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019 * Isaac, Megan Lynn. Suzanne Fisher Staples: The Setting Is the Story. United Kingdom, Scarecrow Press, 2009. * Sundaresan, Indu. The Twentieth Wife: A Novel. United States, Washington Square Press, 2003. * Reviewed Work: Anarkali, a Sanskrit Play in ten acts, by V. Raghavan Palsule, G. B. ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', vol. 54, no. 1/4, 1973, pp. 301–03. ''JSTOR'', http://www.jstor.org/stable/41692219. * Taj, Afroz. Two Anarkalis: Saghar Nizami’s Dream Drama and the Deconstruction of the Parsi Theatre. Southeast Review of Asian Studies Volume 32 (2010), pp. 177–92. * DÉSOULIÈRES, ALAIN. Religious culture and folklore in the Urdu historical drama Anarkali, revisited by Indian cinema. Book: Indian Literature and Popular Cinema, 2007. Routledge ISBN 9780203933299 * Rini Bhattacharya Mehta (2011) Ur-national and secular mythologies: popular culture, nationalist historiography and strategic essentialism, South Asian History and Culture, 2:4, 572-588, DOI: 10.1080/19472498.2011.605300


Notes


References


Sources

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External links



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. {{Commons category, Anarkali Indian legends Indian literature Indian folklore Women of the Mughal Empire