Aluminium fluoride refers to
inorganic compounds with the formula AlF
3·''x''H
2O. They are all colorless solids. Anhydrous AlF
3 is used in the production of aluminium metal. Several occur as minerals.
Occurrence and production
Aside from anhydrous AlF
3, several hydrates are known. With the formula AlF
3·''x''H
2O, these compounds include monohydrate (''x'' = 1), two polymorphs of the trihydrate (''x'' = 3), a hexahydrate (''x'' = 6), and a nonahydrate (''x'' = 9).
The majority of aluminium fluoride is produced by treating
alumina with
hydrogen fluoride at 700 °C:
Hexafluorosilicic acid
Hexafluorosilicic acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . Aqueous solutions of hexafluorosilicic acid consist of salts of the cation and hexafluorosilicate anion. These salts and their aqueous solutions are colorless.
Hexafluo ...
may also be used make aluminum fluoride.
:H
2SiF
6 + Al
2O
3 + 3 H
2O → 2 AlF
3 + SiO
2 + 4 H
2O
Alternatively, it is manufactured by thermal decomposition of
ammonium hexafluoroaluminate.
For small scale laboratory preparations, AlF
3 can also be prepared by treating
aluminium hydroxide
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic an ...
or aluminium metal with
hydrogen fluoride.
Aluminium fluoride trihydrate is found in nature as the rare mineral
rosenbergite.
The anhydrous form appears as the relatively recently (as of 2020) recognized mineral
óskarssonite.
A related, exceedingly rare mineral, is zharchikhite, Al(OH)
2F.
Structure
According to
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...
, anhydrous AlF
3 adopts the
rhenium trioxide
Rhenium trioxide or rhenium(VI) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ReO3. It is a red solid with a metallic lustre that resembles copper in appearance. It is the only stable trioxide of the Group 7 elements ( Mn, Tc, Re).
Prepara ...
motif, featuring distorted AlF
6 octahedra
In geometry, an octahedron (plural: octahedra, octahedrons) is a polyhedron with eight faces. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet a ...
. Each fluoride is connected to two Al centers. Because of its three-dimensional polymeric structure, AlF
3 has a high
melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depen ...
. The other trihalides of aluminium in the solid state differ,
AlCl3 has a layer structure and
AlBr3 and
AlI3, are molecular dimers. Also they have low melting points and evaporate readily to give dimers. In the gas phase aluminium fluoride exists as trigonal molecules of ''D
3h''
symmetry. The Al–F bond lengths of this gaseous molecule are 163
pm.
Applications
Aluminium fluoride is an important additive for the production of aluminium by electrolysis.
[ Together with ]cryolite
Cryolite ( Na3 Al F6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate) is an uncommon mineral identified with the once-large deposit at Ivittuut on the west coast of Greenland, mined commercially until 1987.
History
Cryolite was first described in 1798 by Danish vete ...
, it lowers the melting point to below 1000 °C and increases the conductivity of the solution
Solution may refer to:
* Solution (chemistry), a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another
* Solution (equation), in mathematics
** Numerical solution, in numerical analysis, approximate solutions within specified error bounds
* Soluti ...
. It is into this molten salt that aluminium oxide is dissolved and then electrolyzed to give bulk Al metal.[
Aluminum fluoride complexes are used to study the mechanistic aspects of phosphoryl transfer reactions in biology, which are of fundamental importance to cells, as phosphoric acid anhydrides such as ATP and GTP control most of the reactions involved in metabolism, growth and differentiation. The observation that aluminum fluoride can bind to and activate heterotrimeric ]G protein
G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their a ...
s has proven to be useful for the study of G protein activation in vivo, for the elucidation of three-dimensional structures of several GTPases, and for understanding the biochemical mechanism of GTP hydrolysis
Hydrolysis (; ) is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
Biological hydrolys ...
, including the role of GTPase-activating protein GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) are a family of regulatory proteins whose members can bind to activated G proteins and stimulate their GTPase activity, with the result of terminating the signaling event. GAPs are ...
s.
Niche uses
Together with zirconium fluoride, aluminium fluoride is an ingredient for the production of fluoroaluminate glasses.
It is also used to inhibit fermentation.
Like magnesium fluoride
Magnesium fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula MgF2. The compound is a white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide range of wavelengths, with commercial uses in optics that are also used in space telescopes. It occurs natur ...
it is used as a low-index optical thin film
A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer ( monolayer) to several micrometers in thickness. The controlled synthesis of materials as thin films (a process referred to as deposition) is a fundamental step in many ...
, particularly when far UV transparency is required. Its deposition by physical vapor deposition
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), sometimes called physical vapor transport (PVT), describes a variety of vacuum deposition methods which can be used to produce thin films and coatings on substrates including metals, ceramics, glass, and polym ...
, particularly by evaporation, is favorable.
Safety
The reported oral animal lethal dose ( LD50) of aluminum fluoride is 0.1 g/kg. Repeated or prolonged inhalation exposure may cause asthma
Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, co ...
, and may have effects on the bone and nervous system, resulting in bone alterations ( fluorosis), and nervous system impairment.
Many of the neurotoxic
Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. It occurs when exposure to a substance – specificall ...
effects of fluoride are due to the formation of aluminum fluoride complexes, which mimic the chemical structure of a phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid. It most commonly means orthophosphate, a derivative of orthophosphoric acid .
The phosphate or orthophosphate ion is derived from phosph ...
and influence the activity of ATP phosphohydrolases and phospholipase D. Only micromolar
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of sol ...
concentrations of aluminum are needed to form aluminum fluoride.
Human exposure to aluminum fluoride can occur in an industrial setting, such as emissions from aluminum reduction processes, or when a person ingests both a fluoride source (e.g., fluoride in drinking water or residue of fluoride-based pesticides) and an aluminum source; sources of human exposure to aluminum include drinking water, tea, food residues, infant formula, aluminum-containing antacids or medications, deodorants, cosmetics, and glassware. Fluoridation chemicals may also contain aluminum fluoride. Data on the potential neurotoxic effects of chronic exposure to the aluminum species existing in water are limited.Aluminum Compounds Review of Toxicological Literature Abridged Final Report
Prepared for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. ''NTP.gov Nomination Summary for Aluminum contaminants of drinking water (N20025).'' October 2001
See also
* Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monofluoride, also known as fluoridoaluminium, is the chemical compound with the formula AlF. This elusive species is formed by the reaction between aluminium trifluoride and metallic aluminium at elevated temperatures but quickly rever ...
References
External links
MSDS
ToxNet Profile
PubChem
{{Authority control
Aluminium compounds
Fluorides
Metal halides