''Adisura atkinsoni'', the field-bean pod borer, is a
moth of the family
Noctuidae
The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because many of the clades are constantly changing, along with the other f ...
. The species was
first described by
Frederic Moore
Frederic Moore FZS (13 May 1830 – 10 May 1907) was a British entomologist and illustrator. He produced six volumes of ''Lepidoptera Indica'' and a catalogue of the birds in the collection of the East India Company.
It has been said that Mo ...
in 1881. It is found in
Lesotho
Lesotho ( ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a country landlocked country, landlocked as an Enclave and exclave, enclave in South Africa. It is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the Thabana Ntlenyana, highest mountains in Sou ...
,
KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal (, also referred to as KZN and known as "the garden province") is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu ("Place of the Zulu" in Zulu) and Natal Province were merged. It is locate ...
,
Transvaal Transvaal is a historical geographic term associated with land north of (''i.e.'', beyond) the Vaal River in South Africa. A number of states and administrative divisions have carried the name Transvaal.
* South African Republic (1856–1902; af, ...
,
Zimbabwe,
Mozambique,
Zambia,
Malawi,
Congo
Congo or The Congo may refer to either of two countries that border the Congo River in central Africa:
* Democratic Republic of the Congo, the larger country to the southeast, capital Kinshasa, formerly known as Zaire, sometimes referred to a ...
,
Kenya,
Uganda and on
Madagascar. It is also present in
India,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
,
Korea,
Indonesia (
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
),
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
(
Honshu,
Shikoku,
Kyushu
is the third-largest island of Japan's five main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands ( i.e. excluding Okinawa). In the past, it has been known as , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surroun ...
),
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
,
Taiwan,
Vietnam and the
Himalayan region.
Description
Its wingspan is about 31 mm. Head, thorax and forewings are brownish ochreous. Forewings have a greyish tinge and pinkish costa and outer areas. Orbicular and reniform stigmata represented by indistinct dark patches. There is an indistinct series of specks. Abdomen and hindwings are straw coloured. Hindwings are more or less broadly and completely suffused with fuscous. Ventral side usually consist with reniform prominently black.
Larva robust and
instars change from green to brown towards pupa.
Ecology
It is considered a mild pest on ''
Lablab purpureus
''Lablab purpureus'' is a species of bean in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa and it is cultivated throughout the tropics for food. '' and considered as a serious pest on field bean, causing moderate to severe loss. Larva known to feed on field bean and also pigeon pea primarily.
Control is mainly through chemical pesticides such as
quinalphos
Quinalphos is an organothiophosphate chemical chiefly used as a pesticide. It is a reddish-brown liquid. The chemical formula is C12H15N2O3PS, and IUPAC name ''O'',''O''-diethyl ''O''-quinoxalin-2-yl phosphorothioate. Ranked 'moderately hazardous' ...
and
carbaryl in the caterpillar stage. Natural enemies like ''
Habrobracon hebetor
''Habrobracon hebetor'' is a minute wasp of the family Braconidae that is an ectoparasitoid of several species of moth caterpillars. Well known hosts include the larval stage of ''Plodia interpunctella'', the Indian mealmoth, Indianmeal moth, the ...
'', ''
Trichogramma
''Trichogramma'' is a genus of minute polyphagous wasps that are endoparasitoids of insect eggs. ''Trichogramma'' is one of around 80 genera from the family Trichogrammatidae, with over 200 species worldwide.Consoli FL, Parra JRP, Zucchi RA (2010 ...
chlionis'', green
lacewing
The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera can be grouped together with the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera in t ...
, predatory stink bugs, spider, and ants are also effective. Usage of resistant varieties, trapping using pheromones, and light traps are also undertaken.
References
External links
*
Insects of KoreaAction thresholds for the management of pod borer, ''Adisura atkinsoni'' Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on field bean (hyacinth bean), ''Lablab purpureus'' (L.) in IndiaModified behaviour in nucleopolyhedro virus infected field bean pod borer, ''Adisura atkinsoni'' and its impact on assessing the field efficacy of NPV.Occurrence and cross infectivity of granulovirus of field bean pod borer ''Adisura atkinsoni'' MooreEvaluation of field bean germplasm for their reaction to pod borer, ''Adisura atkinsoni'' Moore
Heliothinae
Moths of Asia
Moths of Africa
Moths described in 1881
{{Heliothinae-stub