Acqua Paola

The Aqua Traiana (later rebuilt and named the Acqua Paola) was a 1st-century Roman aqueduct built by Emperor Trajan and inaugurated on 24 June 109 AD. It channelled water from sources around Lake Bracciano, 40 km (25 mi) north-west of Rome, to ancient Rome. It joined the earlier Aqua Alsietina to share a common lower route into Rome.

It had only fallen into disuse in the 17th century.

Original sources of the aqueduct

Both the ancient Aqua Traiana and the modern Acqua Paola were fed by a collection of aquifer sources in the hills around the volcanic basin of Lake Bracciano. The Italian archaeologist Alberto Cassio in his Route of the Ancient Waters, and his successor Rodolfo Lanciani in 1881 in his Commentary on Frontinus list the sources in the following groups, running clockwise around the lake from Bracciano:

# The seven sources in the Villa Flavia / Fosso di Grotta Renara area. These were gathered together into three tanks named by Cassio and Lanciani as Greca, Spineta and Pisciarello. The seventeenth Century architect Carlo Fontana names three tanks as: Botte Greca, Botte Ornava, and Botte Arciprete (Arch-Priest) then places one additional tank further down the Fosso di Grotta Renara as the Botte di Pisciarelli. One tank is currently called 'Fonte Micciaro'.
# The sources in the Fosso di Fiora area: These include the source at the monumental Fiora Nymphaeum, another source at the 'Carestia' Nymphaeum approx 1 km from the Fiora, which now lies in ruin, but is documented by various maps in the Orsini collection.
# A collection of sources at the Vicarello Baths
# One source close to the contemporary Acqua delle Donne Restaurant.
# The Sette Botti (seven tanks) immediately to the East of the Acqua delle Donna.
# Various sources to the north of Monte Rocca Romana in the territory of Bassano Romano and along the Fosso Della Calandrina including the notable Fonte Ceraso.
# The Aquarelli sources to the North East of the Lake.
# The Acqua D'Impolline due East of the Lake.

The Architect Carlo Fontana had measured and compared the yield of various of these sources on two occasions in the early 1690s, and documented his measurements in his Really Useful Treatise published in 1695.

The most significant and copious source of the Aqua Traiana is pinpointed by Carlo Fea (1832) as close to the Fosso di Fiora in the modern district of Manziana. Fea makes reference to a document written by the architect Luigi Bernini on 25 February 1667 to Pope Alexander VII Chigi.

The Manziana source has never formed part of the modern Aqua Paola, but, in 1667, Alexander VII wanted to add additional water to the Acqua Paola to power his new fountain in St. Peter's Square. Bernini measured the water at this source as supplying 340 "oncie" of water of perfect goodness and lightness. This water was sufficiently copious, according to his calculation, to double the yield of the Acqua Paola. It supplied as much water as all the rest of the sources put together.

However, the Manziana water had, since the 1570s, been diverted to supply the mills and industry of the duke Paolo Giordano Orsini in the nearby dukedom of Bracciano, so neither Pope Paul V in the early 17th century nor Pope Alexander VII three-quarters of a century later was able to purchase this particular source, and it remains to this day independent from the modern aqueduct.

In the same year that Luigi Bernini wrote his report, the Pope died, and the project was shelved, so the modern aqueduct was eventually supplemented with lake water. The addition of the Lake Water makes Acqua Paola water unhealthy to drink, and gives it a bad taste, which gave birth to the Roman saying "as good as the Acqua Paola" when referring to something of bad quality.

The Manziana source was re-identified in early 2009 by two British film-makers, and its identity was confirmed on 24 June 2009 by archaeologist Lorenzo Quilici of University of Bologna on the exact anniversary of 1900 years after the aqueduct's inauguration.

Distribution of Aqua Traiana within Rome

The inauguration of the aqueduct was recorded in the Fasti Ostienses on 24 June 109 AD, which stated that the water was ''tota urbe salientem'' – a pan-urban network of streetside outlets and basins reaching every part of Rome.

left, 250px, Route of Aqua Traiana within ancient Rome
How this distribution was achieved is mostly subject to speculation, but the author Rabun Taylor, in his book ''Public Needs and Private Pleasures'' suggests that the aqueduct crossed the River Tiber on a high bridge in the area of the modern Ponte Sublicio, and curved around the Aventine before heading north to the Oppio.

The date of inauguration was also significant, being only a few months before the ''Naumachia Traiani'' on the Vatican Plain and exactly two days after the ''Thermae Traiani'' on the Oppio.

It fed a number of water mills on the Janiculum, including a sophisticated mill complex revealed by excavations in the 1990s under the present American Academy in Rome. Some of the Janiculum mills were famously put out of action by the Ostrogoths when they cut the aqueduct in 537 during the first siege of Rome. Belisarius restored the supply of grain by using mills floating in the Tiber. The complex of mills bears parallels with a similar complex at Barbegal in southern Gaul.

Dilapidation and revival as Acqua Paola

Although the Aqua Traiana, along with all the other aqueducts, was cut by the Ostrogoths in 537, it was the only one restored by Belisarius before his departure in 547, along with repairs to the Baths of Trajan in order to supply water to the grain mills. Over the next few centuries it once again fell in to ruin and ceased to function. It was restored a second time around the year 775 by Pope Adrian I as a way of alleviating the need for the Roman people to carry water in casks from the Tiber to supply the fountains at Saint Peter's Basilica.Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages'', Vol. 2, (1894) pgs. 385-386 Subsequently, it once again fell into disrepair.

Camillo Borghese, on his accession in 1605 as Pope Paul V, initiated work on rebuilding the Aqua Traiana, supervised from 1609 by Giovanni Fontana. At that time, the Roman suburbs west of the Tiber River, including the Vatican, were suffering from chronic water shortage. The new pope persuaded the Municipality of Rome to pay for the development of an aqueduct to provide a better water supply to that part of the city.

In 1612, the aqueduct was completed. It was initially called the Acqua Sabbatina or Acqua Bracciano, but was renamed Acqua Paola in honour of Paul V.

Not all original Aqua Traiana sources were available to contribute water to the Aqua Paola. The most copious sources at Santa Fiora, for example, had long since been purloined by duke Paolo Giordano Orsini, who had diverted them to power mills and industry in the city of Bracciano.

The fountain at the end of the aqueduct was referred to as "Il Fontanone" – the Big Fountain – because of its size. It was in the form of a free-standing triumphal arch constructed in white marble with granite columns on high socles. Most of the material was pillaged from the Forum of Nerva. Originally, it consisted of three large central arches, separated by columns, and a smaller one on each side. Water gushed into five basins at the base of each arch. The designer was Paul V's usual architect, Flaminio Ponzio. Among the team of sculptors involved was Ippolito Buzzi, who was responsible for the Borghese coat-of-arms, flanked by the Borghese eagle and dragon, and held aloft by putti, it is presumed to Ponzio's design.

Then, in 1690, Pope Alexander VIII commissioned Carlo Fontana, Giovanni's nephew, to enlarge the fountain. Carlo replaced the five small basins with an enormous single one, the Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, which remains to this day. In more recent times, a small garden has been arranged, hidden behind the structure.

See also

*List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
*List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
*List of Roman aqueducts by date
*Parco degli Acquedotti
*Ancient Roman technology
* Roman engineering

References

;Notes
* Trajan's aqueduct sourced by UK father and son.
The Times. 2010-04-29.
(Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pMXD7u8b)
* Two-thousand-year-old Roman aqueduct discovered
The Daily Telegraph. 2010-04-29
(Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5pMdTHed1)
* Fea, C., Storia 1. delle acque antiche sorgenti in Roma, perdute..., 1832

External links

Satellite photo
Acqua Paola is the white hemicircle in the center. To the Northeast is San Pietro in Montorio and the Bramante Tempietto.
*Touring Club Italiano, ''Roma e Dintorni'' 1965 p. 454

Il Fontanone Video by Maurizio Meyer My Rome


of Aqua Traiana at Janiculum mills, 1998–1999


Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby, 1929)

Video of the underground structure
at the source of the Aqua Traiana taken by British film-makers in 2009.

American Society of Civil Engineers - International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark

{{Roman aqueducts

Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
Buildings and structures completed in 1612
Traiana
Acqua Paola
Trajan
2nd-century establishments in Italy
109 establishments
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
100s establishments in the Roman Empire
1612 establishments in Italy