2 Maccabees

The Second Book of Maccabees, also called 2 Maccabees, is a deuterocanonical book originally in Greek which focuses on the

Maccabean Revolt

against

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

and concludes with the defeat of the Seleucid Empire general Nicanor in 161 BC by

Judas Maccabeus

, the "hero of the Jewish wars of independence".

Unlike 1 Maccabees, the style of ''2 Maccabees'' suggests that it was written in Koine Greek, probably in

Alexandria

, some time between 150 and 120 BC (c. 124 BC according to Stephen L. Harris). Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. It presents a revised version of the historical events recounted in the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees, adding material from the Pharisaic tradition, including prayer for the dead and a resurrection on Judgment Day.

The book, like the other Books of the Maccabees, was not included in Masoretic Hebrew canon, the Tanakh. It was included in the Greek Septuagint, known as the Alexandrian canon. For this reason,

Jew

s and Protestants reject most of the doctrinal issues present in the work, while

Catholic

s and Eastern Orthodox consider the work to be deuterocanonical and part of the

Bible

. Some Protestants include 2 Maccabees as part of the biblical apocrypha, useful for reading in the church. ''Article VI'' of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England defines it as useful but not the basis of doctrine and not necessary for

salvation

.

Author

The author of 2 Maccabees is not identified, but he claims to be abridging a 5-volume work by Jason of Cyrene. This longer work is not preserved, and it is uncertain how much of the present text of 2 Maccabees is simply copied from that work. The author wrote in Greek, apparently, as there is no particular evidence of an earlier Hebrew version. A few sections of the book, such as the Preface, Epilogue, and some reflections on morality are generally assumed to come from the author, not from Jason. Jason's work was apparently written sometime around 100 BC and most likely ended with the defeat of Nicanor, as does the abridgement available to us.

The beginning of the book includes two letters sent by Jews in

Jerusalem

to Jews of the

Diaspora

in

Egypt

concerning the feast day set up to celebrate the purification of the temple (see

Hanukkah

) and the feast to celebrate the defeat of Nicanor. If the author of the book inserted these letters, the book would have to have been written after 124 BC the date of the second letter. Some commentators hold that these letters were a later addition, while others consider them the basis for the work. Catholic scholars tend toward a dating in the last years of the 2nd century BC, while the consensus among Jewish scholars place it in the second half of the 1st century BC.

Contents

Summary

Unlike 1 Maccabees, 2 Maccabees does not attempt to provide a complete account of the events of the period, instead covering only the period from the high priest Onias III and King

Seleucus IV

(180 BC) to the defeat of Nicanor in 161.

In general, the chronology of the book coheres with that of 1 Maccabees, and it has some historical value in supplementing 1 Maccabees, principally in providing a few apparently authentic historical documents. The author seems primarily interested in providing a theological interpretation of the events; in this book God's interventions direct the course of events, punishing the wicked and restoring the

Temple

to his people. It has been suggested that some events appear to be presented out of strict chronological order to make theological points, but there seems little reason to expect a sequential chronology anyway, and little evidence for demonstrating the point one way or the other. Some of the numbers cited for sizes of armies may also appear exaggerated, though not all of the manuscripts of this book agree.

The Greek style of the writer is very educated, and he seems well-informed about Greek customs. The action follows a very simple plan: after the death of

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

, the Feast of the Dedication of the Temple is instituted. The newly dedicated Temple is threatened by Nicanor, and after his death, the festivities for the dedication are concluded. A special day is dedicated to commemorate the Jewish victory in the month of Adar, on the day before "Mordecai's Day" (

Purim

).

Structure

The

Jerusalem Bible

divides the book into seven sections:
#1:1 - 2:18 - Two letters to the Jews of Egypt
#2:19-32 - Compiler's Preface
#Chapter 3 - The Story of Heliodorus
#Chapters 4-7 - Hellenistic Propaganda and Persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes
#8:1 - 10:8 - The Victory of Judaism
#10:9 - 13:26 - The Struggle of Judas against the Neighbouring Peoples, and against Lysias, Eupator's High Commissioner
#Chapters 14 and 15 - The Conflict with Nicanor, General of Demetrius I, The Day of Nicanor

The divisions used by the New American Bible (Revised Edition) are similar, except that all the "renewed persecution" of 2 Maccabees 10:10 to 15:36 is treated as one section, with a brief "epilogue" in verses 15:37-39.

Doctrine

2 Maccabees demonstrates several points of doctrinal interpretation deriving from Pharisaic Judaism, and also found in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox theology.

Doctrinal issues that are raised in 2 Maccabees include:
* Prayer for the dead and sacrificial offerings, both to free the dead from

sin

* Merits of the

martyr

s
* Intercession of the saints (15:11–17) (at least as seen from a Christian viewpoint); the New American Bible comments on verse 14 "Jeremiah’s prayer in heaven has been taken in the Roman Catholic tradition as a biblical witness to the intercession of the saints"
* Resurrection of the dead
* Specific mention of creatio ex nihilo (II Maccabees 7:28)

In particular, the long descriptions of the

martyr

doms of Eleazar and of a mother with her seven sons (2 Macc 6:18–7:42) caught the imagination of medieval Christians. Several churches are dedicated to the "Maccabeean martyrs", and they are among the few pre-Christian figures to appear on the Catholic calendar of saints' days (that number is considerably higher in the Eastern Orthodox churches' calendars, where they also appear). The book is considered the first model of the medieval stories of the martyrs.

Catholic apologist Jimmy Akin examines

Hebrews

11:35 ("Some were tortured, refusing to accept release, that they might rise again to a better life") and notes that this hope of eternal life after torture is not found anywhere in the Protocanonicals of the Old Testament, but ''is'' found in 2 Maccabees 7.

Canonicity

Catholics

and the Eastern Orthodox regard 2 Maccabees as canonical. Jews and all Protestants other than Anglo-Catholics do not. Based on copies, 1 and 2 Maccabees appears in manuscripts of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which was completed by the 2nd century BC along with (in some copies) 3 and 4 Maccabees and Psalm 151 which are considered apocryphal by the Roman Catholic church. The Codex Vaticanus lacks 1 and 2 Maccabees (but includes 1 Esdras) which Codex Sinaiticus includes along with 4 Maccabees (but omits Baruch), which evidences a lack of uniformity in the lists of books in early manuscripts of the Septuagint. Neither 1st nor 2nd Maccabees were found among the

Dead Sea Scrolls

.

Pope Damasus I

's Council of Rome in 382, if the

Decretum Gelasianum

is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Origen of Alexandria (A.D. 253),

Augustine of Hippo

(c. 397 AD),

Pope Innocent I

(405 AD), Synod of Hippo (393 AD), the Council of Carthage (397 AD), the Council of Carthage (419 AD), the Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (1442 AD) and the

Council of Trent

(1546 AD) listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical.

In the Council of Jamnia (late 1st century AD), according to one theory now largely discredited,

rabbis

endorsed a narrower canon, excluding deuterocanonical works such as 2 Maccabees. This had little immediate impact on Christians, however, since most Christians did not know Hebrew and were familiar with the Hebrew Bible through the Greek Septuagint text from Hellenistic Jews, although some researchers believe that under Christian auspices the books known to Protestants and Jews as apocryphal and to Roman Catholics as deuterocanonical were added to the Septuagint. In addition, the canonical status of deuterocanonical books was disputed among some notable scholars from early on and into the Council of Trent, which first definitively settled the matter of the OT Canon on 8 April 1546, after the death of

Martin Luther

.

Although 2 Maccabees was included by Luther and other early reformers in their Bibles, they were rejected as not being on the same level as canonical writings. Martin Luther said: "I am so great an enemy to the second book of the Maccabees, and to Esther, that I wish they had not come to us at all, for they have too many heathen unnaturalities." Other evangelical writers have been more positive towards the book: twentieth century author James B. Jordan, for example, argues that while 1 Maccabees "was written to try and show the Maccabean usurpers as true heirs of David and as true High Priests" and is a "wicked book", a "far more accurate picture of the situation is given in 2 Maccabees."

Liturgical usage

In the Roman Catholic Church, the Latin Church Lectionary makes use of texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, along with texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings during a Mass for the Dead.Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3

References

Further reading

*Borchardt, Francis. 2016. "Reading Aid: 2 Maccabees and the History of Jason of Cyrene Reconsidered." ''Journal for the Study of Judaism'' 47, no. 1: 71–87.
*Coetzer, Eugene. 2016. "Heroes and Villains in 2 Maccabees 8:1–36: A Rhetorical Analysis." ''Old Testament Essays'': 419–33.
*Doran, Robert. 1981. ''Temple Propaganda: The Purpose and Character of 2 Maccabees.'' Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 12. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association.
*--. 2012. ''2 Maccabees.'' Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress.
*Goldstein, J. A. 1983. ''II Maccabees.'' Anchor Bible 41A. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
*Habicht, C. 1976. “Royal Documents in II Maccabees.” ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'' 80: 1–18.
*Janowitz, Naomi. 2017. ''The Family Romance of Martyrdom In Second Maccabees.'' New York: Routledge.
*Kosmin, P. 2016. "Indigenous Revolts in 2 Maccabees: The Persian Version." ''Classical Philology'' 111, no. 1: 32–53.
*Schwartz, Daniel R. 2008. ''2 Maccabees.'' Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature. Berlin: De Gruyter.
*Stewart, Tyler A. 2017. "Jewish Paideia: Greek Education in the Letter of Aristeas and 2 Maccabees." Journal for the Study of Judaism 48, no. 2: 182–202.
*Trotter, Jonathan R. 2017. "2 Maccabees 10:1–8: Who Wrote It and Where Does It Belong?" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'' 136, no. 1: 117–30.

External links

The Book of 2 Maccabees
Full text (also available i




Translation with hyperlinks


at biblicalaudio



Jewish Encyclopedia: II Maccabees
* 'Landing the helicopter...' discussing 2 Maccabees 15:38–40
* Various versions

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maccabees, 2
2nd-century BC books
1st-century BC books
Deuterocanonical books
2
Hasmonean dynasty
Texts in Koine Greek
Jewish apocrypha