2018 In Paleontology

Flora

Plants

Fungi

Cnidarians

Research

* New three dimensionally phosphatized microfossils of coronate scyphozoan '' Qinscyphus necopinus'', including a new type of fossil embryo, are described from the Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Shao ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that ''Qinscyphus'' underwent direct development.
* A study on the morphology of the conulariid species '' Carinachites spinatus'' based on a new specimen collected from the lower Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) is published by Han ''et al.'' (2018).
* Revision of stony corals from the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Oehrli Formation (Austria and Switzerland) is published by Baron-Szabo (2018), who compares this fauna with five additional Berriasian coral faunas.

New taxa

Arthropods

Bryozoans

New taxa

Brachiopods

Research

* Studies on the ontogenetic development of early acrotretoid brachiopods based on well preserved specimens of the earliest Cambrian species '' Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis'' and ''Eohadrotreta? zhujiahensis'' from the Shuijingtuo Formation (China) are published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the extinction and origination of members of the order Strophomenida during the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Sclafani ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the body size of several brachiopod assemblages recorded into the extinction interval prior to the Toarcian turnover, collected from representative localities around the Iberian Massif (Spain and Portugal), is published by García Joral, Baeza-Carratalá & Goy (2018).

New taxa

Molluscs

Echinoderms

Conodonts

Research

* A study testing the proposed models of growth of conodont elements is published by Shirley ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the histological sections of Ordovician and Permian conodont dental elements from the Bell Canyon Formation (Texas, United States), Harding Sandstone (Colorado, United States), Ali Bashi Formation (Iran) and Canadian Arctic, examining those fossils for the presence and distribution of soft tissue biomarkers, is published by Terrill, Henderson & Anderson (2018).
* A study evaluating the δ¹⁸O variation within a species-rich conodont assemblage from the Ordovician (Floian) Factory Cove Member of the Shallow Bay Formation, Cow Head Group (western Newfoundland, Canada), as well as assessing the implications of these data for determining the paleothermometry of ancient oceans and conodont ecologic models, is published by Wheeley ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the body size and diversity of Carnian conodonts from South China and their implications for inferring the biotic and environmental changes during the Carnian Pluvial Event is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study assessing the similarity of late Paleozoic to Triassic conodont faunas known from the Cache Creek Terrane (Canada) is published by Golding (2018).
* Reconstruction of the multi-element apparatus of the Middle Triassic conodont from British Columbia (Canada) belonging to the ''Neogondolella regalis'' group within the genus ''Neogondolella'' is presented by Golding (2018).
* Reconstruction of the number and arrangement of elements in the apparatus of '' Hindeodus parvus'' published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2017) is criticized by Agematsu, Golding & Orchard (2018); Purnell ''et al.'' (2018) defend their original conclusions.
* A cluster of icriodontid conodonts belonging to the species '' Caudicriodus woschmidti'', providing new information on the apparatus structure of icriodontid conodonts, is described from the Lower Devonian sediments in southern Burgenland (Austria) by Suttner, Kido & Briguglio (2018).
* A study on the species belonging to the genus ''Neognathodus'', evaluating whether previously defined morphotype groups are reliably distinct from one another, is published by Zimmerman, Johnson & Polly (2018).

New taxa

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

* A description of the postcranial material referable to the caseid species ''Ennatosaurus tecton'' is published by Romano, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).
* A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Milosaurus mccordi'' is published by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018).
* A skull of a juvenile specimen of '' Anteosaurus magnificus'' is described from the Permian Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa) by Kruger, Rubidge & Abdala (2018).
* A study on the evolution of the trigeminal nerve innervation in anomodonts is published by Benoit ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the stable oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of dentine apatite in the teeth of twenty-eight specimens of '' Diictodon feliceps'', and on their implications for inferring the potential role of climate in driving the late Capitanian mass extinction of terrestrial tetrapods, is published by Rey ''et al.'' (2018).
* Description of the anatomy of six new skulls of the dicynodont '' Abajudon kaayai'' from the Permian (Guadalupian) lower Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Olroyd, Sidor & Angielczyk (2018).
* A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the specimens of the dicynodont genus '' Endothiodon'' collected from the Permian K5 Formation (Mozambique), comparing it with the closely related genus ''Niassodon'', is published by Araújo ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the taphonomic history of a monotypic bonebed composed by several individuals attributable to the dicynodont '' Dinodontosaurus'' collected in a classic Middle Triassic locality in Brazil, and on its implications for inferring possible gregarious behaviour in ''Dinodontosaurus'', is published online by Ugalde ''et al.'' (2018).
* Redescription of the dicynodont genus ''Sangusaurus'' and a study on its feeding system and phylogenetic relationships is published by Angielczyk, Hancox & Nabavizadeh (2018).
* Partial hindlimb of a dicynodont nearing the size of ''Stahleckeria) by Kammerer, Angielczyk & Nesbitt (2018), representing the largest dicynodont postcranial element from the Manda Beds reported so far.
* Description of plant remains and palynomorphs preserved in the coprolites produced by large dicynodonts from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina), and a study on their implications for inferring the diet of dicynodonts, is published by Perez Loinaze ''et al.'' (2018).
* Tetrapod tracks, probably produced by dicynodonts, are described from the Upper Triassic Vera Formation of the Los Menucos Group (Argentina) by Citton ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the age of putative Rhaetian dicynodont from Lipie Śląskie (Poland) is published online by Racki & Lucas (2018), who consider it more likely that this dicynodont was of Norian age.
* A study on the anatomy of the skull of ''Cynariops robustus'' is published by Bendel ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on rates of enamel development in a range of non-mammalian cynodont species, inferred from incremental markings, is published by O'Meara, Dirks & Martinelli (2018).
* Description of the morphology of the skull of ''Cynosaurus suppostus'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by van den Brandt & Abdala (2018).
* Fossils of '' Cynognathus crateronotus'' are described for the first time from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) and Manda Beds (Tanzania) by Wynd ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the postcranial anatomy of a specimen of '' Diademodon tetragonus'' recovered from the Upper Omingonde Formation (Namibia) is published by Gaetano, Mocke & Abdala (2018).
* Partial skull and postcranial skeleton of a member of the species '' Cricodon metabolus'' is described from the Triassic Ntawere Formation (Zambia) by Sidor & Hopson (2018), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of members of the family Trirachodontidae.
* A study on the musculature, posture and range of motion of the forelimb of ''Massetognathus pascuali'' is published by Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2018).
* New specimen of ''Trucidocynodon riograndensis'', almost 20% larger than the holotype specimen, is described from the Carnian of Candelária Sequence (southern Brazil) by Stefanello ''et al.'' (2018).
* Right dentary with teeth of ''Prozostrodon brasiliensis'' is described from the Late Triassic of Brazil by Pacheco ''et al.'' (2018), representing the second known specimen of this species.
* Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Prozostrodon brasiliensis'' is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2018).
* A study on the limb bone histology and life histories of ''Prozostrodon brasiliensis'', ''Irajatherium hernandezi'', '' Brasilodon quadrangularis'' and '' Brasilitherium riograndensis'' is published by Botha-Brink, Bento Soares & Martinelli (2018).
* A study on the origin and relationships of ictidosaurian cynodonts, i.e. tritheledontids and therioherpetids, is published by Bonaparte & Crompton (2018).
* A large (comprising at least 38 individuals) clutch of well-preserved perinates of '' Kayentatherium wellesi'', found with a presumed maternal skeleton, is described from the Lower Jurassic sediments of the Kayenta Formation (found on lands of the Navajo Nation) by Hoffman & Rowe (2018); in light of this finding, a new interpretation of earlier records of associations between adult and juvenile cynodonts is proposed by Benoit (2019).
* Cynodont teeth (representing a brasilodontid and a '' Riograndia''-like form) found in the Triassic locality in Brazil which also yielded the fossils of ''Sacisaurus agudoensis'' are described by Marsola ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the evolution of the mammalian jaw is published by Lautenschlager ''et al.'' (2018), who find no evidence for a concurrent reduction in jaw-joint stress and increase in bite force in key non- mammaliaform taxa in the cynodont–mammaliaform transition.
* Tetrapod burrows, likely produced by small eucynodonts, are described from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina) by Fiorelli ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the morphological diversity of vertebral regions in non-mammalian synapsids, and on its implication for elucidating the evolution of anatomically distinct regions of the mammalian spines, is published by Jones ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on teeth ontogeny in wide range of extinct synapsid lineages is published by LeBlanc ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the ligamentous tooth attachment system is not unique to crown mammals within Synapsida.

New taxa

Mammals

Other animals

Research

* A review and synthesis of studies on the timing and environmental context of landmark events in early animal evolution is published by Sperling & Stockey (2018).
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs as indicated by what is known of the ontogeny of the rangeomorph ''Charnia masoni'', dickinsoniomorph ''Dickinsonia costata'' and erniettomorph '' Pteridinium simplex'' is published by Dunn, Liu & Donoghue (2018), who consider at least the rangeomorphs and dickinsoniomorphs to be metazoans.
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the rangeomorphs is published by Dececchi ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the size distribution and morphological features of a population of juvenile specimens of ''Dickinsonia costata'' from the Crisp Gorge fossil locality in the Flinders Ranges (Australia) is published by Reid, García-Bellido & Gehling (2018).
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of ''Dickinsonia'' based on data from lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils is published by Bobrovskiy ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that ''Dickinsonia'' was an animal.
* A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Stromatoveris'', based on data from new specimens from the Chengjiang Konservat-Lagerstätte (China), is published by Hoyal Cuthill & Han (2018), who interpret ''Stromatoveris'' as a member of early animal group Petalonamae that also included ''Arborea'', ''Pambikalbae'', rangeomorphs, dickinsoniomorphs and erniettomorphs.
* The first reliable occurrence of abundant penetrative trace fossils, providing trace fossil evidence for Precambrian bilaterians with complex behavioural patterns, is reported from the latest Ediacaran of western Mongolia by Oji ''et al.'' (2018).
* Trace fossils produced by Ediacaran animals which burrowed within sediment are described from the shallow-marine deposits of the Urusis Formation (Nama Group, Namibia) by Buatois ''et al.'' (2018), who name a new ichnotaxon '' Parapsammichnites pretzeliformis''.
* New trace fossils from the Ediacaran Shibantan Member of the upper Dengying Formation (China), including burrows and possible trackways which were probably made by millimeter-sized animals with bilateral appendages, are described by Chen ''et al.'' (2018).
* An aggregation of members of the genus ''Parvancorina'', providing evidence of two size-clusters and bimodal orientation in this taxon, is described from the Ediacara Conservation Park (Australia) by Coutts ''et al.'' (2018).
* New, three-dimensional specimens of ''Charniodiscus arboreus'' (''Arborea arborea''), allowing for a detailed reinterpretation of its functional morphology and taxonomy, are described from the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite of South Australia by Laflamme, Gehling & Droser (2018).
* 3D reconstructions of '' Cloudina'' aggregates are presented by Mehra & Maloof (2018).
* A study on ''Namacalathus'' and ''Cloudina'' skeletons from the Ediacaran Omkyk Member of the Nama Group (Namibia) is published by Pruss ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that both organisms originally produced aragonitic skeletons, which later underwent diagenetic conversion to calcite.
* A study on the substrate growth dynamics, mode of biomineralization and possible affinities of ''Namapoikia rietoogensis'' is published by Wood & Penny (2018).
* A review of evidence for existence of swimming animals during the Neoproterozoic is published by Gold (2018).
* A study on the age of the Cambrian Chengjiang biota (China) is published by Yang ''et al.'' (2018).
* Description of coprolites from the Cambrian (Drumian) Rockslide Formation (Mackenzie Mountains, Canada) produced by an unknown predator, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the Cambrian food web, is published by Kimmig & Pratt (2018).
* A study on the nature and biological affinity of the Cambrian taxon '' Archaeooides'' is published by Yin ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret the fossils of ''Archaeooides'' as embryonic remains of animals.
* Zumberge ''et al.'' (2018) report a new fossil sterane biomarker, possessing a rare hydrocarbon skeleton that is uniquely found within extant demosponge taxa, from late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian sedimentary rocks and oils, and interpret this finding as indicating that demosponges, and hence multicellular animals, were prominent in some late Neoproterozoic marine environments at least extending back to the Cryogenian period.
* Diverse, abundant sponge fossils from the Ordovician–Silurian boundary interval are reported from seven localities in South China by Botting ''et al.'' (2018), who produce a model for the distribution and preservation of the sponge fauna.
* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil demosponges is published by Schuster ''et al.'' (2018).
* An assemblage of animal fossils, including the oldest known pterobranchs, preserved in the form of small carbonaceous fossils is described from the Cambrian Buen Formation (Greenland) by Slater ''et al.'' (2018).
* Description of new morphological features of the Cambrian mobergellan '' Discinella micans'' is published by Skovsted & Topper (2018).
* A study on the interrelationships between the eldonioid '' Pararotadiscus guizhouensis'' and associated fossil taxa from the Kaili Biota is published by Zhao ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the slab with a dense aggregation of members of the species ''Banffia constricta'' recovered from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (Canada) and its implications for life habits of the animal is published by Chambers & Brandt (2018).
* A study on the morphology and phylogenetic affinities of ''Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi'', based on new specimens, is published by Li ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the fossil record of early Paleozoic graptoloids and on the factors influencing rates of diversification within this group is published by Foote ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of the long-period astronomical cycles (Milankovitch "grand cycles") associated with Earth's orbital eccentricity and obliquity on the variance in species turnover probability (extinction probability plus speciation probability) in Early Paleozoic graptoloids is published by Crampton ''et al.'' (2018).
* A redescription of the species '' Malongitubus kuangshanensis'' from the Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte (China) is published by Hu ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret this taxon as a pterobranch.
* A study on the morphology of the palaeoscolecid worm ''Palaeoscolex'' from the Lower Ordovician Fezouata Lagerstätte (Morocco), using computed microtomography and providing new information on the internal anatomy of this animal, is published by Kouraiss ''et al.'' (2018).
* The first occurrence of the tommotiid species '' Paterimitra pyramidalis'' from the Xinji Formation (China) is reported by Pan ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the temporal distribution of lophotrochozoan skeletal species from the upper Ediacaran to the basal Miaolingian of the Siberian Platform, and on its implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the Cambrian explosion, is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2018).
* Eggs of ascaridoid nematodes found in crocodyliform coprolites are described from the Upper Cretaceous Bauru Group (Brazil) by Cardia ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study reinterpreting the putative Cambrian lobopodian ''Mureropodia apae'' as a partial isolated appendage of a member of the genus ''Caryosyntrips'', published by Pates & Daley (2017) is criticized by Gámez Vintaned & Zhuravlev (2018); Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2018) defend their original conclusions.
* A study on the early evolution of stem and crown-arthropods as indicated by Ediacaran and Cambrian body and trace fossils is published by Daley ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the evolution of ecdysozoan vision, focusing on the evolution of arthropod multi-opsin vision, as indicated by molecular data and data from fossil record, is published by Fleming ''et al.'' (2018).
* A juvenile specimen of ''Lyrarapax unguispinus'', providing new information on the frontal appendages and feeding mode in this taxon, is described from the Cambrian Chiungchussu Formation (China) by Liu ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study evaluating likely swimming efficiency and maneuverability of ''Anomalocaris canadensis'' is published by Sheppard, Rival & Caron (2018).
* Cambrian animal '' Pahvantia hastata'' from the Wheeler Shale (Utah, United States), originally classified as a possible arthropod, is reinterpreted as a suspension-feeding radiodont by Lerosey-Aubril & Pates (2018).
* The presence of metameric midgut diverticulae is reported for the first time in the stem-arthropod ''Fuxianhuia protensa'' by Ortega-Hernández ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their finding as indicative of a predatory or scavenging ecology of fuxianhuiids.
* Liu ''et al.'' (2018) reinterpret putative remains of the nervous and cardiovascular systems in numerous articulated individuals of ''Fuxianhuia protensa'' as more likely to be microbial biofilms that developed following decomposition of the intestine, muscle and other connective tissues.
* A study on the post-embryonic development of ''Fuxianhuia protensa'' is published by Fu ''et al.'' (2018).
* Redescription of the fuxianhuiid '' Liangwangshania biloba'' is published by Chen ''et al.'' (2018).
* New specimens of the stem-arthropod species ''Kerygmachela kierkegaardi'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species and on the ancestral condition of the panarthropod brain, are described from the Cambrian Stage 3 of the Buen Formation ( Sirius Passet, Greenland) by Park ''et al.'' (2018).
* Fossils of spindle- or conotubular-shaped animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement are described from the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation (Pennsylvania, United States) by Meyer ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of macrofauna living at depths of up to 8 metres below the seabed is reported from the Permian Fort Brown Formation (Karoo Basin, South Africa) by Cobain ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the morphology of the hyolithid '' Paramicrocornus zhenbaensis'' from the lower Cambrian Shuijingtuo Formation (China) is published by Zhang, Skovsted & Zhang (2018), who report that this species lacked helens, and also report the oldest known hyolith muscle scars preserved on the opercula of this species.
* A study on the feeding strategies and locomotion of Cambrian hyolithids, based on specimens preserved in coprolites from the Chengjiang biota and associated with a '' Tuzoia'' carcass from the Balang Fauna (China), is published by Sun ''et al.'' (2018).
* Digestive tract of a specimen of the hyolith species '' Circotheca johnstrupi'' from the Cambrian Læså Formation (Bornholm, Denmark) is described by Berg-Madsen, Valent & Ebbestad (2018).
* The oldest stromatoporoid–bryozoan reefs reported so far are described from the middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation (South Korea) by Hong ''et al.'' (2018).
* Small bioconstructions formed solely by microconchid tube worms, representing the stratigraphically oldest exclusively metazoan bioconstructions from the earliest Triassic (mid-Induan) strata in East Greenland, are reported by Zatoń ''et al.'' (2018).
* The oldest known evidence of trematode parasitism of bivalves in the form of igloo-shaped traces found on shells of the freshwater bivalve ''Sphaerium'' is reported from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation (Montana, United States) by Rogers ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the predatory drill holes in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene molluscan and serpulid worm prey from Seymour Island (Antarctica) and their implications for inferring the effects of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on predator-prey dynamics at this site is published by Harper, Crame & Sogot (2018).
* A study on burrows from Lower–Middle Triassic successions in South China assigned to the ichnotaxon ''Rhizocorallium'', and on their implications for inferring the course of biotic recovery following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Feng ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study evaluating how different species of fossil and extant free-living cupuladriid bryozoans responded to the environmental changes in the Southwest Caribbean over the last 6 million years is published by O'Dea ''et al.'' (2018).

New taxa

Foraminifera

Research

* A study on the effects of differential ocean acidification at the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition on the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Farafra Oasis (Egypt) is published by Orabi ''et al.'' (2018).
* A wide variety of morphological abnormalities in planktic foraminiferal tests from the earliest Danian, mainly from Tunisian sections, is described by Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert (2018).
* A study on the impact of the climatic and environmental perturbation on the morphology of foraminifera living during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Schmidt ''et al.'' (2018).
* Taxonomic compilation and partial revision of early Eocene deep-sea benthic Foraminifera is presented by Arreguín-Rodríguez ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the responses of two species of foraminifera (extant '' Truncorotalia crassaformis'' and extinct '' Globoconella puncticulata'') to climate change during the late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (3.6–2.4 million years ago) is published by Brombacher ''et al.'' (2018).

New taxa

Other organisms

Research

* A study on putative stromatolites described from the 3,700-Myr-old rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt (Greenland) by Nutman ''et al.'' (2016) is published by Allwood ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret these putative stromatolites as more likely to be structures of non-biological origin.
* Carbon isotope analyses of 11 microbial fossils from the ~3,465-million-year-old Apex chert (Australia) are published by Schopf ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret two of the five studied species as primitive photosynthesizers, one as an Archaeal methane producer, and two as methane consumers.
* The oldest well-preserved microbial mats fabrics are described from the ≈3,472-million-year-old Middle Marker horizon, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) by Hickman-Lewis ''et al.'' (2018).
* Direct fossil evidence for life on land 3,220 million years ago in the form of terrestrial microbial mats is reported from the Moodies Group (South Africa) by Homann ''et al.'' (2018).
* Microfossils representing 18 morphotypes are reported from the c. 2.4 billion years old Turee Creek Group (Western Australia) by Barlow & Van Kranendonk (2018).
* Ten representative types of exceptionally well-preserved mat-related structures, interpreted as likely to be of biological origin and including putative microbial mats and discoidal microbial colonies, are reported from the 2.1-billion-year-old Francevillian series in Gabon by Aubineau ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the chemical, isotopic and molecular structural characteristics of the putative multicellular eukaryote fossils from carbonaceous compressions in the 1.63 billion years old Tuanshanzi Formation (China) is published by Qu ''et al.'' (2018).
* Intact porphyrins, the molecular fossils of chlorophylls, are described from 1,100-million-year-old marine black shales of the Taoudeni Basin (Mauritania) by Gueneli ''et al.'' (2018), who also study the nitrogen isotopic values of the fossil pigments, and interpret their findings as indicating that the oceans of that time were dominated by cyanobacteria, while larger planktonic algae were scarce.
* A study on the evolutionary history of bacteria is published by Louca ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that most bacterial lineages ever to have inhabited Earth are extinct.
* Bobrovskiy ''et al.'' (2018) report molecular fossils from organically preserved specimens of '' Beltanelliformis'', and interpret the fossils as representing large spherical colonies of cyanobacteria.
* Discoid imprints sampled from the Precambrian terranes of central Dobruja (Romania) are described and assigned to the species ''Beltanelliformis brunsae'' by Saint Martin & Saint Martin (2018).
* A study on the age of the fossil red alga ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' is published by Gibson ''et al.'' (2018).
* A reassessment of the anatomy and taxonomy of ''Orbisiana'', based on a restudy of the rediscovered original type material of ''O. simplex'', is published by Kolesnikov ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the positions of fossil specimens in the assemblages of Ediacaran fossils from Mistaken Point (Canada), as well as on their implications for inferring the interactions and associations between the Ediacaran organisms, is published by Mitchell & Butterfield (2018).
* A study on the height of Ediacaran organisms from Mistaken Point, evaluating the link between the increase of height and resource competition or greater offspring dispersal, is published by Mitchell & Kenchington (2018).
* Evidence of a radiation of the Ediacaran biota that witnessed the emergence and widespread implementation of novel, animal-style ecologies is presented by Tarhan ''et al.'' (2018), who argue that this transition was linked to the expansion of Ediacaran taxa into dynamic, shallow marine environments characterized by episodic disturbance and complex and diverse organically-bound substrates, and propose that younger, second-wave Ediacaran communities resulting from said radiation were part of an ecological and evolutionary continuum with Phanerozoic ecosystems.
* A study on the size range, ontogeny and palaeoenvironment of ''Rugoconites'' is published by Hall, Droser & Gehling (2018).
* Elliptical body fossils are described from the Ediacaran–Fortunian deposits of central Brittany (France) by Néraudeau ''et al.'' (2018), representing the first body fossils described from these deposits.
* A study on the sandstone- and limestone-hosted occurrences of ''Palaeopascichnus linearis'' (including material from a new locality in Arctic Siberia), indicative of a greater range of taxonomic and taphonomic variation, is published by Kolesnikov ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the organic-walled microfossils from the Cambrian strata in the stratotype section of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Burin Peninsula (Canada) is published by Palacios ''et al.'' (2018).
* Fossils interpreted as threads of filamentous cyanobacteria are described from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Alum Shale Formation (Sweden) by Castellani ''et al.'' (2018).
* Enigmatic Devonian taxon ''Protonympha'' is interpreted as a possible post-Ediacaran vendobiont by Retallack (2018).
* Description of fossils of nonmarine diatoms belonging to the genus ''Actinocyclus'' from the Lower to Middle Miocene lacustrine deposits in Japan and a study on the possible causal links between the evolution of nonmarine planktonic diatoms and the climatic and environmental changes that occurred during the Miocene is published by Hayashi ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the cell-size frequency distributions across calcareous nanoplankton communities through the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, on their population biomass and on the impact of climate change on their cellular characteristics is published by Gibbs ''et al.'' (2018).

New taxa

History of life in general

Research related to paleontology that concerns multiple groups of the organisms listed above.

* A study on the history of life on Earth is published by McMahon & Parnell (2018), who argue that the subsurface "deep biosphere" outweighed the surface biosphere by about one order of magnitude for at least half of the history of life.
* A timescale of life on Earth, based on a reappraisal of the fossil material and new molecular clock analyses, is presented by Betts ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on functional shifts in modern phototrophic microbial mats across redox gradients, and on its implications for inferring the metabolic transitions experienced during the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Gutiérrez-Preciado ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on living cyanobacteria, testing the hypothesis that planktonic single-celled cyanobacteria could drive the export of organic carbon from the surface to deep ocean in the Paleoproterozoic, is published by Kamennaya ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the abundance of bio-essential trace elements during the period in Earth's history known as the "Boring Billion" is published by Mukherjee ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that key biological innovations in eukaryote evolution (the appearance of first eukaryotes, the acquisition of certain cell organelles, the origin of multicellularity and the origin of sexual reproduction) probably occurred during the period of a scarcity of trace elements, followed by a broad-scale diversification of eukaryotes during the period of a relative abundance of trace elements.
* A study on the eukaryotic species richness during Tonian and Cryogenian is published by Riedman & Sadler (2018).
* A study on the Ediacaran ecosystem complexity is published by Darroch, Laflamme & Wagner (2018), who report evidence of the Ediacara biota forming complex-type communities throughout much of their stratigraphic range, and thus likely comprising species that competed for different resources and/or created niche for others.
* A study evaluating how temperature can govern oxygen supply to animals at oceanographic scales, as well as how temperature dynamically affects the absolute tolerance of partial pressure of oxygen in marine ectotherms, and re-examining bathymetric patterns within the Ediacaran fossil record in an ecophysiological context, is published by Boag ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study investigating possible water column redox controls on the distribution and growth of the oldest animal communities, based on data from the Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), is published by Wood ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the duration of the faunal transition from Ediacaran to Cambrian biota, as indicated by data from a composite section in Namibia, is published online by Linnemann ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the evolution of the diversity of animal body plans, based on data from extant and Cambrian animals, is published by Deline ''et al.'' (2018).
* A review of the evidence for shell crushing ( durophagy), drilling and puncturing predation in the Cambrian (and possibly the Ediacaran) is published by Bicknell & Paterson (2018).
* A study on the timing and process of ocean oxygenation in the early Cambrian and its impact on the diversification of early Cambrian animals, based on data from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China), is published by Zhao ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the evolution of marine animal communities over the Phanerozoic, evaluating the ecological changes caused by major radiations and mass extinctions, is published by Muscente ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study evaluating whether rapid warming preferentially increased the extinction risk of tropical marine fossil taxa throughout the Phanerozoic is published online by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2018).
* A study on the impact of mass extinctions on the global biogeographical structure, as indicated by data on time-traceable bioregions for benthic marine species across the Phanerozoic, is published by Kocsis, Reddin & Kiessling (2018).
* A study on the nektic and eunektic diversity and occurrences throughout the Paleozoic is published by Whalen & Briggs (2018).
* A study analyzing the link between net latitudinal range shifts of marine invertebrates and seawater temperature over the (post-Cambrian) Phanerozoic Eon is published by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2018).
* A study on within-habitat, between-habitat, and overall diversity of benthic marine invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, trilobites, brachiopods and echinoderms) from Phanerozoic geological formations is published online by Hofmann, Tietje & Aberhan (2018).
* A study evaluating the link between macroevolutionary success (evolving many species) and macroecological success (the occupation of an unusually high number of areas by a species or clade) in fossil echinoid, cephalopod, bivalve, gastropod, brachiopod and trilobite species is published by Wagner, Plotnick & Lyons (2018).
* A study comparing the extinction events which occurred at the end of the Ordovician and at the end of the Capitanian (middle Permian) is published by Isozaki & Servais (2018).
* Filamentous microorganisms associated with annelid tubeworms are described from the Ordovician to early Silurian Yaman Kasy volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit (Ural Mountains, Russia) by Georgieva ''et al.'' (2018).
* Vertebrate fossil fauna from the Tournaisian-age Ballagan Formation exposed on the beach at Burnmouth (Scotland) is described by Otoo ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the early tetrapod diversity and biogeography in the Carboniferous and early Permian, evaluating the impact of the Carboniferous rainforest collapse on early tetrapod communities, is published by Dunne ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the patterns of dispersal and vicariance of tetrapods across Pangaea during the Carboniferous and Permian is published by Brocklehurst ''et al.'' (2018).
* O'Connor ''et al.'' (2018) reconstruct the most likely karyotype of the diapsid common ancestor based on data from extant reptiles and birds, and argue that most features of a typical 'avian-like' karyotype were in place before the divergence of birds and turtles ≈255 million years ago.
* A study evaluating whether the fossil record supports the reality of the Permian Olson's Extinction, based on an analysis of the tetrapod species richness in the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas preserving fossils from the time of the extinction, is published by Brocklehurst (2018).
* A study on the patterns of species richness, origination rates and extinction rates of the mid-Permian tetrapods from South Africa is published by Day ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the changes of distribution of terrestrial tetrapods from the Permian (Guadalupian) to the Middle Triassic and on the impact of the Permian–Triassic extinction event on the palaeobiogeography of terrestrial tetrapods is published by Bernardi, Petti & Benton (2018).
* A study on the causes of biotic extinction during the Guadalupian-Lopingian transition is published online by Huang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the composition and biotic interactions in terrestrial paleocommunities from the Karoo Basin (South Africa) spanning the Permian-Triassic mass extinction is published online by Roopnarine ''et al.'' (2018), who propose a new hypothesis to explain the persistence of biotic assemblages and their reorganization or destruction.
* A study on the biogeographic patterns and severity of extinction of marine taxa during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, evaluating whether global warming and ocean oxygen loss can mechanistically account for the marine mass extinction, is published by Penn ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on changes in the structure of phytoplankton communities in South China during the Permian-Triassic transition is published online by Lei ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the recovery of benthic invertebrates following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, based on analysis of changes in the species richness, functional richness, evenness, composition, and ecological complexity of benthic marine communities from the Lower Triassic Servino Formation (Italy), is published by Foster ''et al.'' (2018).
* Description of an Early Triassic marine fauna from the Ad Daffah conglomerate in eastern Oman, and on its implications for inferring the ecology and diversity during the early aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Brosse ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on microbial mounds from the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation (China), and their implications for inferring the course of biotic recovery after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Duan ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the timing and pattern of ecosystem succession during and after the Permian–Triassic extinction event for the duration of the entire Triassic, as indicated by the changing diversity among non- motile, motile and nektonic animals, is published by Song, Wignall & Dunhill (2018).
* Marine faunas characterized by unusually high levels of both benthic and nektonic taxonomic richness are described from two Early Triassic sections from South China by Dai ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the historical shifts in geographical ranges and climatic niches of terrestrial vertebrates (both endotherms and ectotherms) based on data from extant and fossil vertebrates is published by Rolland ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the stratigraphic distribution of the marine vertebrate fossils of the Xingyi Fauna from the Middle Triassic Falang Formation (China) is published by Lu ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Xingyi Fauna comprises two distinct vertebrate assemblages, resulting from a major faunal change, which was probably caused by a turnover of their ecological setting from nearshore to offshore.
* A study on the patterns of diversity change and extinction selectivity in marine ecosystems during the Triassic–Jurassic interval, especially in relation to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, is published by Dunhill ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the extinction selectivity of marine organisms through the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, evaluating whether there are any substantial differences between the hyperthermal events during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event and Toarcian turnover and the periods of normal background extinction, is published by Dunhill ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of changes in ocean chemistry beginning in the Mesozoic on the nutritional quality of planktonic algal biomass compared to earlier phytoplankton is published by Giordano ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the morphological, ecological and behavioural traits linked to the evolution of tail weaponization in extant and fossil amniotes is published by Arbour & Zanno (2018).
* A study on the factors which led to the colonization of marine environments in the evolution of amniotes is published by Vermeij & Motani (2018).
* A review of marine reptile (plesiosaur, ichthyosaur and thalattosuchian) fossils from the Oxfordian sedimentary rocks in Great Britain (United Kingdom), focusing on the Corallian Group, is published by Foffa, Young & Brusatte (2018), who report evidence of a severe reduction in observed marine reptile diversity during the Oxfordian.
* A study evaluating how the structure of marine reptile ecosystems and their ecologies changed over the roughly 18-million-year history of the Jurassic Sub-Boreal Seaway of the United Kingdom, as indicated by data from fossil teeth, is published by Foffa ''et al.'' (2018).
* A diverse and ecologically informative faunal assemblage is described from the Lower Cretaceous Arundel Clay facies (Maryland, United States) by Frederickson, Lipka & Cifelli (2018).
* Description of an assemblage of Early Cretaceous (Barremian) coprolites from the Las Hoyas Konservat-Lagerstätte (Spain) and a study on their biological and environmental affinities is published by Barrios-de Pedro ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the taphonomic properties of the inclusions contained in the Las Hoyas coprolites, and their implications for inferring the patterns of digestive processes of the producers of these coprolites, is published by Barrios-de Pedro & Buscalioni (2018).
* Description of isocrinid crinoids belonging to the genus '' Isocrinus'' from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is published by Mao ''et al.'' (2018), who also report coral columnals and oysters from the amber from Myanmar, and evaluate the age of this amber.
* A study on the taxonomic composition of the early Late Cretaceous fauna from the Cliffs of Insanity microvertebrate locality (Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation; Utah, United States) is published by Avrahami ''et al.'' (2018).
* Fossil assemblage including plant and vertebrate remains is described from the Turonian Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale Formation (Utah, United States) by Jud ''et al.'' (2018), who report turtle and crocodilian remains and an ornithopod sacrum, as well as a large silicified log assigned to the genus '' Paraphyllanthoxylon'', representing the largest known pre- Campanian flowering plant reported so far and the earliest documented occurrence of an angiosperm tree more than 1.0 m in diameter.
* A study comparing the ecological similarity of Cretaceous cold seep assemblages preserved in the Pierre Shale surrounding the Black Hills and modern cold-seep assemblages is published online by Laird & Belanger (2018).
* A record of foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, trace fossils and elemental abundance data from within the Chicxulub crater, dated to approximately the first 200,000 years of the Paleocene, is presented by Lowery ''et al.'' (2018), who report evidence indicating that life reappeared in the basin just years after the Chicxulub impact and a high-productivity ecosystem was established within 30,000 years.
* Vertebrate pathogens found associated with fossil hematophagous arthropods in Dominican, Mexican, Baltic, Canadian and Burmese amber are reported by Poinar (2018).
* Grimaldi ''et al.'' (2018) report biological inclusions (fungi, plants, arachnids and insects) in amber from the Paleogene Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, representing the northernmost deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Cenozoic.
* A synthesis of studies on the evolution of the cold-water coastal North Pacific biota over the last 36 million years, its origins and its influences on other temperate regions, is presented by Vermeij ''et al.'' (2018).
* A review of Neogene–Quaternary terrestrial vertebrate sites from the Middle Kura Basin (eastern Georgia and western Azerbaijan) is published by Bukhsianidze & Koiava (2018).
* A study on the reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Pleistocene site of the Russel-Tiglia-Egypte pit near Tegelen (Netherlands) is published by Villa ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the structure of the animal community known from the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation at East Turkana (Kenya) as indicated by tracks and skeletal assemblages, and on the interactions of ''Homo erectus'' with environment and associated faunas from this site, is published by Roach ''et al.'' (2018).
* A revision of Middle Pleistocene faunal record from archeological sites in Africa, and a study on its implications for inferring potential links between hominin subsistence behavior and the Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age technological turnover, is published online by Smith ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of bird and carnivore exploitation by Neanderthals (cut-marks in golden eagle, raven, wolf and lynx remains) is reported from the Axlor site (Spain) by Gómez-Olivencia ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the compositions of the faunal and stone artifact assemblages at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia), aiming to determine the last appearance dates of '' Stegodon'', giant marabou stork, Old World vulture belonging to the genus '' Trigonoceps'', and Komodo dragon at the Liang Bua site, and to determine what raw materials were preferred by hominins from this site ~50,000–13,000 years ago and whether these are preferences were similar to those seen in the stone artifact assemblages attributed to '' Homo floresiensis'' or to those attributed to modern humans, is published by Sutikna ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the fossil ''Sporormiella'', pollen and microscopic particles of charcoal recovered from sediments of Lake Mares and Lake Olhos d'Agua (Brazil) which spanned the time of megafaunal extinction and human arrival in southeastern Brazil, and on their implications for inferring the timing of the decline of local megafauna and its ecological implications, is published by Raczka, Bush & De Oliveira (2018).
* A study evaluating whether the occurrence and decline of spores of ''Sporormiella'' in sediments is a good proxy for the occurrence and extinction of megaherbivores, as indicated by data from Cuddie Springs in south-eastern Australia, is published by Dodson & Field (2018).
* A study evaluating how mega-herbivore animal species controlled plant community composition and nutrient cycling, relative to other factors during and after the Late Quaternary extinction event in Great Britain and Ireland, is published by Jeffers ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of the late Quaternary extinction of megafauna on the megafauna-deprived ecosystems is published by Galetti ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the possible impact of the end of the millennial-scale climate fluctuations characteristic of the ice age (and the beginning of the more stable climate regime of the Holocene approximately 11,700 years ago) on the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions is published online by Mann ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the past biodiversity, population dynamics, extinction processes, and the impact of subsistence practices on the vertebrate fauna of New Zealand, based on analysis of bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites covering the last 20,000 years of New Zealand's past, is published by Seersholm ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on changes in plant pathogen communities (fungi and oomycetes) in response to changing climate during late Quaternary, as indicated by data from solidified deposits of rodent coprolites and nesting material from the central Atacama Desert spanning the last ca. 49,000 years, is published by Wood ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the parsimony and Bayesian-derived phylogenies of fossil tetrapods, evaluating which of them are in closer agreement with stratigraphic range data, is published by Sansom ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study aiming to infer the causes of differences between estimates of speciation and extinction rates based on molecular phylogenies and those based on fossil record is published by Silvestro ''et al.'' (2018), who provide simple mathematical formulae linking the diversification rates inferred from fossils and phylogenies.
* A review of extinction theory and the fossil record of terrestrial diversity crises, comparing past diversity crises of terrestrial vertebrate faunas with the ongoing Holocene extinction, is published by Padian (2018).
* A new metric, which can be used to quantify the term "living fossil" and determine which organisms can be reasonably referred to as such, is proposed by Bennett, Sutton & Turvey (2018).
* A novel non-invasive and label-free tomographic approach to reconstruct the three-dimensional architecture of microfossils based on stimulated Raman scattering is presented by Golreihan ''et al.'' (2018).
* Mürer ''et al.'' (2018) report on the results of the use of a combination of X-ray diffraction and computed tomography to gain insight into the microstructure of fossil bones of ''Eusthenopteron foordi'' and ''Discosauriscus austriacus''.
* A study on melanosomes preserved in the integument and internal organs of extant and fossil frog specimens, evaluating their implications for inferring colours of extinct animals on the basis of melanosomes preserved in fossil specimens, is published by McNamara ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on fossil vertebrate tissues and experimentally matured modern samples, aiming to the mechanism of soft tissue preservation and the environments that favor it, is published by Wiemann ''et al.'' (2018).
* A mechanistic model that simulates the history of life on the South American continent, driven by modeled climates of the past 800,000 years, is presented by Rangel ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on temporal trends in biogeography and body size evolution of Australian vertebrates is published by Brennan & Keogh (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that gradual Miocene cooling and aridification of Australia correlated with the restricted Phenotype, phenotypic diversification of multiple ecologically diverse vertebrate groups.
* A study evaluating how faithfully Stratigraphy, stratigraphic ranges of extant Adriatic Sea, Adriatic molluscs are recorded in a series of cores drilled through Alluvium, alluvial, coastal and shallow-marine strata of the Po Valley, Po Plain (Italy) is published by Nawrot ''et al.'' (2018), who also evaluate the implications of their study for interpretations of the timing, duration and ecological selectivity of mass extinction events in general.
* A study on the evolution of morphological disparity (i.e. diversity of anatomical types), as indicated by data from 257 published character matrices of fossil taxa, is published by Wagner (2018).
* A study on the evolution of functional and ecological innovations in temperate marine multicellular organisms inhabiting North Pacific Ocean, Pacific during and after the Late Eocene is published by Vermeij (2018).
* A method for dividing a paleontological dataset into bioregions is proposed by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018), who apply the proposed method to a study of beta diversity of Paleozoic tetrapods.
* A study aiming to estimate the magnitude and potential significance of palaeontological data from specimens housed in museum collections but not described in published literature is published by Marshall ''et al.'' (2018).
* Sallan ''et al.'' (2018) traced the cradle of evolutionary origins and diversification of fish from the mid-Paleozoic era in nearshore environments.
* Gómez-Olivencia ''et al.'' (2018) studied Kebara 2 Neanderthal thorax, aiming to understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed, based on a 3D reconstruction, 3-D virtual reconstruction.
* Smith ''et al.'' (2018) examined the teeth of Neanderthal children who lived 250,000 years ago in France, in order to comprehend their nursing duration, and the effect of lead exposure and severe winters on them.
* Wiemann ''et al.'' (2018) studied dinosaur's egg colour evolution, in order to unravel whether modern birds inherited egg colour from their non-avian dinosaur ancestors.

Trace fossils

* A study on the Devonian strata in the Zachełmie, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Zachełmie Quarry (Poland) preserving tracks of early tetrapods is published by Qvarnström ''et al.'' (2018), who reinterpret the tracks as produced in non-marine environment.
* First tetrapod tracks from the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic (Lopingian–Induan) Eolianite, eolian strata of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, assigned to the ichnotaxa ''Dicynodontipus'' isp. and ''Chelichnus bucklandi'', are described by Francischini ''et al.'' (2018).
* A diverse footprint assemblage dominated by small mammal tracks is described from the Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation (Maryland, United States) by Stanford ''et al.'' (2018), who name a new mammal ichnotaxon ''Sederipes goddardensis''.

Other research

Other research related to paleontology, including research related to geology, palaeogeography, paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

* A study testing the hypothesis that chemodenitrification, the rapid reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous iron, would have enhanced the flux of nitrous oxide from Proterozoic seas, leading to nitrous oxide becoming an important constituent of Earth's atmosphere during Proterozoic and possibly life's primary terminal electron acceptor during the transition from an anoxic to oxic surface Earth, is published by Stanton ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the iron mineralogy of the 1.1-billion-year-old Paleolake Nonesuch (Nonesuch Shale, Nonesuch Formation), and on its implications for inferring whether the waters of this lake were oxygenated, is published by Slotznick, Swanson-Hysell & Sperling (2018).
* A study on the Earth's atmosphere and the productivity of global biosphere 1.4 billion years ago, based on triple oxygen isotope measurements sedimentary sulfates from the Sibley basin (Ontario, Canada), is published by Crockford ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the isotopically enriched chromium in Mesoproterozoic-aged shales from the Shennongjia Group (China) dating back to 1.35 billion years ago is published by Donald Canfield, Canfield ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as document elevated atmospheric oxygen levels through most of Mesoproterozoic Era, likely sufficient for early crown group animal respiration, but attained over 400 million years before they evolved.
* A study on the rate of biotic oxygen production and the attendant large-scale biogeochemistry of the mid-Proterozoic Earth system is published online by Ozaki, Reinhard & Tajika (2018).
* A study on the paleomagnetism of the Precambrian Bunger Hills dykes of the Mawson Craton (East Antarctica), and on its tectonic implications, is published by Liu ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the causes of formation and on global extent of the Great Unconformity is published online by Keller ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that this unconformity may record rapid erosion during Neoproterozoic "Snowball Earth" glaciations, and that environmental and geochemical changes which led to the diversification of multicellular animals may be a direct consequence of Neoproterozoic glaciation.
* A study on the environments and food sources that sustained the Ediacaran biota is published by Pehr ''et al.'' (2018), who present the lipid biomarker and nitrogen and carbon isotopic data obtained from late Ediacaran (<560 million years old) strata from seven drill cores and three outcrops spanning Baltica.
* Gougeon ''et al.'' (2018) report evidence from the Lower Cambrian Chapel Island Formation (Canada) indicating that a mixed layer of sediment, of similar structure to that of modern marine sediments (which results from bioturbation by epifaunal and shallow infaunal organisms), was well established in shallow marine settings by the early Cambrian.
* A study on the effects of the rise of bioturbation on global elemental cycles during the Cambrian is published by van de Velde ''et al.'' (2018).
* A review of the history of the definition of the Ordovician radiation, Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, aiming to clarify its concept and duration, is published by Servais & Harper (2018).
* A study on the phytoplankton community structure and Marine snow#Study, export production at the end of the Ordovician, as indicated by data from the Vinini Formation (Nevada, United States), and on their impact on the global carbon cycle and possible relation to the onset of the Late Ordovician glaciation, is published by Shen ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of multiple Mercury (element), mercury enrichments in the two-step late Frasnian crisis interval from paleogeographically distant successions in Morocco, Germany and northern Russia is presented by Racki ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Late Devonian extinction was caused by rapid climatic perturbations promoted in turn by volcanic cataclysm.
* A study on the sedimentary facies, oxygen isotopes and the generic conodont composition in two continuous Devonian (late Frasnian to the end-Famennian) outcrops in the Montagne Noire (Col des Tribes section, France, part of the Armorican terrane, Armorica microcontinent in the Devonian) and in the Buschteich section (Germany, part of the Saxo-Thuringian microplate in the Devonian), assessing the water depth, approximate position relative to the shore and paleotemperatures in the Late Devonian, and evaluating whether environmental changes affected both areas similarly and at the same pace in the Late Devonian, is published online by Girard ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the onset and paleoenvironmental transitions associated with the Hangenberg event, Hangenberg Crisis within the Cleveland Shale member of the Ohio Shale is published online by Martinez ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the age of a bentonite layer from Bed 36 in the Frasnian–Famennian succession at the abandoned Steinbruch Schmidt Quarry (Germany), aiming to determine the precise age of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary and the precise timing of the Late Devonian extinction, is published by Percival ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the environmental changes and faunal turnover in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) during the late Permian is published by Viglietti, Smith & Rubidge (2018).
* A study on carbonate microfacies and foraminifer abundances in three Upper Permian sections from isolated carbonate platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin (China), indicative of a marine environmental instability up to 60,000 years preceding Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Tian ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the halogen compositions of Siberian rocks emplaced before and after the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and on its implications for inferring the source and nature of volatiles in the Siberian large igneous province, is published by Broadley ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of enhanced continental chemical weathering at the Permian–Triassic boundary is reported from bulk rock samples from the Meishan section in South China by Sun ''et al.'' (2018), who also evaluate the potential impact of this enhanced weathering on global climate changes when the end-Permian extinction occurred.
* A study on the Uranium–lead dating, U-Pb geochronology, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of a highly expanded section at Penglaitan (Guangxi, China) is published online by Shen ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of a sudden end-Permian mass extinction that occurred at 251.939 ± 0.031 million years ago.
* A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Triassic Santa Maria Formation and Caturrita Formation (Brazil) is published by Langer, Ramezani & Da Rosa (2018).
* Paleomagnetic and geochronologic study on the Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States) is published by Kent ''et al.'' (2018), who report evidence indicating that a 405,000-year orbital eccentricity cycle linked to gravitational interactions with Jupiter and Venus was already influencing Earth's climate in the Late Triassic.
* Evidence of Sill (geology), sill intrusions which were likely cause of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is reported from the Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin), Amazonas and Solimões Basins (Brazil) by Heimdal ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions that existed during the time the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation (Australia) was deposited is published by Fletcher, Moss & Salisbury (2018).
* A study on the age of the Namba Member of the Galula Formation (Tanzania), yielding fossils of ''Pakasuchus'', ''Rukwasuchus'', ''Rukwatitan'' and ''Shingopana'', is published by Widlansky ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the geology, age and palaeoenvironment of the main fossil-bearing beds of the Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation (New South Wales, Australia) is published online by Bell ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the nature of the Fluvial processes, fluvial systems of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by data from vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, and on the behavior of dinosaurs over these landscapes, is published online by Crystal ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the rainfall seasonality and freshwater discharge on the Indian subcontinent in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), based on data from specimens of the Mollusca, mollusc species ''Phygraea (Phygraea) vesicularis'' from the Kallankuruchchi Formation (India), is published by Ghosh ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of increased crustal production at mid-ocean ridges at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicative of magmatism triggered by Chicxulub crater, Chicxulub impact, is presented by Byrnes & Karlstrom (2018).
* A study on the oxygen isotopic composition of fish debris from the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at El Kef (Tunisia), indicative of a greenhouse warming in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact, is published by MacLeod ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the environmental changes during the global warming following the brief impact winter at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, based on geochemical, micropaleontological and palynological data from Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sections in Texas, Denmark and Spain, is published by Vellekoop ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the Paleocene intermediate- and deep-water neodymium-isotope records from the North and South Atlantic Ocean, and on their implications for inferring the impact of changes in overturning circulation caused by the opening of the Atlantic Ocean on climate changes culminating in the greenhouse conditions of the Eocene, is published by Batenburg ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the magnetofossil concentrations preserved within sediments corresponding to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, as well as on the implications of magnetofossil abundance and morphology signatures for tracing palaeo-environmental conditions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Chang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of greenhouse gas forcing and orbital forcing on changes in the seasonal hydrological cycle during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (for regions where proxy data is available) is published by Jeffrey Kiehl, Kiehl ''et al.'' (2018).
* A continuous Eocene equatorial sea surface temperature record is presented by Cramwinckel ''et al.'' (2018), who also construct a 26-million-year multi-proxy, multi-site stack of Eocene tropical climate evolution.
* A study on the continental silicate weathering response to the inferred CO₂ rise and warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum is published by van der Ploeg ''et al.'' (2018).
* Su ''et al.'' (2018) use radiometrically dated plant fossil assemblages to quantify when southeastern Tibet achieved its present elevation, and what kind of floras existed there at that time.
* Description of a plant megafossil assemblage from the Kailas Formation in western part of the southern Lhasa terrane, and a study on its implications for inferring the elevation history of the southern Tibetan Plateau, is published online by Ai ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the relationship between the Rovno amber, Rovno and Baltic amber deposits, based on stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses, is published by Mänd ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of distinct origin of Rovno and Baltic amber deposits.
* A study aiming to establish an accurate and precise age model for the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group, and to use it to test the hypothesis that there is a temporal relationship between the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group and the mid-Miocene climate optimum, is published by Kasbohm & Schoene (2018).
* A study on the age of the Ashfall Fossil Beds fossil site (Nebraska, United States) is published by Smith ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the causes of changes of environmental conditions in the Paratethys Sea of Central Europe during the middle Miocene is published online by Simon ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on plant fossils spanning 14–4 million years ago from sites in Europe, Asia and East Africa, aiming to test the hypothesis of a single cohesive biome in the Miocene that extended from Mongolia to East Africa and at its peak covered much of the Old World, is published by Denk ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret data from plant fossil record as disproving the existence of a cohesive savannah biome from eastern Asia to northeast Africa, formerly inferred from mammal fossil record.
* A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central Spain in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by tooth wear patterns, is published online by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2018).
* Faith (2018) evaluates the aridity index, a widely used technique for reconstructing local paleoclimate and water deficits from oxygen isotope composition of fossil mammal teeth, arguing that in some taxa altered drinking behavior (influencing oxygen isotope composition of teeth) might have been caused by dietary change rather than water deficits.
* A study evaluating when the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) gained its modern shape and size, and determining the timings of diversification of the three largest endemic mammals on the island (the babirusa, the Celebes warty pig and the anoa) is published by Frantz ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the Pliocene fish fossils from the Kanapoi site (Kenya) and their implications for reconstructing lake and river environments in the Kanapoi Formation is published online by Stewart & Rufolo (2018).
* Evidence indicating that reduced nutrient upwelling in the Bering Sea and expansion of North Pacific Intermediate Water coincided with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition cooling is presented by Kender ''et al.'' (2018), who assess the potential links between cooling, sea ice expansion, closure of the Bering Strait, North Pacific Intermediate Water production, reduced high latitude CO₂ and nutrient upwelling, and development of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.
* Domínguez-Rodrigo & Baquedano (2018) evaluate the ability of successful machine learning methods to compare and distinguish various types of bone surface modifications (trampling marks, crocodile bite marks and cut marks made with stone tools) in archaeofaunal assemblages.
* Description of new mammal and fish remains from the Olduvai Gorge site (Tanzania), comparing the mammal assemblage from this site to the present mammal community of Serengeti, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the paleoecology of this site at ~1.7–1.4 million years ago, is published by Bibi ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the environment in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula in the Pleistocene, as indicated by data from stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossil mammal tooth enamel from the middle Pleistocene locality of Ti's al Ghadah (Saudi Arabia), is published by Roberts ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the environmental dynamics before and after the onset of the early Middle Stone Age in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Potts ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the chronology of the Acheulean and early Middle Stone Age sedimentary deposits in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Deino ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the proxy evidence for environmental changes during past 116,000 years in lake sediment cores from the Chew Bahir basin, south Ethiopia (close to the key hominin site of Omo Kibish), and on its implications for inferring the environmental context for dispersal of anatomically modern humans from northeastern Africa, is published by Viehberg ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the effects of the Toba catastrophe theory, Toba supereruption in East Africa is published by Yost ''et al.'' (2018), who find no evidence of the eruption causing a volcanic winter in East Africa or a population bottleneck among African populations of anatomically modern humans.
* A study on the environmental conditions in the area of present-day Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country (Spain) across the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, based on stable isotope data from red deer and horse bones, is published by Jones ''et al.'' (2018).
* The first reconstructions of terrestrial temperature and hydrologic changes in the south-central margin of the Beringia, Bering land bridge from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present are presented by Wooller ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the fossil-bound nitrogen isotope records from the Southern Ocean is published by Studer ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of an acceleration of nitrate supply to the Southern Ocean surface from underlying deep water during the Holocene, possibly contributing to the Holocene atmospheric CO₂ rise.
* A study on the causes of replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic in Western Central Africa between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 years ago, based on a continuous record of 10,500 years of vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) inferred from changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes, is published by Garcin ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 years ago.
* A study on the vegetational and climatic changes since the last glacial period, based on data from 594 sites worldwide, and aiming to estimate the extent of future ecosystem changes under alternative scenarios of global warming, is published by Nolan ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the changing ecology of woodland vegetation of southern mainland Greece during the late Pleistocene and the early-mid Holocene, and on the ecological context of the first introduction of crop domesticates in the southern Greek mainland, as indicated by data from carbonized fuel wood waste from the Franchthi Cave, is published by Asouti, Ntinou & Kabukcu (2018).
* A large impact crater found beneath Hiawatha Glacier (Greenland), most likely formed during the Pleistocene, is reported by Kjær ''et al.'' (2018).

Paleoceanography

* A study on the nitrogen isotope ratios, selenium abundances, and selenium isotope ratios from the ~2.66 billion years old Jeerinah Formation (Australia), providing evidence of transient surface ocean oxygenation ~260 million years before the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Koehler ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the ocean chemistry at the start of the Mesoproterozoic as indicated by rare earth element, iron-speciation and inorganic carbon isotope data from the 1,600–1,550 million years old Yanliao Basin, North China Craton is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018), who report evidence of a progressive oxygenation event starting at ≈1,570 million years ago, immediately prior to the occurrence of complex multicellular eukaryotes in shelf areas of the Yanliao Basin.
* Evidence of euxinia occurring in the photic zone of the ocean in the Mesoproterozoic, based on measurements of Mercury (element), mercury isotope compositions in late Mesoproterozoic (~1.1 billion years old) shales from the Atar Group and the El Mreiti Group (Taoudeni basin, Tauodeni Basin, Mauritania), is presented by Zheng ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on abundant pyrite concretions from the topmost Nantuo Formation (China), deposited during the terminal Cryogenian Marinoan glaciation, is published by Lang ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret these concretions as evidence of a transient but widespread presence of marine euxinia in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation.
* A study on wave ripples and tidal Lamination (geology), laminae in the Elatina Formation (Australia), interpreted as evidence of rapid sea level rise in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation, is published by Myrow, Lamb & Ewing (2018).
* A study on the global ocean redox conditions at a time when the Ediacaran biota began to decline, based on analysis of uranium isotopes in carbonates from the Dengying Formation (China), is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of Anoxic event, an episode of extensive oceanic anoxia at the end of the Ediacaran.
* New uranium isotope data from upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian marine carbonate successions, indicative of short-lived episodes of widespread marine anoxia near the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition and during Cambrian Stage 2, is presented by Wei ''et al.'' (2018), who argue that the Cambrian explosion might have been triggered by marine redox fluctuations rather than progressive oxygenation.
* New Δ15N, δ¹⁵N data from late Ediacaran to Cambrian strata from South China is presented by Wang ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that ocean redox dynamics were closely coupled with key evolutionary events during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition.
* A study on the isotopic composition and surface temperatures of early Cambrian seas, based on stable oxygen isotope data from the Small shelly fauna, small shelly fossils from the Comley limestones (United Kingdom), is published by Hearing ''et al.'' (2018).
* High-resolution Geochemistry, geochemical, Sedimentology, sedimentological and biodiversity data from the Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (Greenland is presented by Hammarlund ''et al.'' (2018), who aim to assess the chemical conditions in the shelf sea inhabited by the Sirius Passet fauna.
* A study on the impact of the disruption of sediments caused by Fortunian bioturbation on the ocean chemistry, as indicated by data from the Chapel Island Formation (Canada), is published by Hantsoo ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the timing of the Sauk sequence, Sauk Marine transgression, transgression in the Grand Canyon region is published by Karlstrom ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the oxygen isotope composition of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Ryb & Eiler (2018).
* Jin, Zhan & Wu (2018) present paleontological, sedimentological, and geochemical data to test a hypothesis that a cold surface current became established by the late Middle Ordovician in the equatorial peri-Gondwana oceans, similar to the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue today.
* Evidence from uranium isotopes from Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian marine limestones of Anticosti Island (Canada), indicative of an abrupt global-ocean anoxic event coincident with the Late Ordovician mass extinction, is presented by Bartlett ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the ocean redox conditions and climate change across a Late Ordovician to Early Silurian on the Yangtze Shelf Sea (China) and their implications for inferring the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Zou ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of multiple episodes of oceanic Anoxic event, anoxia in the Early Triassic, based on U-isotope data from carbonates of the uppermost Permian to lowermost Middle Triassic Zal section (Iran), is presented by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on changes in global bottom water oxygen contents over the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic event, Anoxic Event, based on thallium isotope records from two ocean basins, is published by Them ''et al.'' (2018), who report evidence of global marine deoxygenation of ocean water some 600,000 years before the classically defined Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.
* A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the seas at high latitudes (60°) of southern South America during the Early Cretaceous is published online by Gómez Dacal ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study evaluating the utility of oxygen-isotope compositions of fossilised foraminifera tests as proxies for surface- and deep-ocean paleotemperatures, and its implications for inferring Late Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-ocean and high-latitude surface-ocean temperatures, published by Bernard ''et al.'' (2017) is criticized by Evans ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence from sulfur-isotope data indicative of a large-scale ocean deoxygenation during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is presented by Yao, Paytan & Wortmann (2018).
* Nitrogen isotope data from deposits from the northeast margin of the Tethys Ocean, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Junium, Dickson & Uveges (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that dramatic change in the nitrogen cycle occurred during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.
* A study aiming to evaluate the global extent of surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Babila ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the tropical sea-surface temperatures in the Eocene is published by Evans ''et al.'' (2018).
* A 25-million-year-long alkenone-based record of surface temperature change in the Paleogene from the North Atlantic Ocean is presented by Liu ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the likely magnitude of the sea-level drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis, based on the analysis of the late Neogene faunas of the Balearic Islands, is published by Mas ''et al.'' (2018).
* An extensive, buried sedimentary body deposited by the passage of a megaflood from the western to the eastern Mediterranean Sea in the Pliocene (Zanclean), at the end of the Messinian salinity crisis, is identified in the western Ionian Basin by Micallef ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of major, abrupt environmental changes over the past 30,000 years on the Great Barrier Reef is published by Webster ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence of sea level drop relative to the modern level at the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef between 21,900 and 20,500 years ago, followed by period of sea level rise lasting around 4,000 years, is presented by Yokoyama ''et al.'' (2018).

Paleoclimatology

* A study on the geologic record of Milankovitch cycles, Milankovitch climate cycles, extending their analysis into the Proterozoic and aiming to reconstruct the history of solar system characteristics, is published by Meyers & Malinverno (2018).
* A study on the effect of different forms of primitive photosynthesis on Earth's early atmospheric chemistry and climate is published by Ozaki ''et al.'' (2018).
* A quantitative estimate of Paleoproterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels is presented by Bellefroid ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the timing of the onset of the Sturtian glaciation, based on new stratigraphic and geochronological data from the upper Tambien Group (Ethiopia), is published by Scott MacLennan ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide throughout the Phanerozoic, as indicated by data from a product of chlorophyll – phytane from marine sediments and oils, is published by Witkowski ''et al.'' (2018).
* A revised model and a new high-resolution reconstruction of the oxygenation of the Paleozoic atmosphere is presented by Krause ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the Early Ordovician climate, as indicated by new high-resolution phosphate oxygen isotope record of conodont assemblages from the Lange Ranch section of central Texas, is published by Quinton ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as consistent with very warm temperatures during the Early Ordovician.
* A study on the climate changes during the period of the Late Devonian extinction (and possibly causing it), inferred from a high-resolution oxygen isotope record based on conodont apatite from the Frasnian–Famennian transition in South China, is published by Huang, Joachimski & Gong (2018).
* A study on the atmospheric oxygen levels through the Phanerozoic, evaluating whether Romer's gap and Arthropod gap, the concurrent gap in the fossil record of insects were caused by low oxygen levels, is published by Schachat ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the impact of sulfur and carbon outgassing from the Siberian Traps flood basalt magmatism on the climate changes at the end of the Permian is published by Black ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels in the Early Cretaceous based on data from specimens of the fossil conifer species ''Pseudofrenelopsis papillosa'' is published by Jing & Bainian (2018).
* A study on the terrestrial climate in northern China at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicating the occurrence of a warming caused by the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and the occurrence of extinctions prior to the Chicxulub impact, is published by Zhang ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the sources of secondary CO₂ inputs after the initial rapid onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, contributing to the prolongation of this event, is published online by Lyons ''et al.'' (2018).
* Estimates of mean annual terrestrial temperatures in the mid-latitudes during the early Paleogene are presented by Naafs ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the early stages of development of Asian inland aridity and its underlying mechanisms, based on data from red clay sequence from the Cenozoic Xorkol Basin (Altyn-Tagh, northeastern Tibetan Plateau), is published by Li ''et al.'' (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that enhanced Eocene Asian inland aridity was mainly driven by global palaeoclimatic changes rather than being a direct response to the plateau uplift.
* New mid-latitude terrestrial climate proxy record for southeastern Australia from the middle Eocene to the middle Miocene, indicative of a widespread cooling in the Gippsland Basin beginning in the middle Eocene, is presented by Korasidis ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on CO₂ concentrations during the early Miocene, as indicated by stomatal characteristics of fossil leaves from a late early Miocene assemblage from Panama and a leaf gas-exchange model, is published by Londoño ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the climate in the areas of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited by hominins during the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by data from macroflora and pollen assemblages, is published online by Altolaguirre ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the hydrological changes in the Limpopo River Drainage basin, catchment and in sea surface temperature in the southwestern Indian Ocean for the past 2.14 million years, and on their implications for inferring the palaeoclimatic changes in southeastern Africa in this time period and their possible impact on the evolution of early hominins, is published by Caley ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study evaluating whether changes of vegetation and diet of East African herbivorous mammals were linked to climatic fluctuations 1.7 million years ago, based on data from mammal teeth from the Olduvai Gorge site, as well as evaluating whether crocodile teeth from this site may be used as paleoclimatic indicators, is published by Ascari ''et al.'' (2018).
* Evidence for progressive aridification in East Africa since about 575,000 years before present, based on data from sediments from Lake Magadi (Kenya), is presented by Owen ''et al.'' (2018), who also evaluate the influence of the increasing Middle- to Late-Pleistocene aridification and environmental variability on the physical and cultural evolution of ''Homo sapiens'' in East Africa.
* A study on the climatic changes in the Lake Tana area in the last 150,000 years and their implications for early modern human dispersal out of Africa is published by Lamb ''et al.'' (2018).

* A high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstruction for the Eemian from northern Finland, based on pollen and plant macrofossil record, is presented by Salonen ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the extent and nature of millennial/centennial-scale climate instability during the Last Interglacial (129–116 thousand years ago), as indicated by data from joint pollen and ocean proxy analyses in a deep-sea core on the Portuguese Margin (Atlantic Ocean) and speleothem record from Antro del Corchia cave system (Italy), is published by Tzedakis ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the timing and duration of periods of climate deterioration in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula in the late Pleistocene, evaluating the impact of climate on the abandonment of inner Iberian territories by Neanderthals 42,000 years ago, is published by Wolf ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the climate changes in Europe during the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition (based on speleothem records from the Ascunsă Cave and from the Tăușoare Cave, Romania), and on their implications for the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans in Europe, is published by Fernández ''et al.'' (2018).
* A study on the timing of the latest Pleistocene glaciation in southeastern Alaska and its implication for inferring the route and timing of early human migration to the Americas is published by Lesnek ''et al.'' (2018).
* Quantitative estimates of climate in western North America over the past 50,000 years, based on data from plant community composition of more than 600 individual paleomiddens, are presented by Harbert & Nixon (2018).
* A study assessing the similarity of future projected climate states to the climate during the Early Eocene, the Mid-Pliocene, the Last Interglacial (129–116 Year#SI prefix multipliers, ka), the Mid-Holocene (6 ka), preindustrial (ca. 1850 Common Era, CE), and the 20th century is published by Burke ''et al.'' (2018).

References

{{reflist, 2

2018 in paleontology,
2010s in paleontology
2018 in science
2018-related lists