2012 French legislative election

Legislative elections took place on 10 and 17 June 2012 (and on other dates for small numbers of voters outside metropolitan France) to select the members of the 14th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, a little over a month after the French presidential election run-off held on 6 May.

All 577 single member seats in the assembly, including those representing overseas departments and territories and French residents overseas, were contested using a two-round system.

Background

Presidential election

The elections came a month after the presidential election won by François Hollande of the Socialist Party. Since 2002, legislative elections immediately follow the presidential ones. This was designed to limit the possibility of a cohabitation, whereby the President and his or her Prime Minister, backed by a parliamentary majority, would be of opposite parties. The aim was also to give the new president and his government a "double mandate", the election of the President being followed by that of a parliamentary majority enabling him to implement his policies. This is what happened in 2002 and 2007. Thus, in 2012, the Socialist Party has asked French citizens to "confirm" the result of the presidential election; Hollande's campaign director Pierre Moscovici argued it would not make sense to have elected a President only for him to be rendered "powerless" by the legislative election: "This President tomorrow must have a majority with which to govern". By contrast, the Union for a Popular Movement, on the right, has repeatedly asked that the left not be given "all the powers" through this election."Législatives : le PS veut "une majorité nette", l'UMP veut limiter la casse"
''Le Monde'', 8 May 2012 The legislative elections in France are often described as the "third round" of the presidential election."Un " troisième tour " déterminant"
''Ouest France'', 30 May 2012"Législatives. Le "troisième tour" en vue"
''Le Télégramme'', 8 May 2012

Ethnic and gender pluralism

In order to make possible the election of some candidates of non-European ethnic background (North African, Subsaharan African and West Indian) as well as for female candidates, the Socialist Party had, like in 2007, reserved several constituencies for them, 22 for ethnic minorities and 49% for women.

At the end of the second round, there were 13 metropolitan deputies with non-European ethnic background, including two government members ( Kader Arif, former Euro MP, and George Pau-Langevin, already deputy since 2007) who will be replaced by their alternate candidates:
*6 with Algerian roots: Kader Arif (PS), Kheira Bouziane (PS), Pascal Cherki (PS), Jean-François Copé (UMP), Razzy Hammadi (PS), Chaynesse Khirouni (PS)
*2 with Lebanese roots: Christian Assaf (PS), Henri Jibrayel (PS)
*2 with Guadeloupean roots: Hélène Geoffroy (PS), George Pau-Langevin (PS)
*1 with Tunisian roots: Pierre Lellouche (UMP) (and Razzy Hammadi, whose mother is a Tunisian)
*1 with Chadian roots: Seybah Dagoma (PS)
*1 with Brazilian roots: Eduardo Rihan Cipel (PS)

Among the 11 deputies who represent French citizens abroad, one is from Réunion, Corinne Narassiguin (PS), another has Chilean roots, Sergio Coronado (EELV) and a third one has Iranian roots, Pouria Amirshahi (PS).

Electoral system

A total of 6,603 candidates ran for the 577 seats, an average of 11 per constituency. Some 40% are women. The law mandates that every party must have between 49 and 51% of women among its candidates, or have their public funding significantly reduced. "Some parties, among the richest, prefer to pay the fine" rather than comply with this rule, according to Libération. The law also does not take electability into account, and significant numbers of women candidates run in constituencies where their party does not stand a real chance.

French expatriates elected their own MPs for the first time – voting early, from 23 to 26 May or on 2 or 3 June for the first round and from 6 to 12 June or on 16 or 17 June for the second, depending on their location and the method by which they cast their ballot. If an expatriate votes via the Internet, he or she has a week to do so from 23 to 26 May. A postal ballot may be cast, if received by 31 May in the Americas or by 1 June in the rest of the world. Those who prefer to vote in person in their local consulate must do so on 2 June in the Americas or 3 June in the rest of the world.

The two-round system

Each of the 577 constituencies elects one representative to the National Assembly, in a two-round election. A candidate is elected in the first round if he or she obtains an absolute majority of the vote in his or her constituency ''and'' the votes of at least one quarter of all registered voters in the constituency. If a large number of voters abstain, an absolute majority of the vote may thus not be enough, although this rarely happens. (In the 2012 election, one surprising example was in Martinique's 3rd constituency, where incumbent MP Serge Letchimy of the Martinican Progressive Party received 63.29% of the vote, but narrowly failed to be immediately elected due to a very low turnout (30.67%).) If no candidate is elected in the first round, then the two candidates who finished first and second in the first round advance automatically to the second for a runoff. They may be joined by the third- or even fourth-placed candidate; the second round is open to any candidate who has obtained the votes of at least 12.5% of ''registered'' voters in the constituency. Low turnouts therefore decrease the likelihood of a three-person runoff (known in France as a ''triangulaire''). In the second round, the candidate who obtains the most votes is elected; an absolute majority is not required. (In the unlikely event of a tie, the elder of the tied candidates is elected.)

Candidates who advance to the second round have the option of withdrawing. Usually this happens in a ''triangulaire'', where the party and/or candidate that finished third in the first round prefers to favour one of the two leading candidates. In the 2012 election, for example, third-placed UMP candidate Roland Chassain in the Bouches-du-Rhônes's 16th constituency withdrew in order to help the National Front candidate defeat the Socialist candidate. In addition, the parties of the mainstream left (Socialist, Greens, Left Front, Radical Party of the Left, various smaller parties) have a long-standing agreement whereby they do not stand against one another in the second round. If two of them advance to the second round in the same constituency, the less-well-placed of the two automatically withdraws. In some cases, this means a ''triangulaire'' is avoided, and the left is united against a single right-wing candidate. In the 2012 election, for example, in the Hauts-de-Seine's 11th constituency, incumbent MP and Left Front candidate Marie-Hélène Amiable narrowly finished second (29.20%) behind Socialist candidate Julie Sommaruga (29.93%). Amiable withdrew, supporting Sommaruga in her runoff against New Centre candidate Jean-Loup Metton, who had finished third in the first round with enough support to advance to the second (24.15%). In other cases, this rule means that only one candidate remains in the "second round". Thus, Socialist Najia Amzal withdrew in favour of Left Front candidate and incumbent MP Marie-George Buffet in Seine-Saint-Denis's 4th constituency; Left Front candidate Patrick Le Hyaric withdrew in favour of Socialist candidate Élisabeth Guigou in Seine-Saint-Denis's 6th constituency; Left Front candidate and incumbent MP Pierre Gosnat withdrew in favour of Citizen and Republican Movement candidate Jean-Luc Laurent in the Val-de-Marne's 10th constituency; and Green candidate Stéphane Gatignon withdrew in front of the Left Front's incumbent MP François Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis's 4th constituency. In all these cases, no candidate of the right, centre or far right had reached the second round, meaning that the best-placed and sole remaining left-wing candidate was guaranteed to be elected in a one-person "runoff".

Redistricting

The Constitutional Council approved in 2010 the first redistricting of electoral boundaries since 1986 to reflect France's changing demographics. The population ratio between the most populated and least populated constituencies was reduced from 1:3.6 to 1:2. A study by Regards Citoyens indicated that the number of seats increased in areas held by the centre-right coalition led by then governing UMP at the expense of the Socialist-led opposition coalition.

Officially, the dual purpose of the redistricting was to ensure a more equal number of voters per constituency, but also to provide seats in the National Assembly to French citizens resident overseas. Thirty-three constituencies were abolished, and thirty-three new ones created. Of the latter, nineteen were in France, while the rest of the world was divided into eleven constituencies for French residents overseas.

Parties

Main parties and their aims

The Socialist Party sought to obtain a parliamentary majority with which to implement its policies. Three possible scenarios could have occurred if the left won overall:
* The Socialist Party has an absolute majority of seats, and can govern alone, without having to rely on the support of smaller left-wing or centre-left parties.
* The Socialist Party has a majority with the support of its government partners: Europe Ecology – The Greens, the Radical Party of the Left (centre-left), and the small Citizen and Republican Movement.
* The Socialist Party and its aforementioned partners lack a majority alone, and require the support of the Left Front in order to govern. The Left Front has indicated that it would never bring down the Socialist government, but that it would not systematically support the government's policies, and would require support for some of its own policy proposals."Les enjeux des législatives, parti par parti"
''Le Monde'', 5 June 2012

The Union for a Popular Movement officially aimed to win the election. Its primary stated aim, however, was to obtain enough seats to prevent the left from having the 3/5ths Congress majority which would enable it to adopt constitutional reforms (such as granting the right to vote to foreign residents in local elections). The UMP's task was complicated by the popularity of the far-right National Front, which the polls indicated could obtain enough support to reach the second round in a large number of constituencies, thus splitting the right-wing vote. (Under French electoral law, in legislative elections, a third party advances to the second round if it obtains the votes of at least 12.5% of ''registered'' voters – i.e., including those who abstain.)

The Left Front aimed to have a sizable group in Parliament, with which to have meaningful influence on the policies of the Socialist government.

The National Front aimed to obtain seats in the Assembly; it had none prior to the election. A secondary aim was to "sow chaos in the UMP" by maintaining candidates in the second round and thus causing the UMP potentially to lose seats. The National Front's stated aim was eventually to replace the UMP as the main party of the right – though opinion polls credit the UMP with at least 209 seats, and the National Front with 8 at most, possibly none at all.

Europe Ecology – The Greens aimed to form an official parliamentary group, which requires having fifteen members in the Assembly. It had only three members prior to the election.

The Democratic Movement aimed to preserve its three seats, although its earlier ambitions were much higher. Opinion polls suggest the party may disappear from the Assembly completely, and is unlikely to obtain any additional seats.

In all, twelve parties or alliances stood more than a hundred candidates. The Socialist Party had 459 candidates, and endorsed candidates of allied parties in other constituencies. The UMP had 501 candidates, and endorsed candidates of allied parties (most notably the New Centre) in 69 other constituencies. The Left Front had 531 candidates. Europe Ecologie-The Greens had 465. Marine Le Pen's "Marine Blue Gathering" had 571 candidates, and was thus present in all but six constituencies. Most of these candidates were members of the National Front; others were from small, allied extreme right parties. François Bayrou's "Centre for France" alliance had 340 candidates, most of whom were members of the Democratic Movement."La gauche est favorite, mais quelle gauche ?"
''Le Monde'', 9 June 2012

Also standing over a hundred candidates were:
* Workers' Struggle: 536
* the New Anticapitalist Party: 329
* the Independent Ecological Alliance: 292
* Arise the Republic: 253
* an alliance of The Clover - The New Ecologists and the Humans, Animals, Nature Movement: 132
* the Independent Workers' Party: 103
* Pirate Party: 101

UMP position on the National Front

With the prospect of National Front candidates reaching the second round alongside the mainstream candidates of the left and right in a number of constituencies, the Socialist Party announced that it would withdraw its candidate from the second round in those constituencies, if and only if it appeared that the National Front candidate had a realistic prospect of winning. In such cases, the Socialists would support the UMP candidate as part of a "republican front" against the far right. The UMP, by contrast, refrained from saying it would withdraw and support a Socialist candidate in those same circumstances.

Instead, 64% of UMP voters said they would favour an alliance between their own party and the extreme right for the legislative election. Leading figures of the UMP rejected the possibility. Chantal Jouanno said she was worried it might be under consideration, leading party leader Jean-François Copé to assure her publicly "there will never be an alliance with the National Front". Two days before the first round, Alain Juppé called upon party members to resist the "temptation" of local alliances with the far right, arguing on "moral", "pragmatic" and "tactical grounds", highlighting ideological and policy incompatibility and the National Front's stated aim to "break" and replace the UMP.

The day after the first round, the UMP officially announced its position. The party told its candidates not to withdraw if they had entered the second round in third place behind a Socialist candidate and a candidate of the National Front. In addition, in constituencies where the second round was a runoff between the left and the National Front, the UMP would not support either candidate. Roland Chassain, UMP candidate in the Bouches-du-Rhône's 16th constituency, immediately disobeyed the party line, announcing he was withdrawing from the second round and supporting the National Front candidate. He explained that he considered himself "closer to Marine Le Pen than to the Socialist Party"."A Arles, l'UMP Roland Chassain se retire au profit du FN"
''Le Monde'', 11 June 2012 In the Gard's 2nd constituency (UMP), government minister from 2008 and 2012, asked National Front voters in her constituency to support her on the grounds of the "shared values" between the right and the far right, while UMP mayor of Nice Christian Estrosi stated that the UMP has "no common values" with the Socialist Party. On 12 June, Morano published an interview in the far right newspaper ''Minute'', calling for "as large a gathering as possible of the right". Another UMP candidate, Jean-Paul Garraud, stated that his party and the National Front had "common beliefs", a statement which was criticised by Alain Juppé as being "in total contradiction" with the stated position of the UMP.

Martine Aubry, the leader of the Socialist Party, said that her party, by contrast, would support candidates of the right against the far right, as a "Republican principle". In Vaucluse's 3rd constituency, she therefore asked Socialist candidate Catherine Arkilovitch, who had entered the second round in third place (21.98%), to withdraw and support second-placed UMP candidate Jean-Michel Ferrand (30.03%), so as to help defeat National Front candidate Marion Marechal-Le Pen (34.63%). Arkilovitch, however, defied her party and refused to withdraw.

Pierre Moscovici, Socialist Minister of Finance, stated on 12 June that the UMP had lost its way and its values and no longer knew what it stood for, in response to its position on the National Front. Later that same day, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault accused the UMP of "preparing a strategic alliance with the National Front", adding: "I think it was underway with Nicolas Sarkozy, but now the UMP really is at a turning point".

Campaign

The official campaign began, in metropolitan France, on 21 May. In every constituency, each candidate has a billboard outside every polling station, upon which to display a campaign poster. Campaign material is also distributed by candidates' supporters in the streets and in letterboxes, and many campaign posters are illegally displayed in the streets. Transmitting campaign material to voters by e-mail is, however, prohibited. Nationwide, parties represented in the National Assembly prior to the election (i.e., the Union for a Popular Movement, the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left parliamentary group, the Democratic and Republican Left parliamentary group, and the New Centre) have the right to broadcast campaign clips on television; an hour and a half is provided for the outgoing parliamentary majority, and an hour and a half for the outgoing opposition. Each side distributes this time as it sees fit between its constituent parties. Parties which are not represented in Parliament but which are standing at least 75 candidates are entitled to seven minutes of broadcast each. Any campaigning whatsoever is forbidden on the eve of the election.

The leaflets of the candidates for the French nationals abroad (''Français établis à l'étranger'') seats were published online on the website of the Foreign Affairs Ministry.

Opinion polls

Results

Overall

The election was won by the left, providing the new government with an absolute parliamentary majority. The parties of the presidential majority together have 55.97% of seats; with the Left Front providing them with supply and confidence. Among the 577 members of the Assembly, 234 were new. A record number of women were elected: 155 (26.86%). Turnout was 57.23%, a record low.

Wallis and Futuna's single constituency had the highest turnout of any French electorate during the first round on 10 June, with 78% voter participation.

, - style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;", Parties and coalitions
! colspan="3", First round
! colspan="3", Second round
! colspan="2", Total
, - style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75", Votes
! width="30", %
! width="30", Seats
! width="75", Votes
! width="30", %
! width="30", Seats
! width="30", Seats
! width="30", %
, -
, style="background-color:#FFC6D5;border-bottom-style:hidden" rowspan="4",
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Socialist Party
, PS
, 7,618,326 , , 29.35 , , 22
, 9,420,889 , , 40.91 , , 258
, 280 , , 48.53
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Miscellaneous left
, DVG
, 881,555 , , 3.40 , , 1
, 709,395 , , 3.08 , , 21
, 22 , , 3.81
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Europe Ecology – The Greens
, EELV
, 1,418,264 , , 5.46 , , 1
, 829,036 , , 3.60 , , 16
, 17 , , 2.95
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Radical Party of the Left
, PRG
, 428,898 , , 1.65 , , 1
, 538,331 , , 2.34 , , 11
, 12 , , 2.08
, -
, - style="background-color:#FFC6D5"
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Presidential majority (left)
, 10,347,043 , , 39.87 , , 25
, 11,497,651 , , 49.93 , , 306
, 331 , , 57.70
, -
, style="background-color:#B9DAFF;border-bottom-style:hidden" rowspan="5",
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Union for a Popular Movement
, UMP
, 7,037,268 , , 27.12 , , 9
, 8,740,628 , , 37.95 , , 185
, 194 , , 33.62
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Miscellaneous right
, DVD
, 910,034 , , 3.51 , , 1
, 417,940 , , 1.81 , , 14
, 15 , , 2.60
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", New Centre
, NC
, 569,897 , , 2.20 , , 1
, 568,319 , , 2.47 , , 11
, 12 , , 2.08
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Radical Party
, PRV
, 321,054 , , 1.24 , , 0
, 311,211 , , 1.35 , , 6
, 6 , , 1.04
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;", Centrist Alliance
, AC
, 156,026 , , 0.60 , , 0
, 123,132 , , 0.53 , , 2
, 2 , , 0.35
, - style="background-color:#B9DAFF"
, colspan="4" style="text-align:left;", Parliamentary right
, 8,994,349 , , 34.66 , , 11
, 10,161,218 , , 44.12 , , 218
, 229 , , 39.69
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Left Front
, FDG
, 1,793,192 , , 6.91 , , 0
, 249,498 , , 1.08 , , 10
, 10 , , 1.73
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", National Front
, FN
, 3,528,663 , , 13.60 , , 0
, 842,695 , , 3.66 , , 2
, 2 , , 0.35
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Centre for France
, MoDem
, 458,098 , , 1.77 , , 0
, 113,196 , , 0.49 , , 2
, 2 , , 0.35
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Regionalists and separatists
, REG
, 145,809 , , 0.56 , , 0
, 135,312 , , 0.59 , , 2
, 2 , , 0.35
, -
, style="background-color:#404040;",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Far-right
, EXD
, 49,499 , , 0.19 , , 0
, 29,738 , , 0.13 , , 1
, 1 , , 0.17
, -
, style="background-color:#bb0000;",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Far-left
, EXG
, 253,386 , , 0.98 , , 0
, – , , – , , –
, 0 , , 0.00
, -
, style="background-color:#77ff77;",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Ecologists
, ECO
, 249,068 , , 0.96 , , 0
, – , , – , , –
, 0 , , 0.00
, -
, style="background-color:",
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="2", Others
, AUT
, 133,752 , , 0.52 , , 0
, – , , – , , –
, 0 , , 0.00
, -
, colspan="12" style="background-color:#E9E9E9",
, - style="font-weight:bold;"
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Total
, 25,952,859 , , 100.00 , , 36
, 23,029,308 , , 100.00 , , 541
, 577 , , 100.00
, -
, colspan="12" style="background-color:#E9E9E9",
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Valid votes
, 25,952,859 , , 98.42
, style="background-color:#E9E9E9" rowspan="5",
, 23,029,308 , , 96.15
, style="background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3" rowspan="5",
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Spoilt and null votes
, 416,267 , , 1.58
, 923,178 , , 3.85
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Votes cast / turnout
, 26,369,126 , , 57.22
, 23,952,486 , , 55.40
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Abstentions
, 19,712,978 , , 42.77
, 19,281,162 , , 44.60
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="4", Registered voters
, 46,082,104 , , style="background-color:#E9E9E9;",
, 43,233,648 , , style="background-color:#E9E9E9;",
, -
, colspan="12" style="background-color:#E9E9E9",
, -
, style="text-align:left;" colspan="12", Source
Ministry of the Interior

Overall results by party

The Socialist Party (along with a small number of affiliated miscellaneous left candidates) obtained 300 seats, an absolute majority. Favoured by electoral alliances with the Socialist Party, its close allies, the Radical Party of the Left and the Citizen and Republican Movement, obtained respectively 13 and 2 seats, for a total of 315. This meant that the Socialists could govern without having to rely on the support of other left-wing parties – the Greens, or the Left Front.
''Le Monde'', 18 June 2012"Estimations du 2nd tour – 17 juin 2012"
''Le Monde''

Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), part of the government and of the presidential majority, also benefited from an electoral alliance with the Socialists, increasing its number of seats from just 4 to 18. (They immediately lost one, however, as EELV leader Cécile Duflot had to relinquish her seat in order to stay in government, and her seat went to her Socialist running mate.) This enabled the Greens to form an official parliamentary group. They become the third biggest party in the Assembly.

The Left Front, which decided to stand alone after electoral alliance negotiations with the Socialists broke down, lost half its seats (from 19 down to 10), despite a substantial increase in the number of votes its received. It no longer has enough seats (15) to be recognised as a parliamentary group on its own, but formed a group (the Democratic and Republican Left) with five miscellaneous left representatives from French overseas departments and territories: Huguette Bello (representing her own "For Réunion" movement; she is a dissident who left the Communist Party of Réunion shortly before the election), Alfred Marie-Jeanne and Jean Philippe Nilor ( Martinican Independence Movement), Gabriel Serville (Guianese Socialist Party), and Bruno Nestor Azérot (independent left, from Martinique).

The Union for a Popular Movement (and affiliated miscellaneous right candidates), now the main opposition party, lost 112 seats, and several of its prominent members were defeated. In particular, 20 of the 41 members of the "Popular Right" (hard right) faction of the party standing for re-election lost their seats – most notably, Eric Raoult and Maryse Joissains-Masini. Immediately after the defeat, leading members of the party called for a rethink of its positioning and a reassertion of its values. Alain Juppé stated that the UMP should stand clear on its incompatibility with the National Front; François Baroin and Jean-Pierre Raffarin expressed the same view, adding that the UMP's strong "drift to the right" and increasing proximity with the ideas of the far right had been a mistake. Party leader Jean-François Copé, however, replied that he disagreed with these views.

The Democratic Movement (MoDem) lost its leader, François Bayrou, beaten in his own constituency by his Socialist challenger. The party's membership in the Assembly fell from 3 to 2: Jean Lassalle (re-elected in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques) and Thierry Robert (who gained a seat from the UMP in La Réunion)."Bayrou quitte une Assemblée où le centre perd en influence"
''Le Point'', 17 June 2012 (In Mayotte, incumbent MoDem MP Abdoulatifou Aly was eliminated with a crushingly low score in the first round.) Bayrou's defeat was seen as a potentially crippling blow not just for his own career, but for the party which he had founded, and for the centre in French politics more generally. All the more so as the two centre-right parties, the New Centre and the Radical Party, both lost seats, despite an electoral alliance with the UMP. The New Centre's representation in the Assembly fell from 25 members to 14, meaning that it would no longer be recognised as a parliamentary group in itself. The Radical Party obtained just 9 seats.

The far right obtained representatives in the Assembly for the first time since the 1997 election. Party leaders Marine Le Pen and Louis Aliot were defeated, as was party spokesman Florian Philippot, but Le Pen's 22-year-old niece Marion Maréchal-Le Pen was elected in Carpentras, benefiting from a split opposition due to Socialist candidate Catherine Arkilovitch's refusal, in defiance of party instructions, to withdraw in support of the better-placed UMP candidate. Marine Le Pen's lawyer Gilbert Collard, who is not a member of the National Front but was endorsed by it, was also elected, giving the party two seats (for the first time in twenty-four years). In addition, a former member of the National Front and Movement for France, and now independent far right politician, Jacques Bompard, was elected in a constituency neighbouring Maréchal-Le Pen's, in the Vaucluse

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