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This year is noted for the end of the
First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.


Events

Below, the events of
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.


January

*
January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the ...
1918 flu pandemic The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
: The "Spanish flu" (
influenza Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms ...
) is first observed in
Haskell County, Kansas Haskell County (county code HS) is a U.S. county, county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census, the county population was 3,780. Its county seat and most populous city is Sublette, Kansas, Sublette ...
. *
January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...
– The
Finnish Declaration of Independence The Finnish Declaration of Independence ( fi, Suomen itsenäisyysjulistus; sv, Finlands självständighetsförklaring; russian: Провозглашение независимости Финляндии) was adopted by the Parliament of Finl ...
is recognized by Soviet Russia,
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
,
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans. *
January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
** The
keel The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...
of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed
aircraft carrier An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a ...
to be laid down. ** The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
(The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the
Russian SFSR The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
and
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
. *
January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
- The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna. *
January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender ...
– The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the
Russian Democratic Federative Republic The Russian Republic,. referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. in the 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state which controlled, ''de jure'', the territory of the former Russian Empire after its proclamation by the Russi ...
but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day. *
January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
– The
Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), or Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was a country in Eastern Europe that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was declared following the February Revolution in Russia by the First Universal. In March 1 ...
declares independence from
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. *
January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...
– The
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
begins with the
Battle of Kämärä The Battle of Kämärä was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle fought at the Kämärä (now Gavrilovo, Leningrad oblast, Russia) railway station on 27 January 1918 between the Whites and the Reds. The battle began as a White Guard battalion from V ...
. *
January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys.


February

*
February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny. *
February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– The is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk. *
February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom:
Representation of the People Act Representation of the People Act is a stock short title used in Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Mauritius, Pakistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, the ...
gives most women over 30 the vote. *
February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1462 – The ...
– A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of
Shantou Shantou, alternately romanized as Swatow and sometimes known as Santow, is a prefecture-level city on the eastern coast of Guangdong, China, with a total population of 5,502,031 as of the 2020 census (5,391,028 in 2010) and an administrative ...
leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami. *
February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
switches from the
Julian calendar The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...
to the
Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...
; the date skips from
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
to
February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...
. *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– The
Council of Lithuania The Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Taryba, german: Litauischer Staatsrat, pl, Rada Litewska), after July 11, 1918 the State Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba) was convened at the Vilnius Conference that took place betwe ...
adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state. *
February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. * 1268 &ndas ...
Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes (also known as the Marri Punitive Expedition) was the British name for a punitive expedition carried out against the Marri (tribe), Marri and Khetran tribes of Balochistan, British India between Febr ...
in
Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
by British authorities begin. *
February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...
– WWI: The
Capture of Jericho The Capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918 to the east of Jerusalem beginning the Occupation of the Jordan Valley during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Fighting took place in an area bordered by the ...
by the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
begins the
British occupation of the Jordan Valley The occupation of the Jordan Valley by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) began in February 1918 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. After the Capture of Jericho in February the Auckland Mounted Rifle Regiment began pat ...
. *
February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...
25 – WWI: The
Imperial Russian Navy The Imperial Russian Navy () operated as the navy of the Russian Tsardom and later the Russian Empire from 1696 to 1917. Formally established in 1696, it lasted until dissolved in the wake of the February Revolution of 1917. It developed from a ...
evacuates
Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju ' ...
through thick ice, over the
Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
. *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...
– The last Carolina parakeet (the last breed of parrot native to the eastern United States) dies in captivity at the
Cincinnati Zoo The Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden is the sixth oldest zoo in the United States, founded in 1873 and officially opening in 1875. It is located in the Avondale neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. It originally began with in the middle of the c ...
. *
February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
Estonian Declaration of Independence from
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, after seven centuries of foreign rule; German forces capture
Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju ' ...
the following day.


March

*
March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor ...
– WWI: German submarine sinks off
Rathlin Island Rathlin Island ( ga, Reachlainn, ; Local Irish dialect: ''Reachraidh'', ; Scots: ''Racherie'') is an island and civil parish off the coast of County Antrim (of which it is part) in Northern Ireland. It is Northern Ireland's northernmost point. ...
, Northern Ireland. *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 &nd ...
– WWI: The
Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...
and
Bolshevist Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
sign the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Treaty of Brest in Russia) was a separate peace, separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Russian SFSR, Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Kingdom of ...
, ending Russia's involvement in the war. * March 6 ** The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the
Finnish Air Force The Finnish Air Force (FAF or FiAF; fi, Ilmavoimat, , Air forces; sv, Flygvapnet, , Air weapon) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. Its peacetime tasks are airspace surveillance, identification flights, and production of Finnis ...
(established on 4 May
1928 Events January * January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA. * January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, J ...
). The blue
swastika The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various Eurasian, as well as some African and American cultures, now also widely recognized for its appropriation by the Nazi Party and by neo-Nazis. It ...
is adopted as its symbol, as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator
Eric von Rosen Count Carl Gustaf Bloomfield Eric von Rosen (2 June 1879 in Stockholm – 25 April 1948 Skeppsholmen, Stockholm) was a Swedish honorary doctor, patron, explorer, ethnographer, prominent figure in the Swedish upper class and a leading figure in S ...
, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia. ** The first pilotless drone, the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane developed by Elmer Ambrose Sperry and Peter Cooper Hewitt, is test-flown in
Long Island, New York Long Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of New York, part of the New York metropolitan area. With over 8 million people, Long Island is the most populous island in the United States and the 18th ...
, but development is scrapped in
1925 Events January * January 1 ** The Syrian Federation is officially dissolved, the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus having been replaced by the State of Syria. * January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Italia ...
, after its guidance system proves unreliable. *
March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
- WWI:
Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
forms an alliance with Germany. * March 8 – WWI: The
Battle of Tell 'Asur The Battle of Tell 'Asur, also known as the actions of Tel Asur or the Battle of Turmus 'Aya, took place 8–12 March 1918, after the decisive victory at the Battle of Jerusalem and the Capture of Jericho during the Sinai and Palestine Campaig ...
is launched by units of the
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
's
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
against Ottoman defences from the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ea ...
, across the
Judaean Mountains The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel wh ...
to the edge of the Jordan Valley; it ends on
March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
, with the move of much of the front line north into Ottoman territory. *
March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
becomes the capital of Soviet Russia. *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
: The battle of Tampere began.100 years ago today: Reds take Tampere, Finnish Civil War begins
– '' Yle News'', January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
* March 19 – The
United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
establishes
time zone A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, Commerce, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between Country, countries and their Administrative division, subdivisions instead of ...
s, and approves
daylight saving time Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time or simply daylight time (United States, Canada, and Australia), and summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks (typicall ...
(DST goes into effect on
March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
). *
March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
– WWI: The Spring Offensive by the
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
Army along the
Western Front Western Front or West Front may refer to: Military frontiers *Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (Russian Empire), a majo ...
fails to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day, Operation Michael, on the Somme. *
March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...
– WWI: The
First Transjordan attack on Amman The First Transjordan attack on Amman (known to the British as the First Attack on Amman)Battles Nomenclature Committee 1922 p. 33 and to their enemy as the First Battle of the JordanErickson 2001 p. 195 took place between 21 March and 2 April 1 ...
by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins, with the passage of the Jordan River. * March 23 ** WWI: The giant German cannon, the '
Paris Gun The Paris Gun (german: Paris-Geschütz / Pariser Kanone) was the name given to a type of German long-range siege gun, several of which were used to bombard Paris during World War I. They were in service from March to August 1918. When the guns w ...
' (''Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz''), begins to shell Paris from away. ** In London at the
Wood Green Wood Green is a suburban district in the borough of Haringey in London, England. Its postal district is N22, with parts in N8 or N15. The London Plan identifies it as one of the metropolitan centres in Greater London, and today it forms a maj ...
Empire,
Chung Ling Soo William Ellsworth Robinson (April 2, 1861 – March 24, 1918) was an American magician who went by the stage name Chung Ling Soo (). He is mostly remembered today for his accidental death due to a failed bullet catch trick. Early years Robinson ...
(William E. Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to "
catch Catch may refer to: In sports * Catch (game), children's game * Catch (baseball), a maneuver in baseball * Catch (cricket), a mode of dismissal in cricket * Catch or reception (gridiron football) * Catch, part of a rowing stroke In music * Catc ...
" two separate bullets (but one of them perforates his lung). He dies the following morning in a hospital. *
March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
** The Belarusian People's Republic declares independence. ** Dr. Karl Muck, music director of the
Boston Symphony Orchestra The Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the second-oldest of the five major American symphony orchestras commonly referred to as the " Big Five". Founded by Henry Lee Higginson in 1881, ...
, is arrested under the
Alien Enemies Act The Alien and Sedition Acts were a set of four laws enacted in 1798 that applied restrictions to immigration and speech in the United States. The Naturalization Act increased the requirements to seek citizenship, the Alien Friends Act allowed th ...
, and imprisoned for the duration of WWI. * March 26 – Dr.
Marie Stopes Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes (15 October 1880 – 2 October 1958) was a British author, palaeobotanist and campaigner for eugenics and women's rights. She made significant contributions to plant palaeontology and coal classification, ...
publishes her influential book ''
Married Love ''Married Love or Love in Marriage'' is a book by British academic Marie Stopes. It was one of the first books openly to discuss birth control. The book begins by stating that "More than ever to-day are happy homes needed. It is my hope that thi ...
'' in the U.K. * March 27 – WWI: The First Battle of Amman is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, during the First Transjordan attack on Amman; it ends with their withdrawal on
31 March Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the nec ...
, back to the Jordan Valley. * March 30March Days:
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in
Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world a ...
,
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...
, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...
– The
Royal Flying Corps "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colors = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = , decorations ...
and the
Royal Naval Air Service The Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) was the air arm of the Royal Navy, under the direction of the Admiralty's Air Department, and existed formally from 1 July 1914 to 1 April 1918, when it was merged with the British Army's Royal Flying Corps t ...
in Britain are merged to form the
Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and ...
, the first autonomous Air Force in the world. *
April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
Sālote succeeds as Queen of
Tonga Tonga (, ; ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga ( to, Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a Polynesian country and archipelago. The country has 171 islands – of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in ...
; she will remain on the throne until her death in
1965 Events January–February * January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years. * January 20 ** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...
. * April 6
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
: The battle of Tampere ends. *
April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...
Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes (also known as the Marri Punitive Expedition) was the British name for a punitive expedition carried out against the Marri (tribe), Marri and Khetran tribes of Balochistan, British India between Febr ...
in
Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...
end with surrender to the British authorities. *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
Union of Bessarabia with Romania:
Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...
votes to become part of the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. *
April 21 Events Pre-1600 *753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
– WWI:
Manfred von Richthofen Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of ...
, "The Red Baron", the war's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River. *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
,
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...
, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; (), (). 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as pa ...
. *
April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. * 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southe ...
– WWI: ** Conscription Crisis of 1918 in Ireland: A
general strike A general strike refers to a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal. They are organised by large co ...
is held here against conscription. **
Zeebrugge Raid The Zeebrugge Raid ( nl, Aanval op de haven van Zeebrugge; ) on 23 April 1918, was an attempt by the Royal Navy to block the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge. The British intended to sink obsolete ships in the canal entrance, to prevent German ...
: The British Royal Navy attempts to seal off the German
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
base here. **
First Ostend Raid The First Ostend Raid (part of Operation ZO) was the first of two attacks by the Royal Navy on the German-held port of Ostend during the late spring of 1918 during the First World War. Ostend was attacked in conjunction with the neighbouring h ...
: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts to seal off the German U-boat base here. * April 28 – WWI: Gavrilo Princip, assassin of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria, (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary. His assassination in Sarajevo was the most immediate cause of World War I. F ...
, dies in Terezin,
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
, after three years in prison. * April 30 – WWI: The
Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, officially known by the British as the Second action of Es Salt Battles Nomenclature Committee 1922 p. 33 and by others as the Second Battle of the Jordan,Erickson 2001 p. 195 was fought ...
, launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, ends on
4 May Events Pre-1600 *1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. *1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
, with their withdrawal back to the Jordan Valley.


May

* May 1 – WWI: German troops enter Don Host Oblast; they capture
Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East Eu ...
on
May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...
. * May 2
General Motors The General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is the largest automaker in the United States and ...
acquires the
Chevrolet Motor Company Chevrolet ( ), colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM). Louis Chevrolet (1878–1941) and oust ...
of
Delaware Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Del ...
. * May 7 – WWI: The British capture
Kirkuk Kirkuk ( ar, كركوك, ku, کەرکووک, translit=Kerkûk, , tr, Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad. The city is home to a diverse population of Turkmens, Arabs, Kurds, ...
. *
May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– WWI –
Second Ostend Raid The Second Ostend Raid (officially known as Operation VS) was the later of two failed attempts made during the spring of 1918 by the United Kingdom's Royal Navy to block the channels leading to the Belgian port of Ostend as a part of its confl ...
: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts, for a second time, to seal off the German U-boat base here. *
May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...
– The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established. *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. *1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. * 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– The Three Minute Pause, initiated by the daily firing of the
Noon Gun The Noon Gun has been a historic time signal in Cape Town, South Africa since 1806. It consists of a pair of black powder Dutch naval guns, fired alternatingly with one serving as a backup. The guns are situated on Signal Hill, close to the ...
on Signal Hill, is instituted by
Cape Town Cape Town ( af, Kaapstad; , xh, iKapa) is one of South Africa's three capital cities, serving as the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. It is the legislative capital of the country, the oldest city in the country, and the second largest ...
Mayor Sir
Harry Hands Sir Harry Hands (18 September 1860 – 17 March 1948) was a British colonial politician, who served from 1915 to 1918 as mayor of Cape Town, South Africa. He is credited with instituting the first practice in the world of an official two-minut ...
. It will inspire the introduction of the
two-minute silence In the United Kingdom and other countries within the Commonwealth, a two-minute silence is observed as part of Remembrance Day to remember those who lost their lives in conflict. Held each year at 11:00 am on 11 November, the silence coinci ...
in
November 1919 The following events occurred in November 1919: November 1, 1919 (Saturday) * The California State Senate unanimously voted in favor of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the California State Assembly approved it ...
. *
May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** The
Finnish Civil War The Finnish Civil War; . Other designations: Brethren War, Citizen War, Class War, Freedom War, Red Rebellion and Revolution, . According to 1,005 interviews done by the newspaper ''Aamulehti'', the most popular names were as follows: Civil W ...
ends. ** The
United States Post Office Department The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postmas ...
begins the world's third regular airmail service, between
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
,
Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
and
Washington, D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
*
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...
– The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress. *
May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...
– The small town of
Codell, Kansas Codell is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 49. History Codell was established as a Union Pacific Railroad depot in 1887. Union Paci ...
is hit for the third year in a row, on the same date, by a
tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...
. * May 21 – The United States Army Aviation Section is separated from the Signal Corps, and divided into the
Division of Military Aeronautics The Division of Military Aeronautics was the name of the aviation organization of the United States Army for a four-day period during World War I. It was created by a reorganization by the War Department of the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps o ...
and the Bureau of
Aircraft An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines ...
Production. *
May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...
– Women in Canada, excluding residents of
Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
, are granted the right to vote in federal elections. *
May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...
– The
Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR; (), (). 22 April – 28 May 1918) was a short-lived state in the Caucasus that included most of the territory of the present-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as pa ...
is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia. *
May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &ndash ...
– WWI: The
Third Battle of the Aisne The Third Battle of the Aisne (french: 3e Bataille de l'Aisne) was a battle of the German spring offensive during World War I that focused on capturing the Chemin des Dames Ridge before the American Expeditionary Forces arrived completely in ...
commences. * May 28
Armenia Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
and
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...
declare their independence as the
First Republic of Armenia The First Republic of Armenia, officially known at the time of its existence as the Republic of Armenia ( hy, Հայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն), was the first modern Armenian state since the loss of Armenian statehood in the Middle ...
and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively. * May 29 – WWI: The week-long Battle of Sardarabad concludes with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans. * May 2930 – WWI: Battle of Skra di Legen – The Greek National Defence Army Corps defeats the Bulgarians.


June

*
June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...
August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named ''Sextilis'' in Latin because it was the 6th month in ...
– The "
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
" becomes
pandemic A pandemic () is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. A widespread endemic (epidemiology), endemic disease wi ...
. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months. *
June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– WWI: The Battle of Belleau Wood begins. * June 4 – RMS ''Kenilworth Castle'', one of the Union-Castle Line steamships, collides with her escort destroyer HMS ''Rival'' while trying to avoid her other escort, the cruiser HMS ''Kent''. *
June 5 Events Pre-1600 *1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– The ''
Afrikaner Broederbond The Afrikaner Broederbond (AB) or simply the Broederbond was an exclusively Afrikaner Calvinist and male secret society in South Africa dedicated to the advancement of the Afrikaner people. It was founded by H. J. Klopper, H. W. van der Merwe, ...
'', a confidential cultural organisation, is founded in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...
. *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
V603 Aquilae V603 Aquilae (or Nova Aquilae 1918) was a bright nova first observed (from Earth) in the constellation Aquila in 1918. It was the brightest "new star" to appear in the sky since Kepler's Supernova in 1604. Like all novae, it is a binary ...
, the brightest
nova A nova (plural novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", which is Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. Causes of the dramati ...
observed since Kepler's of
1604 Events January–June * January 1 – '' The Masque of Indian and China Knights'' is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court. * January 14 – The Hampton Court Conference is held between James I of England ...
, is discovered. * June 10 – WWI: The
Austro-Hungarian Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
dreadnought
battleship A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term ''battleship'' came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ...
SMS ''Szent István'' is sunk by two Italian
MAS Mas, Más or MAS may refer to: Film and TV * Más y Menos, fictional superhero characters, from the Teen Titans animated television series * Más (Breaking Bad), "Más" (''Breaking Bad''), a season three episode of ''Breaking Bad'' Songs * Más ( ...
motor torpedo boats off the
Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see #Name, names in other languages) is one of the four historical region, historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of ...
n coast. *
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
**
Grand Duke Michael of Russia Grand Duke Michael may refer to: * Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (1878–1918), youngest son of Tsar Alexander III of Russia * Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia (1861–1929), second son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaievich of R ...
is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be killed by the Bolsheviks. ** WWI: The first airplane bombing raid by an American unit in France is carried out. * June 16 – The
Declaration to the Seven The Declaration to the Seven was a document written by the Sir Mark Sykes, approved by Charles Hardinge, the Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office and released on June 16, 1918 in response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syr ...
, a British government response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
n notables, is published. * June 22 – Suspects in the
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn. *
June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries The Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries was a world's fair held in the Bronx, New York City, United States, in 1918. Meant to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Bronx's settlement, it failed to become popular, as t ...
opens in New York; Brazil is the only international exhibitor and the exposition closes at the end of the season.


July

* July 3Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War: The
Siberian Intervention The Siberian intervention or Siberian expedition of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers, Japan, and China to support White Russian fo ...
is launched by the
Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
, to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the
Russian Civil War , date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
. *
July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...
Mehmed VI Mehmed VI Vahideddin ( ota, محمد سادس ''Meḥmed-i sâdis'' or ''Vaḥîdü'd-Dîn''; tr, VI. Mehmed or /; 14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926), also known as Şahbaba () among the Osmanoğlu family, was the 36th and last Sultan of the O ...
succeeds as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother
Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...
(Reşâd, who has reigned since
1909 Events January–February * January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes. * January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama. * Januar ...
), himself reigning until the Sultanate is abolished in
1922 Events January * January 7 – Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic), Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes. * January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éirean ...
. *
July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...
– The
Imperial Japanese Navy The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender ...
battleship '' Kawachi'' blows up off
Tokuyama, Yamaguchi was a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. On April 21, 2003, Tokuyama, along with the city of Shinnan'yō, the town of Kumage (from Kumage District), and the town of Kano (from Tsuno District), was merged to create the city of Shūn ...
, western
Honshu , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separ ...
, Japan, killing at least 621. * July 13 – The National Czechoslovak Committee is established. *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 1420 ...
– The film '' The Glorious Adventure'' is released in the United States, featuring
Mammy Lou Mammy Lou (born c. 1804 - died after 1918) claimed an age which would have made her one of the earliest-born people to appear in a motion picture. Life In 1918, she appeared in the silent film '' The Glorious Adventure'', directed by Hobart Henl ...
, who becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of 114. * July 15 – WWI: Second Battle of the Marne: The battle begins near the
River Marne The Marne () is a river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris. It is long. The river gave its name to the departments of Haute-Marne, Marne, Seine-et-Marne, and Val-de-Marne. The Marne starts in ...
, with a German attack. * July 17 ** WWI: (famed for rescuing survivors of the ) is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland, by
Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
submarine '' U-55''; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued. **
Execution of the Romanov family The Russian Imperial Romanov family (Nicholas II of Russia, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei) were shot and bayoneted to death by Bolshevik revolutionaries under Yakov Yuro ...
: By order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by the
Cheka The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission ( rus, Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия, r=Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya, p=fsʲɪrɐˈsʲijskəjə tɕrʲɪzvɨˈtɕæjnəjə kɐˈmʲisʲɪjə), abbreviated ...
, former emperor
Nicholas II Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pola ...
, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children,
Olga Olga may refer to: People and fictional characters * Olga (name), a given name, including a list of people and fictional characters named Olga or Olha * Michael Algar (born 1962), English singer also known as "Olga" Places Russia * Olga, Russia, ...
,
Tatiana Tatiana (or Tatianna, also romanized as Tatyana, Tatjana, Tatijana, etc.) is a female name of Sabine-Roman origin that became widespread in Eastern Europe. Variations * be, Тацця́на, Tatsiana * bg, Татяна, Tatyana * germa ...
, Maria,
Anastasia Anastasia (from el, Ἀναστασία, translit=Anastasía) is a feminine given name of Greek origin, derived from the Greek word (), meaning "resurrection". It is a popular name in Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia, where it was the most ...
, Alexei and retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House, in
Ekaterinburg, Russia Yekaterinburg ( ; rus, Екатеринбург, p=jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk), alternatively romanized as Ekaterinburg and formerly known as Sverdlovsk ( rus, Свердло́вск, , svʲɪrˈdlofsk, 1924–1991), is a city and the administrati ...
. *
July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became the ...
– WWI: Attack on Orleans – Imperial German submarine ''
SM U-156 SM ''U-156'') and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''., group=Note was a German Type U 151 U-boat commissioned in 1917 for the Imperial German Navy. From 1917 until her disappearance i ...
'' surfaces and fires on a small convoy of barges and defending flying boats off the
Cape Cod Cape Cod is a peninsula extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer mont ...
town of Orleans, Massachusetts.


August

*
August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
North Russia Intervention: British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Arkhangelsk. *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
– WWI: Australian hospital ship is torpedoed and sunk in the
English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
on passage from
Le Havre Le Havre (, ; nrf, Lé Hâvre ) is a port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Seine on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux, very cl ...
to
Southampton Southampton () is a port city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire in southern England. It is located approximately south-west of London and west of Portsmouth. The city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Po ...
by German submarine with the loss of 123 of the 801 people on board. * August 8 – WWI: Battle of Amiens – British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the '
Hundred Days Offensive The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allies of World War I, Allied offensives that ended the First World War. Beginning with the Battle of Amiens (1918), Battle of Amiens (8–12 August) on the Wester ...
', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines, taking 12,000 prisoners. German General
Erich Ludendorff Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, politician and military theorist. He achieved fame during World War I for his central role in the German victories at Liège and Tannenberg in 1914. ...
later calls this the "black day of the German Army". * August 10
Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and ad ...
: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians. *
August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdan ...
– The
Battle of Lake Baikal The Battle of Lake Baikal was a naval battle undertaken by Czechoslovak forces. Background In August 1918, the Czechoslovak legion, under the leadership of Gajda, fought the Red Army for control of the mountain passes around Lake Baikal which ...
is fought by the Czechoslovak legion, against the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
. *
August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...
– WWI: The
Second Battle of the Somme The Second Battle of the Somme of 1918 was fought during the First World War on the Western Front from late August to early September, in the basin of the River Somme. It was part of a series of successful counter-offensives in response to th ...
begins. * August 23 – The
Bessarabian Peasants' Party The Bessarabian Peasants' Party ( ro, Partidul Țărănesc din Basarabia, PȚB or PȚ-Bas; also ''Partidul Țărănesc Basarabean'', ''Partidul Țărănist Basarabean'') or Moldavian National Democratic Party (''Partidul Național-Democrat Moldove ...
is created. * August 27
Battle of Ambos Nogales The Battle of Ambos Nogales (The Battle of Both Nogales), or as it is known in Mexico ''La batalla del 27 de agosto'' (The Battle of 27 August), was an engagement fought on 27 August 1918 between Mexican military and civilian militia forces and ...
: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican
Carrancistas This is a list of factions in the Mexican Revolution. Carrancistas Revolutionary followers of Venustiano Carranza from 1913 to 1914, and thereafter the Government army from 1914 until his death in 1920. In 1915, an insurgent group known as th ...
and their German
advisors An adviser or advisor is normally a person with more and deeper knowledge in a specific area and usually also includes persons with cross-functional and multidisciplinary expertise. An adviser's role is that of a mentor or guide and differs categor ...
at
Nogales, Arizona Nogales (English: or , ; ) is a city in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. The population was 20,837 at the 2010 census and estimated 20,103 in 2019. Nogales forms part of the larger Tucson–Nogales combined statistical area, with a total population ...
, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil. * August 30 ** 20,000 London policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition. ** In response to the
October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
in Russia,
Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
is shot and wounded by
Fanny Kaplan Fanny Efimovna Kaplan (russian: Фа́нни Ефи́мовна Капла́н, links=no; real name Feiga Haimovna Roytblat, ; February 10, 1890 – September 3, 1918) was a Ukrainian Jewish woman, Socialist-Revolutionary, and early Soviet dissi ...
in Moscow, but survives. ** Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the
Cheka The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission ( rus, Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия, r=Vserossiyskaya chrezvychaynaya komissiya, p=fsʲɪrɐˈsʲijskəjə tɕrʲɪzvɨˈtɕæjnəjə kɐˈmʲisʲɪjə), abbreviated ...
, is assassinated.


September

* September – WWI: British armies and their Arab allies roll into
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
. *
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the s ...
– The
Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the
Red Terror The Red Terror (russian: Красный террор, krasnyj terror) in Soviet Russia was a campaign of political repression and executions carried out by the Bolsheviks, chiefly through the Cheka, the Bolshevik secret police. It started in lat ...
, a period of repression against political opponents, as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper '' Izvestia''. * September 4 – WWI: Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin concludes with the Australian Corps breaking the German line. * September 5
Russian Civil War , date = October Revolution, 7 November 1917 – Yakut revolt, 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued Basmachi movement, in Central Asia and Tungus Republic, the Far East th ...
: The Kazan Operation begins. The event continues for 5 days, and solidifies the Red Army's power in Russia over the White Army. * September 12 – WWI: Battle of Havrincourt – British take a German salient. * September 1215 – WWI:
Battle of Saint-Mihiel The Battle of Saint-Mihiel was a major World War I battle fought from 12–15 September 1918, involving the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and 110,000 French troops under the command of General John J. Pershing of the United States against ...
– Americans take a German salient. * September 14 – WWI: The Balkan front offensive by the Serbian Army begins. *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
18 – WWI:
Battle of Dobro Pole The Battle of Dobro Pole ( sr, Битка код Доброг Поља, Bitka kod Dobrog Polja; gr, Μάχη του Ντόμπρο Πόλε, Máchi tou Dóbro Póle), also known as the Breakthrough at Dobro Pole ( bg, Пробив при До ...
in the Vardar Offensive of the Balkans Campaign: The
Allied Army of the Orient upright=1.1, Allied collaboration: an Italian captain, a Russian lieutenant, a Serb colonel, a French lieutenant, and a Greek gendarme The Allied Army of the Orient (AAO) (french: Armées alliées en Orient) was the name of the unified command over ...
defeats
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
n defenders. *
September 18 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects. * 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...
– WWI: Battle of Épehy – British approach the Hindenburg Line along the St Quentin Canal. * September 19 – WWI: ** The
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
's
Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
launches the Battle of Megiddo, incorporating the
Battle of Sharon The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which large formations engaged and responded to movements by the opposition, according to pre-existi ...
, and the
Battle of Nablus The Battle of Nablus was fought from April 5 to April 8, 2002 in the Palestinian city of Nablus in the West Bank between the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Palestinian forces, as part of Operation Defensive Shield in the Second Intifada. It re ...
, an attack in the
Judaean Mountains The Judaean Mountains, or Judaean Hills ( he, הרי יהודה, translit=Harei Yehuda) or the Hebron Mountains ( ar, تلال الخليل, translit=Tilal al-Khalīl, links=, lit=Hebron Mountains), is a mountain range in Palestine and Israel wh ...
. This day are fought the
Battle of Tulkarm The Battle of Tulkarm took place on 19 September 1918, beginning of the Battle of Sharon, which along with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Pale ...
, and the
Battle of Arara The Battle of Arara took place on 19 September 1918 during the Battle of Sharon, which along with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Cam ...
, which break the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to the Judaean Mountains, while the
Battle of Tabsor The Battle of Tabsor was fought on 19–20 September 1918 beginning the Battle of Sharon The Battle of Sharon fought between 19 and 25 September 1918, began the set piece Battle of Megiddo half a day before the Battle of Nablus, in which ...
extends into September 20. ** The
Third Transjordan attack The Third Transjordan attack by Chaytor's Force, part of the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), took place between 21 and 25 September 1918, against the Ottoman Empire's Fourth Army and other Yildirim Army Group units. These ...
in the Jordan Valley begins. * September 20 – WWI: The British Army's Desert Mounted Corps launches the ** Battle of Nazareth by
5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army) The 2nd Mounted Division was a cavalry division that served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine in World War I. It was formed in April 1918 when three brigades already in Palestine were merged with elements of the 2nd Indi ...
; **
Capture of Afulah and Beisan The Capture of Afula and Beisan occurred on 20 September 1918, during the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus (1918), Nablus, formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo (1918), Battle of Megiddo fought during the last months of ...
by the
4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army) The 1st Mounted Division was a cavalry Division (military), division that served as part of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Palestine (region), Palestine in World War I. It was formed in April 1918 when the Yeomanry Mounted Division was mer ...
; **
Capture of Jenin The Capture of Jenin occurred on 20 September 1918, during the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September during the last months of the Sinai and Pales ...
by the Australian Mounted Division, almost encircling the Yildirim Army Group still in the Judaean Mountains. *
September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...
– WWI: ** The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa,
Battle of Samakh The Battle of Samakh was fought on 25 September 1918, during the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought from 19 to 25 September 1918, in the last months of the Sinai and Pales ...
, and
Capture of Tiberias The Capture of Tiberias took place on 25 September 1918 during the Battle of Sharon which together with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Palestin ...
. ** The
Third Transjordan attack The Third Transjordan attack by Chaytor's Force, part of the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), took place between 21 and 25 September 1918, against the Ottoman Empire's Fourth Army and other Yildirim Army Group units. These ...
ends with ANZAC Mounted Division victory at the Second Battle of Amman, with the subsequent capture at Ziza of the Ottoman II Corps, and more than 10,000 Ottoman and German prisoners. * September 26 – WWI: ** The Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins, the largest and bloodiest operation of the war for the American Expeditionary Forces. ** The Capture of Damascus begins, with the
Charge at Irbid The Charge at Irbid occurred on 26 September 1918 as a consequence of the victory at the Battle of Megiddo during the subsequent inland pursuit by Desert Mounted Corps to capture Damascus in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. The ...
by the 4th Cavalry Division. * September 27 – WWI: ** The
Battle of the Canal du Nord The Battle of Canal du Nord was part of the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War by the Allies against German positions on the Western Front. The battle took place in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, along an incomplete portion of ...
, launched by British and Empire forces, continues the advance towards the Hindenburg Line. ** The
Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub The Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub was fought on 27 September 1918 at the beginning of the pursuit by the Desert Mounted Corps of the retreating remnants of the Yildirim Army Group towards Damascus during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World ...
, launched by the Australian Mounted Division, continues the advance towards
Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ...
. * September 29 – WWI: **
Battle of St Quentin Canal The Battle of St. Quentin Canal was a pivotal battle of World War I that began on 29 September 1918 and involved British, Australian and American forces operating as part of the British Fourth Army under the overall command of General Sir He ...
begins; Allied forces advance towards the Hindenburg Line. **
Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
requests an armistice. *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...
– WWI: ** The
Charge at Kaukab The Charge at Kaukab took place on 30 September 1918 about south of Damascus during the pursuit by Desert Mounted Corps following the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force victory at the Battle of Megiddo (1918), Battle of Megiddo and the Battle ...
is begun by units of the Australian Mounted Division. ** The
Charge at Kiswe The Charge at Kiswe took place on 30 September 1918 about south of Damascus, during the pursuit by Desert Mounted Corps following the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force victory at the Battle of Megiddo, the Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub and th ...
is begun by 4th Cavalry Division, continuing the Desert Mounted Corps' advance to Damascus.


October

* October 1 – WWI: The Desert Mounted Corps captures Damascus. *
October 2 Events Pre-1600 * 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor. * 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and ot ...
– WWI: The
Charge at Khan Ayash The Charge at Khan Ayash occurred on 2 October 1918 about north of Damascus after the pursuit to, and capture of Damascus, which followed the decisive Egyptian Expeditionary Force victory at the Battle of Megiddo on 25 September during the Si ...
is begun north of Damascus, by the
3rd Light Horse Brigade The 3rd Light Horse Brigade was a mounted infantry brigade of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), which served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. The brigade was initially formed as a part-time militia formation in the early 1900s i ...
. * October 3 ** Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints
Max von Baden Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (''Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm''; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929),Almanach de Gotha. ''Haus Baden (Maison de Bade)''. Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1944, p. 18, (French). also known as Max von Baden, was a Ger ...
Chancellor of Germany The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany,; often shortened to ''Bundeskanzler''/''Bundeskanzlerin'', / is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the Ge ...
. ** King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son,
Boris III Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until hi ...
. ** WWI: The
Pursuit to Haritan The Pursuit to Haritan occurred between 29 September and 26 October 1918 when the XXI Corps (United Kingdom), XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) pursued the retreating remnants of the Yildirim Army Group a ...
by the Desert Mounted Corps begins. * October 4 ** Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new, liberal government to sue for peace. ** The
T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion, sometimes called the Morgan Munitions Depot explosion or similar titles, began at 7:36 pm EDT on Friday, October 4, 1918, at a World War I ammunition plant in the Morgan area ...
in New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western Front for 6 months. * October 7 – The
Regency Council (Poland) The Regency Council: Ostrowski, Kakowski, Lubomirski The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland () was a semi-independent and temporarily appointed highest authority (head of state) in partitioned Poland during World War I. It was formed by Im ...
declares Polish independence from the
German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
, and demands that Germany cede the Polish provinces of
Poznań Poznań () is a city on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John ...
, Upper Silesia and
Polish Pomerania Pomerelia,, la, Pomerellia, Pomerania, pl, Pomerelia (rarely used) also known as Eastern Pomerania,, csb, Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô Vistula Pomerania, prior to World War II also known as Polish Pomerania, is a historical sub-region of Pome ...
. *
October 8 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories. * 451 – The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins. * 876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger preven ...
10 – WWI:
Second Battle of Cambrai The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was a battle between troops of the British First Army (United Kingdom), First, Third Army (United Kingdom), Third and Fourth Army (United Kingdom), Fourth Armies and German ...
: British and Canadian troops take
Cambrai Cambrai (, ; pcd, Kimbré; nl, Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord (French department), Nord Departments of France, department and in the Hauts-de-France Regions of France, regio ...
from the Germans and the First and Third British Armies break through the Hindenburg Line. *
October 8 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories. * 451 – The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins. * 876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger preven ...
– WWI: In the
Forest of Argonne The Forest of Argonne () is a long strip of mountainous and wild woodland in northeastern France, approximately east of Paris. The forest measures roughly long and wide filled with many small hills and deep valleys formed by water run-off fro ...
in France, U.S. Corporal
Alvin C. York Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), also known as Sergeant York, was one of the most decorated United States Army soldiers of World War I. He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine ...
almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132. * October 9 – Landgrave
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse (german: Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel; fi, Fredrik Kaarle; 1 May 1868 – 28 May 1940), was the brother-in-law of the German Empe ...
is elected
King of Finland This is a list of monarchs and heads of state of Finland; that is, the kings of Sweden with regents and viceroys of the Kalmar Union, the grand dukes of Finland, a title used by most Swedish monarchs, up to the two-year regency following the inde ...
. * October 11 – The magnitude (Mw) 7.1 San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributes to the damage and loss of life. * October 12Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota, and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453. *
October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
– The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, Washington Declaration proclaims the independent First Czechoslovak Republic, Czechoslovak Republic. * October 24 – WWI: The Battle of Vittorio Veneto opens. * October 25 ** WWI: Battle of Aleppo (1918), Aleppo is captured, by Faisal I of Iraq, Prince Feisal's Sheifial Forces. ** The steamer ''SS Princess Sophia, Princess Sophia'' sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die, in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest. * October 26 – WWI – Charge at Haritan: Units of the Desert Mounted Corps battle with Ottoman forces for the last time in WWI. * October 28 ** Czechoslovakia declares its independence from
Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
. ** A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Eastern Europe). * October 29 ** The Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Seas Fleet breaks out. ** The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from Austria-Hungary. * October 30 ** The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state. ** The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. * October 31 – The Kingdom of Hungary, Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.


November

* November 1 ** The Polish–Ukrainian War is inaugurated, by the proclamation of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia, with a capital at Lviv, Lwów. ** Serbian forces recapture Belgrade. ** Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead. * November 3 ** WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies of WWI, Allies, at the Villa Giusti in Padua. ** Poland declares its independence from Russia. ** German Revolution of 1918–1919, German Revolution: In Kiel, sailors in the German fleet Kiel mutiny, mutiny, and throughout northern
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils, on the Russian Soviet (council), soviet model. * November 4 – WWI: The Armistice of Villa Giusti ends warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary, on the Italian Front. * November 6 – A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin. * November 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria, Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country. * November 8 – The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser. The German Armistice delegation arrives at the Forest of Compiègne in France. * November 9 ** Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands. ** The Proclamation of the republic in Germany, German Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin, on the Reichstag building, Reichstag balcony. ** Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic. ** British Pre-dreadnought battleship, battleship is sunk by a German submarine off Cape Trafalgar, Trafalgar, with the loss of around fifty lives (the last major naval engagement of WWI). * November 11 ** End of World War I, WWI: Armistice of 11 November 1918 – Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies, between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM, in the "Compiègne Wagon", Marshal Ferdinand Foch, Foch's railroad car, in the Forest of Compiègne in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. At 10:59 U.S. soldier Henry Gunther becomes (probably) the last killed in action. ** Poland regains independence, after 123 years of Partitions of Poland, partitions. Józef Piłsudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief. ** Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power, but does not abdicate. ** Loppem Coup: Start of a series of political meetings between Albert I of Belgium, King Albert I and Belgian liberals and socialists. ** Red Week (Netherlands), Red Week: Pieter Jelles Troelstra gives a speech calling for socialist revolution in the Netherlands. * November 12 – Republic of German-Austria, Austria becomes a republic. * November 13 ** The Allied Occupation of Constantinople begins. ** Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, relinquishes all governing duties. * November 14 ** Czechoslovakia becomes a republic. ** The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed with Józef Piłsudski as head of state. ** The provisional government of Baden proclaims the "Free People's Republic of Baden" (''Freie Volksrepublik Baden''). ** Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, is forced from his throne, leading to the establishment of the People's State of Hesse. ** Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin abdicates his throne, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. ** Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, announces he is ceasing to rule Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, leading to the establishment of the Free State of Coburg. ** German East African troops are informed of the November 11 armistice. * November 16 – The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared, marking Hungary's independence from Austria. * November 18 – Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, Latvia declares its independence from Russia. * November 20 –
U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
s start to rendezvous off Harwich, to begin the surrender of the High Seas Fleet to the British Royal Navy; in the following week the German warships are escorted to internment in Scapa Flow. * November 21 – Lwów pogrom (1918), Lwów pogrom: Second Polish Republic, Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and History of the Jews in Poland, Jews in Lviv, Lwów, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia. * November 22 ** The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party. ** The Monarchy of Belgium, Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war, King Albert I of Belgium, Albert I having commanded the Allies of World War I, Allied army group in the September–October Battle of Courtrai (1918), Courtrai offensive, which liberated his country. ** Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden, abdicates; the Grand Duchy of Baden gives way to the Republic of Baden. * November 23 – British military government of Palestine (region), Palestine begins. * November 25 – General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, German commander in German East Africa, signs a ceasefire at Mbala, Zambia, Abercorn in Northern Rhodesia. * November 26 – The Podgorica Assembly ('Great National Assembly of the Serb People in Montenegro') votes for a "union of the people" between the kingdoms of Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia and for deposition of the exiled King Nicholas I of Montenegro. * November 28 – Estonian War of Independence: The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
invades Estonia, starting the war. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia is established as a Soviet puppet state in Narva on the next day. * November 29 – Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia annexes Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro, suspending the latter's existence as a sovereign state for nearly the entirety of the following 88 years. * November 30 – Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the ''Orchestre de la Suisse Romande''.


December

* December 1 ** By the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union, Kingdom of Iceland, Iceland regains independence, but remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland. ** New voting laws in
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote. ** The Union of Transylvania with Romania, Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of
Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...
and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with the
Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...
. ** The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later becomes the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed, in particular ending Serbia's existence as a sovereign state for the next 87 years (it would not regain its sovereignty until 2006). * December 4 – President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to Europe while holding office. * December 5 – Estonian War of Independence: The British light cruiser strikes a naval mine, mine and sinks near Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea, killing 11 sailors. * December 6: A 1918 Vancouver Island earthquake, magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes British Columbia. * December 14 **
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse (german: Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel; fi, Fredrik Kaarle; 1 May 1868 – 28 May 1940), was the brother-in-law of the German Empe ...
renounces the Finnish throne. ** Portuguese President Sidónio Pais is assassinated. ** Giacomo Puccini's comic opera ''Gianni Schicchi'' premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
. * December 16 – Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declares the formation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19), Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War. * December 17 – Darwin Rebellion in Australia: Disaffected workers march on Government House, Darwin, demanding the resignation of the Administrator of the Northern Territory, John A. Gilruth. * December 20 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic. * December 21 – Estonian War of Independence: The
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
captures Tartu, Estonia. * December 25 – ''Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten'', is formed in Germany as a German nationalism, nationalist veterans' organization. * December 27 – Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19): Poles in Greater Poland (the former Grand Duchy of Posen) rise up against the Germans, ignited by a patriotic speech made in
Poznań Poznań () is a city on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Saint John ...
by pianist and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski. * December 28 – Sinn Féin enjoys a landslide victory in Irish seats in the 1918 Irish general election, Irish general election (part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election), following the counting of votes, winning 73 of the 105 seats in Ireland. In accordance with their Sinn Féin Manifesto 1918, manifesto, Sinn Féin members will not take their seats in the Palace of Westminster but will form the First Dáil in Dublin. Countess Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway Prison (London), becomes the first woman elected to (but does not take her seat in) the British House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons. * December 31 – A British-brokered ceasefire ends the two weeks of fighting in the Georgian–Armenian War.


Date unknown

* The Native American Church is formally founded in Oklahoma. * The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of Prohibition in the United States. * United Business Media is founded in London, as United Newspapers Ltd. * Around 1,000 pilot whales are Cetacean stranding, stranded in the Chatham Islands.


Births


January

* January 1 ** Nat Jaffe, American swing jazz pianist (d. 1945) ** Patrick Anthony Porteous, Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (d. 2000) * January 2 – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse, German typographer, calligrapher and book-binder (d. 2019) *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– Alma Ziegler, American female professional baseball player (d. 2005) * January 10 – Arthur Chung, 1st President of Guyana (d. 2008) * January 11 – Kassim Al-Rimawi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1982) * January 12 – Mike Laffin, Canadian politician, dentist (d. 2019) * January 14 – Dimitri Tsafendas, South African criminal (d. 1999) *
January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
** João Figueiredo, 30th President of Brazil (d. 1999) ** Ira B. Harkey Jr., American newspaper editor (d. 2006) ** Gamal Abdel Nasser, 2nd President of Egypt (d. 1970) ** Deryck Stapleton, British Royal Air Force officer (d. 2018) * January 16 ** Nel Benschop, Dutch poet (d. 2005) ** Allan Ekelund, Swedish film producer (d. 2009) ** Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (d. 1996) * January 17 ** Kamal Amrohi, Indian director, screenwriter (d. 1993) ** George M. Leader, American politician (d. 2013) *
January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to ''Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surrender ...
** Peter Hobbs (actor), Peter Hobbs, American actor (d. 2011) ** John H. Johnson, African-American publisher, founder of ''Ebony (magazine), Ebony'' (d. 2005) * January 20 ** Juan García Esquivel, Mexican bandleader (d. 2002) ** Nevin S. Scrimshaw, American food scientist (d. 2013) * January 21 ** Chicháy, Filipino actress (d. 1993) ** Richard Winters, U.S. Army officer (d. 2011) * January 22 – Elmer Lach, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015) * January 23 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999) * January 24 – Oral Roberts, American neo-Pentecostal televangelist (d. 2009) *
January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
– Ernie Harwell, American baseball sportscaster (d. 2010) * January 26 ** Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist politician and leader (d. 1989) ** Philip José Farmer, American writer (d. 2009) ** Vito Scotti, American character actor (d. 1996) *
January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...
** Skitch Henderson, English-born musician, bandleader (d. 2005) ** Elmore James, American musician (d. 1963) * January 29 ** Luis Aguilar (actor), Luis Aguilar, Mexican actor, and singer (d. 1997) ** John Forsythe, American actor (''Dynasty'') (d. 2010) * January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist (d. 2019) *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– Millie Dunn Veasey, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018)


February

*
February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
** Carlos Fayt, Argentine lawyer, politician and academic (d. 2016) ** Dame Muriel Spark, Scottish author (d. 2006) * February 2 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011) * February 3 ** Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack" (d. 2007) ** Martin Greenberg (poet), Martin Greenberg, American poet and translator (d. 2021) ** Helen Stephens, American runner (d. 1994) * February 4 ** Clive Bossom, British politician (d. 2017) ** Ida Lupino, Anglo-American actress, screenwriter, director and producer (d. 1995) *
February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...
– Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author (d. 2007) * February 7 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (d. 1999) * February 8 ** Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler, novelty singer (''Pencil Neck Geek'') (d. 2003) ** Walter Newton Read, American lawyer, second chairman of the New Jersey Casino Control Commission (d. 2001) * February 12 – Julian Schwinger, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994) *
February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...
– William L. Snyder, American film producer (d. 1998) * February 15 ** Allan Arbus, American actor (''M*A*S*H (TV series), M*A*S*H'') (d. 2013) ** Smilja Avramov, Serbian academic, authority and educator in international law (d. 2018) ** William T. Young, American businessman (d. 2004) *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Patty Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 2013) * February 17 – William Bronk, American poet (d. 1999) *
February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...
– Fay McKenzie, American silent film actress (d. 2019) *
February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...
– Robert E. Thacker, American aviator and test pilot (d. 2020) * February 22 ** Charlie Finley, American owner of the Oakland A's (1960–80) (d. 1996) ** Don Pardo, American television announcer (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 2014) ** Robert Pershing Wadlow, American tallest man record-holder (d. 1940) * February 25 ** Barney Ewell, American athlete (d. 1996) ** Miguel Gallastegui, Spanish pelotari (d. 2019) ** Bobby Riggs, American tennis player (d. 1995) * February 26 ** Herbert Blaize, 6th Prime Minister of Grenada (d. 1989) ** Lloyd Geering, New Zealand theologian ** Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985) * February 28 – Alfred Burke, English actor (d. 2011)


March

*
March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor ...
** Franz Becker, German footballer (d.
1965 Events January–February * January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years. * January 20 ** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...
) ** Roger Delgado, British actor (d. 1973) ** João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (d. 1976) ** James N. Morgan, American economist (d. 2018) * March 2 – Martin Flannery, British politician (d. 2006) *
March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 &nd ...
** Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2007) ** Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (d. 2000) * March 4 – Margaret Osborne duPont, American female tennis player (d. 2012) * March 5 ** Shlomo Lorincz, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2009) ** James Tobin, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Memorial Prize laureate (d. 2002) * March 9 ** George Lincoln Rockwell, American Nazi leader (d. 1967) ** Mickey Spillane, American writer (d. 2006) * March 10 – Günther Rall, German ace fighter pilot (d. 2009) * March 11 – Jack Coe, American evangelist (d. 1956) *
March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– Elaine de Kooning, American artist (d. 1989) * March 13 – Eddie Pellagrini, American baseball player, coach (d. 2006) * March 14 – John McCallum (actor), John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
– William McIntyre (judge), William McIntyre, Canadian Puisne Justice (d. 2009) * March 16 – Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * March 17 – Viviane Gauthier, Haitian dancer (d. 2017) * March 18 – Bob Broeg, American sports writer (d. 2005) * March 20 – Jack Barry (game show host), Jack Barry, American television game show host, producer (d. 1984) * March 22 – Cheddi Jagan, 4th President of Guyana (d. 1997) * March 23 ** Kazu Naoki, Japanese soccer player (d. 1940s) ** Stick McGhee, American jump blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter (d. 1961) ** Émile Derlin Zinsou, President of Benin (d. 2016) *
March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
– Howard Cosell, American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. 1995) * March 26 – Lloyd McCuiston, American politician (d. 2021) * March 28 – Gonzalo Facio Segreda, Costa Rican lawyer, politician, and diplomat (d. 2018) * March 29 ** Pearl Bailey, African-American singer, actress (d. 1990) ** Shirley Jameson, American female baseball player (d. 1993) ** Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart (d. 1992)


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...
– Milt Earnhart, American politician (d. 2020) * April 6 ** Alfredo Ovando Candía, 48th President of Bolivia (d. 1982) ** George Corones, Australian Masters swimmer (d. 2020) * April 7 – Bobby Doerr, American baseball player (d. 2017) *
April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...
** Betty Ford, First Lady of the United States (d. 2011) ** Charles P. Roland, American historian (d. 2022) *
April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...
– Jørn Utzon, Danish architect (d. 2008) * April 10 – H. S. Doreswamy, Indian activist, journalist (d. 2021) * April 11 – Jean-Claude Servan-Schreiber, French journalist, politician (d. 2018) * April 14 – Mary Healy (entertainer), Mary Healy, American actress, variety entertainer and singer (d. 2015) * April 15 – Edmund Jones, American politician (d. 2019) * April 16 ** Spike Milligan, Irish comedian (d. 2002) ** Murray Westgate, Canadian actor (d. 2018) * April 17 ** William Holden, American actor (d. 1981) ** Frank Popper, French historian (d. 2020) ** Anne Shirley (actress), Anne Shirley, American actress (d. 1993) * April 18 ** Gabriel Axel, Danish film director (d. 2014) ** Shinobu Hashimoto, Japanese screenwriter (d. 2018) ** Clifton Hillegass, American author, founder of ''CliffsNotes'' (d. 2001) ** Claudio Teehankee, Filipino lawyer (d. 1989) * April 20 **Edward L. Beach Jr., American naval officer, author (d. 2002) **Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) *
April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
** William Jay Smith, American poet (d. 2015) ** Mickey Vernon, American baseball player (d. 2008) * April 24 – Lou Dorfsman, American graphic designer (d. 2008) * April 26 – Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (d. 2004) * April 27 – John Rice (umpire), John Rice, American baseball umpire (d. 2011) * April 28 ** Mildred Persinger, American feminist (d. 2018) ** Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, East German journalist, host of the television show ''Der schwarze Kanal'' (d. 2001) ** Rodger Wilton Young, United States Army soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (d. 1943) * April 29 ** George Allen (American football coach), George Allen, American football coach (d. 1990) ** Nils Östensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 1949)


May

* May 1 ** Jack Paar, American television show host (''The Tonight Show'') (d. 2004) ** Li Yaowen, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 2018) * May 3 – Richard Dudman, American reporter, editorial writer (''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'') (d. 2017) * May 4 ** Kakuei Tanaka, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1993) ** Ana Enriqueta Terán, Venezuelan poet (d. 2017) * May 5 – Egidio Galea, Maltese Roman Catholic priest (d. 2005) * May 6 ** Henrietta Boggs, Costa Rican-American author, journalist and activist (d. 2020) ** Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, 1st President of the United Arab Emirates (d. 2004) *
May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
** Russell M. Carneal, American politician, judge (d. 1998) ** Orville Freeman, American politician (d. 2003) ** Mike Wallace, American journalist (d. 2012) * May 10 ** T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician (d. 2018) ** George Welch (pilot), George Welch, American aviator (d. 1954) *
May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...
– Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) * May 12 – Julius Rosenberg, American-born Soviet spy (d. 1953) *
May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** Eddy Arnold, American country music singer (d. 2008) ** Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor (d. 2009) *
May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...
– Wilf Mannion, English footballer (d. 2000) * May 17 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish soprano (d. 2005) * May 18 ** Claudia Bryar, American actress (d. 2011) ** Joe and Beth Krush, Joe Krush, American illustrator (d. 2022) * May 19 – Abraham Pais, Dutch-born American physicist (d. 2000) *
May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...
– Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) * May 23 ** Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player, politician (d. 2007) ** Naomi Replansky, American poet *
May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &ndash ...
– Yasuhiro Nakasone, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2019) * May 28 ** Norbert Franck, Luxembourgian swimmer (d. 2006) ** Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (d. 1990) * May 30 ** Károly Doncsecz, Slovenian potter (d. 2002) ** Martin Lundström, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2016) * May 31 – Margaret Todd (golfer), Margaret Todd, Canadian female golfer (d. 2019)


June

* June 2 – Kathryn Tucker Windham, American writer, storyteller (d. 2011) * June 4 **Ray Steiner Cline, American government official (d. 1996) **Johnny Klein, American drummer (d. 1997) * June 6 ** Kenneth Connor, English comedy stage, radio, film and television actor (d. 1993) ** Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) *
June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...
– Robert Preston (actor), Robert Preston, American actor (''The Music Man'') (d. 1987) * June 9 – John Hospers, American philosopher (d. 2011) * June 10 ** Wood Moy, American actor (d. 2017) ** Patachou, French singer (d. 2015) * June 11 – Hugo Scheltema, Dutch diplomat (d. 1996) *
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...
– Jerry A. Moore Jr., American politician (d. 2017) * June 15 – François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (d. 1975) * June 17 ** Derek Barber, Baron Barber of Tewkesbury, British life peer (d. 2017) ** Ajahn Chah Subaddho, Buddhist teacher (d. 1992) ** Raúl Padilla (alias ''El Chato''), Mexican actor (d. 1994) * June 18 ** Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) ** Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Memorial Prize laureate (d. 2003) ** Angel Martín Taboas, Puerto Rican-American politician ** Elisabeth Waldo, American violinist, composer * June 21 ** Allan Lindberg, Swedish pole vaulter (d. 2004) ** Dee Molenaar, American mountaineer, author and artist (d. 2020) ** Adriana Sivieri, Argentine-born Italian film actress ** Tibor Szele, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1955) ** Josephine Webb, American engineer * June 22 ** Cicely Saunders, English Anglican nurse, social worker, physician and writer (d. 2005) ** Yeoh Ghim Seng, Singaporean politician, acting President of Singapore (d. 1993) * June 23 – Paul Ashbee, British archaeologist (d. 2009) * June 24 ** Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky, Ukrainian Catholic bishop (d. 2000) ** Yong Nyuk Lin, Singaporean politician (d. 2012) * June 25 ** Lady Cynthia Postan, English horticulturist (d. 2017) ** Sid Tepper, American songwriter (d. 2015) * June 26 ** Ellen Liiger, Estonian actress (d. 1987) ** Raleigh Rhodes, American combat fighter pilot (d. 2007) ** Leo Rosner, Polish-born Austrian Jewish musician (d. 2008) * June 27 ** Willy Breinholst, Danish humorist, writer (d. 2009) ** Adolph Kiefer, American former competition swimmer (d. 2017) * June 28 – Marshall Brown (basketball, born 1918), Marshall Brown, American professional basketball player (d. 2008) *
June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...
** Gene La Rocque, U.S. admiral (d. 2016) ** Heini Lohrer, Swiss ice hockey player (d. 2011) * June 30 – Jackie Roberts, Welsh footballer (d. 2001)


July

* July 1 ** Ahmed Deedat, South African writer, public speaker (d. 2005) ** Pedro Yap, Filipino lawyer (d. 2003) ** Ralph Young (singer), Ralph Young, American singer, actor (d. 2008) * July 2 ** Athos Bulcão, Brazilian painter, sculptor (d. 2008) ** Indumati Bhattacharya, Indian politician (d. 1990) * July 3 ** Shirley Adelson Siegel, American activist and lawyer (d. 2020) ** Johnny Palmer, American golfer (d. 2006) ** Benjamin C. Thompson, American architect (d. 2002) ** Lorenzo Robledo, Spanish actor (d. 2006) *
July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...
** King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV of Tonga (d. 2006) ** Alec Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2010) ** Eric Bedser, English cricketer (d. 2006) ** Eppie Lederer, Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002) ** Joe Fortunato (coach), Joe Fortunato, American football, basketball, and baseball coach (d. 2004) ** Pauline Phillips, American advice columnist, popularly known as Abigail Van Buren (d. 2013) * July 5 ** Brian James (actor), Brian James, Australian actor (d. 2009) ** Zakaria Mohieddin, Egyptian general, politician (d. 2012) ** Nikos Papatakis, Greek Ethiopian-born naturalised French filmmaker (d. 2010) ** George Rochberg, American composer (d. 2005) ** Miguel Ángel Sanz Bocos, Spanish fighter pilot (d. 2018) * July 6 ** Sebastian Cabot (actor), Sebastian Cabot, English actor (d. 1977) ** J. Dewey Daane, American economist (d. 2017) ** Herm Fuetsch, American professional basketball player (d. 2010) ** Francisco Moncion, Dominican-American dancer, charter member of New York City Ballet (d. 1995) * July 7 ** Jing Shuping, Chinese businessman (d. 2009) ** Bob Vanatta, American head basketball coach (d. 2016) * July 8 ** Paul B. Fay, American businessman, soldier, and diplomat, 12th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 2009) ** Edward B. Giller, U.S. major general (d. 2017) ** Julia Pirie, British spy working for MI5 (d. 2008) ** Oluf Reed-Olsen, Norwegian resistance member, pilot (d. 2002) ** Craig Stevens (actor), Craig Stevens, American actor (d. 2000) * July 9 – Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (d. 1999) * July 10 ** Frank L. Lambert, American professor emeritus of chemistry at Occidental College (d. 2018) ** Chuck Stevens, American major baseball (d. 2018) * July 11 – Venetia Burney, English woman known for being the first person to suggest the name Pluto for the planet in 1930 (d. 2009) *
July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...
** Mary Glen-Haig, British Olympic fencer (d. 2014) ** Doris Grumbach, American novelist, memoirist, biographer, literary critic, and essayist (d. 2022) ** Vivian Mason, American actress (d. 2009) ** Paul Stenn, American football offensive tackle (d. 2003) ** Alice Van-Springsteen, American stuntwoman, jockey (d. 2008) * July 13 ** Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955) ** Ted Oldfield, English footballer (d. 2006) *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 1420 ...
** T. M. Aluko, Nigerian writer (d. 2010) ** Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (d. 2007) ** Jay Wright Forrester, American computer engineer, systems scientist (d. 2016) * July 15 ** Paddy Bassett, New Zealand scientist (d. 2019) ** Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003) ** Aubrey Buxton, Baron Buxton of Alsa, British soldier, politician, television executive and writer (d. 2009) ** Arthur Dimmock, English writer, journalist and historian (d. 2007) ** Brenda Milner, Canadian neuropsychologist * July 16 ** Denis Edward Arnold, English soldier (d. 2015) ** Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (d. 1989) ** Pituka de Foronda, Spanish actress (d. 1999) ** John Frost (SAAF officer), John Everitt Frost Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), DFC medal bar, & Bar, World War II South African Air Force, SAAF fighter aviator, pilot (Missing in action, MIA 16 June 1942) ** Samuel Victor Perry, British biochemist (d. 2009) ** Leonard T. Schroeder, American colonel (d. 2009) ** Jim Vickers-Willis, Australian journalist (d. 2008) * July 17 ** Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (d. 2003) ** Chandler Robbins, American ornithologist (d. 2017) *
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Lia Dorana, Dutch comedian, actress (d. 2010) ** James Duesenberry, American economist (d. 2009) ** Warren Hair, American professional basketball player (d. 2006) ** Nelson Mandela, 1st President of South Africa and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2013) * July 20 ** Auður Laxness, Icelandic writer, craftsperson (d. 2012) ** Edward S. Little, American diplomat (d. 2004) ** Eric Longworth, British actor (d. 2008) ** Cindy Walker, American songwriter, country singer (d. 2006) *
July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became the ...
– Elsa Kobberstad, Norwegian schoolteacher, politician (d. 2007) * July 22 ** Stanley Lebergott, American government economist (d. 2009) ** Lila Zali, Georgian-born American prima ballerina (d. 2003) * July 23 ** Abraham Bueno de Mesquita, Dutch comedian, actor (d. 2005) ** Carl T. Langford, American politician (d. 2011) ** Pee Wee Reese, American baseball player (d. 1999) * July 24 ** Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic, sociologist (d. 2017) ** Irving London, American hematologist and geneticist (d. 2018) ** Ruggiero Ricci, Italian-born violinist (d. 2012) * July 25 ** Jane Frank, American artist (d. 1986) ** Alexander McKee (author), Alexander McKee, British journalist, military historian and diver, discoverer of the ''Mary Rose'' (d. 1992) * July 27 – Leonard Rose, American cellist (d. 1984) * July 28 – Penaia Ganilau, 1st President of Fiji (d. 1993) * July 29 ** Frank Miller (singer), Frank Miller, American singer (d. 2015) ** Edwin O'Connor, American novelist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (d. 1968) * July 30 ** John L. Cason, American actor (d. 1961) ** Jimmy Robinson (actor), Jimmy Robinson, American actor (d. 1967) * July 31 ** Vicente Almeida d'Eça, Portuguese colonial administrator (d. 2018) ** Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) ** Hank Jones, American pianist (d. 2010)


August

* August 1 ** Artur Brauner, German film producer and entrepreneur (d. 2019) ** Zhou Xuan, Chinese singer, actress (d. 1957) *
August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...
– Dada Vaswani, Indian spiritual leader (d. 2018) *
August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
** Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999) ** Cheng Kaijia, Chinese nuclear physicist and engineer (d. 2018) * August 4 – Noel Willman, Irish actor (d. 1988) * August 5 ** Kondapalli Koteswaramma, Indian communist leader, feminist, revolutionary and writer (d. 2018) ** Betty Oliphant, co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. 2004) * August 6 – Charles Coulston Gillispie, American historian (d. 2015) * August 11 – Thomas A. Bird, British WWII army officer, architect (d. 2017) * August 12 – Roy C. Bennett, American songwriter (d. 2015) * August 13 ** Noor Hassanali, 2nd President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2006) ** Tao Porchon-Lynch, American yoga master and author (d. 2020) ** Frederick Sanger, English biochemist, two time Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) * August 19 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, 9th President of India (d. 1999) * August 20 – Crystal Bennett, British archaeologist, pioneering researcher on Jordan (d. 1987) *
August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...
– Bruria Kaufman, American-born Israeli physicist (d. 2010) * August 22 ** Said Mohamed Djohar, President of the Comoros (d. 2006) ** Martin Pope, American physical chemist (d. 2022) * August 23 – Bernard Fisher (scientist), Bernard Fisher, American surgeon (d. 2019) * August 25 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer, conductor (d. 1990) * August 26 ** Hutton Gibson, American religion writer, father of actor Mel Gibson (d. 2020) ** Katherine Johnson, African-American physicist, space scientist and mathematician (d. 2020) ** Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiróz, Brazilian sociologist (d. 2018) * August 27 ** Simeon Booker, American journalist (d. 2017) ** Chang Yun Chung, Chinese-born billionaire shipping magnate (d. 2020) ** Jelle Zijlstra, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1966 to 1967 (d. 2001) * August 28 – Alejandro Agustín Lanusse, 37th President of Argentina (d. 1996) * August 29 ** Clemens C. J. Roothaan, Dutch physicist (d. 2019) ** Brian Stonehouse, English painter, WWII spy (d. 1998) * August 30 – Ted Williams, American baseball player (d. 2002) * August 31 ** Griffin Bell, American politician (d. 2009) ** Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist, librettist (d. 1986) ** Kenny Washington (American football), Kenny Washington, African-American football player (d. 1971)


September

* September 1 ** James D. Martin, American politician (d. 2017) ** Phyllis Wallbank, English educationalist (d. 2020) *
September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the s ...
– Helen Wagner, American soap opera actress (d. 2010) * September 4 ** John Carrick (Australian politician), John Carrick, Australian politician (d. 2018) ** Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (d. 2009) ** Gerald Wilson, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2014) * September 5 - Fred McCarthy (cartoonist), Fred McCarthy, American cartoonist (d. 2009) * September 6 ** Hugh Gillis, American politician (d. 2013) ** Ludwig Hörmann, German cyclist (d. 2001) * September 8 – Derek Barton, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * September 9 – Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, 9th President of Italy (d. 2012) * September 13 ** Ray Charles (musician, born 1918), Ray Charles, American musician, singer and songwriter (d. 2015) ** Rosemary Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 2005) ** Eric McClintock, Australian businessman, public servant (d. 2018) * September 14 – James George (diplomat), James George, Canadian diplomat (d. 2020) *
September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...
– Nipsey Russell, American comedian, poet, and dancer (d. 2005) * September 16 – Ismail Mohamed Ali, Malaysian politician (d. 1998) * September 17 – Chaim Herzog, 6th President of Israel 1983–1993 (d. 1997) * September 19 – Joseph Zeller, American politician (d. 2018) * September 21 – John Gofman, American Manhattan Project scientist, advocate (d. 2007) * September 22 – Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (d. 1988) * September 24 – Emerante Morse, Haitian singer, dancer and folklorist (d. 2018) * September 26 ** Peng Chang-kuei, Taiwanese chef (d. 2016) ** Harry Yee, American bartender ** John Zacherle, American television and radio host, singer, and voice actor (d. 2016) * September 27 ** Sotero Laurel, Filipino politician and educator (d. 2009) ** Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1984) * September 28 ** Ángel Labruna, Argentine soccer player, manager (d. 1983) ** Ida Schuster, Scottish actress (d. 2020) ** Arnold Stang, American comic actor (d. 2009) *
September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...
** Giovanni Canestri, Italian cardinal (d. 2015) ** Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American cellist and educator (d. 2018)


October

* October 4 – Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) * October 6 – Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010) *
October 8 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories. * 451 – The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins. * 876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger preven ...
– Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2018) * October 9 ** E. Howard Hunt, American Watergate scandal, Watergate break-in coordinator (d. 2007) ** Bebo Valdés, Cuban pianist, bandleader, composer and arranger (d. 2013) * October 13 ** Jack MacGowran, Irish film actor (d. 1973) ** Robert Walker (actor, born 1918), Robert Walker, American actor (d. 1951) * October 14 – Thelma Coyne Long, Australian tennis player (d. 2015) * October 16 ** Louis Althusser, French philosopher (d. 1990) ** Géori Boué, French operatic singer (d. 2017) ** Henri Vernes, Belgian author (d. 2021) * October 17 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (d. 1987) *
October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
** Konstantinos Mitsotakis, former Greek Prime Minister (d. 2017) ** Bobby Troup, American singer-songwriter and actor, known for his role in ''Emergency!'' (d. 1999) * October 19 – Robert S. Strauss, American politician, Democratic National Committee Chairman (d. 2014) * October 22 ** Fred Caligiuri, American baseball player (d. 2018) ** René de Obaldia, French playwright and poet (d. 2022) * October 23 – Augusta Dabney, American actress (d. 2008) * October 25 ** Francisco Griéguez, Spanish WWII soldier (d. 2018) ** Milton Selzer, American actor (d. 2006) * October 26 – Marc Hodler, Swiss lawyer (d. 2006) * October 27 ** Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (d. 2003) ** Gérard Tremblay (bishop), Gérard Tremblay, Canadian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019) ** Teresa Wright, American actress (d. 2005) * October 29 – Diana Serra Cary, American actress (d. 2020) * October 31 – Ian Stevenson, American parapsychologist (d. 2007)


November

*November 1 – Ken Miles, British sports car racing engineer and driver (d. 1966) *November 2 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (d. 2010) * November 3 ** Bob Feller, American baseball player (d. 2010) ** Ann Hutchinson Guest, American movement, dance researcher (d. 2022) ** Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American Brigadier General (d. 2007) ** Russell B. Long, United States Senator from Louisiana (d. 2003) ** Dean Riesner, American film, television screenwriter (d. 2002) * November 4 ** Art Carney, American actor, best known for his role in ''The Honeymooners'' (d. 2003) ** Cameron Mitchell (actor), Cameron Mitchell, American actor, best known for his role in ''The High Chaparral'' (d. 1994) * November 7 ** Paul Aussaresses, French general (d. 2013) ** Fred Cusick, American ice hockey broadcaster (d. 2009) ** Billy Graham, American evangelist, spiritual adviser to several U.S. Presidents (d. 2018) * November 8 ** Bob Schiller, American screenwriter (d. 2017) ** Teoh Seng Khoon, Malaysian badminton player (d. 2018) ** Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer (d. 2015) * November 9 ** Spiro Agnew, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 39th Vice President of the United States (d. 1996) ** Su Beng, Taiwanese dissident and political activist (d. 2019) ** Thomas Ferebee, United States Air Force colonel (d. 2000) ** Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general, martial artist (d. 2002) * November 10 ** Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007) ** John Henry Moss, American baseball executive, politician (d. 2009) * November 11 – Louise Tobin, American singer (d. 2022) * November 14 – John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (d. 1999) * November 15 – Vittore Bocchetta, Italian sculptor, painter and academic (d. 2021) * November 18 – Nicolás Kingman Riofrío, Ecuadorian journalist, writer and politician (d. 2018) * November 21 – Dorothy Maguire, Dorothy Maguire Chapman, American professional baseball player (d. 1981) * November 26 – Patricio Aylwin, 32nd President of Chile (d. 2016) * November 27 – Borys Paton, Ukrainian scientist (d. 2020) * November 28 – Jack H. Harris, American film producer, distributor and actor (d. 2017) * November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American author (d. 2007) * November 30 – Efrem Zimbalist Jr., American actor (''The F.B.I. (TV series), The FBI'') (d. 2014)


December

* December 3 – Abdul Haris Nasution, Indonesian general (d. 2000) * December 6 ** Tauba Biterman, Polish Holocaust survivor (d. 2019) ** Nick Drahos, American football player (d. 2018) * December 7 ** Jórunn Viðar, Icelandic pianist, composer (d. 2017) ** Liu Yichang, Hong Kong writer and novelist (d. 2018) * December 8 – Gérard Souzay, French baritone (d. 2004) * December 10 ** Fergus Anckorn, British magician (d. 2018) ** Anatoly Tarasov, Russian ice-hockey player and coach (d. 1995) * December 11 ** John W. Reed, American legal scholar (d. 2018) ** Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2008) * December 12 – Joe Williams (jazz singer), Joe Williams, American jazz singer (d. 1999) * December 13 – Rosalia Lombardo, known as ''The Sleeping Beauty'' (d. 1920) * December 14 – B. K. S. Iyengar, Indian yoga teacher (d. 2014) * December 15 – Jeff Chandler (actor), Jeff Chandler, American actor (d. 1961) * December 17 ** Dusty Anderson, American actress and model (d. 2007) ** Duchess Woizlawa Feodora of Mecklenburg, German royal (d. 2019) * December 18 – Joyce Reynolds (classicist), Joyce Reynolds, English classicist and academic (d. 2022) * December 19 – Georgina Cookson, British actress (d. 2011) * December 20 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet, author (d. 1990) * December 21 ** Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias, Peruvian philosopher (d. 2019) ** Fred Gloden, American football player (d. 2019) ** Donald Regan, American United States Secretary of the Treasury, Treasury Secretary, White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003) ** Kurt Waldheim, President of Austria, Secretary-General of the United Nations (d. 2007) * December 23 ** José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001) ** Kumar Pallana, Indian actor (d. 2013) ** Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic), Chancellor of Germany (d. 2015) * December 24 – Dave Bartholomew, American musician, songwriter and music producer (d. 2019) * December 25 ** Bertie Mee, English football player, manager (d. 2001) ** Anwar Sadat, 3rd President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1981) * December 26 ** Butch Ballard, American jazz drummer (d. 2011) ** Georgios Rallis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2006) * December 29 – Leo J. Dulacki, American general (d. 2019) * December 30 – W. Eugene Smith, American photojournalist (d. 1978) *December 31 ** Al Lakeman, American Major League Baseball catcher (d. 1976) ** Kyra Petrovskaya Wayne, Russian-American author (d. 2018)


Date unknown

* Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, 5th President of Bangladesh (d. 1996) * Abd an-Nabi Abd al-Qadir Mursal, Sudanese poet and politician (d. 1962) * Louis Wienholt, Australian public servant (d. 1973)


Deaths


January

* January 2 – Katharine A. O'Keeffe O'Mahoney, Irish-born American teacher and writer (b. 1855) * January 6 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (b. 1845) * January 8 ** Johannes Pääsuke, Estonian photographer, filmmaker (b. 1892) ** Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (b. 1827) *
January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
** Max Ritter von Müller, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1887) ** Charles-Émile Reynaud, French inventor (b. 1844) * January 10 – María Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña, Spanish Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (b. 1848) * January 21 – Emil Jellinek, German automobile entrepreneur (b. 1853) * January 26 – Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1850) *
January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
– John McCrae, Canadian soldier, surgeon and poet (b. 1872) *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist and inventor (b. 1845)


February

*
February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya, Russian aristocrat (b. 1816) * February 2 – John L. Sullivan, American boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1858) * February 4 ** Akiyama Saneyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1868) ** Jeannette Walworth, American journalist and novelist (b. 1835) *
February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Leonard Monteagle Barlow, British fighter pilot (accident) (b. 1898) *
February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...
– Gustav Klimt, Austrian painter (b. 1862),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* February 8 – Louis Renault (jurist), Louis Renault, French jurist, educator and Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1843) * February 10 ** Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1842) ** Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Italian pacifist, Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833) * February 11 – Alexey Kaledin, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1861) *
February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...
– Cecil Spring Rice, Sir Cecil Spring Rice, British diplomat (b. 1859) * February 15 – Vernon Castle, American dancer (b. 1887) *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Károly Khuen-Héderváry, 2-time Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1849) *
February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
** Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1882) **Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, British politician and colonial administrator (b. 1836)


March

* March 2 – Prince Mirko of Montenegro (b. 1879) * March 9 – Frank Wedekind, German playwright (b. 1864) * March 10 ** Hans-Joachim Buddecke, German flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) **Jim McCormick (pitcher), Jim McCormick, Scottish-born American baseball player (b. 1856) * March 13 – César Cui, Lithuanian composer (b. 1835) * March 14 ** Lucretia Garfield, First Lady of the United States (b. 1832) ** Gennaro Rubino, Italian anarchist who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate King Leopold II of Belgium (b. 1859) *
March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...
– Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * March 23 – T. P. Cameron Wilson, English poet, novelist (b. 1888) *
March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
** Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862) ** Walter Tull, first Black infantry officer to serve in the British Army (b. 1888) * March 27 ** Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838) ** Martin Sheridan, American Olympic athlete (b. 1881),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...


April

*
April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...
**Isaac Rosenberg, British war poet (killed in action) (b. 1890) **Paul von Rennenkampf, Russian general (executed) (b. 1854) * April 4 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (b. 1842) *
April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...
– King George Tupou II of Tonga (b. 1874),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* April 11 – Otto Wagner, Austro-Hungarian architect, urban planner (b. 1841) * April 19 – William Hope Hodgson, English author (b. 1877) * April 20 ** Karl Ferdinand Braun, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1850) ** Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, Austrian statesman, Prime Minister (b. 1851) *
April 21 Events Pre-1600 *753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is murdered ...
** Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1856) **
Manfred von Richthofen Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen (; 2 May 1892 – 21 April 1918), known in English as Baron von Richthofen or the Red Baron, was a fighter pilot with the German Air Force during World War I. He is considered the ace-of-aces of ...
, German fighter pilot, top-scoring ace of World War I (killed in action) (b. 1892) * April 27 – Jacques Duchesne, French general (b. 1837) * April 28Gavrilo Princip, Yugoslav assassin (b. 1894)


May

* May 2 ** Ernie Parker, Australian tennis champion (killed in action) (b. 1883) ** Jüri Vilms, Estonian politician (b. 1889) *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. *1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. * 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– James Gordon Bennett Jr., American newspaper publisher (b. 1841) * May 17 – William Drew Robeson I, African-American minister, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844) * May 18 – Maria Magdalena Merten, German Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1883) * May 19 ** Ferdinand Hodler, Swiss painter (b. 1853) ** Raoul Lufbery, Franco-American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1885) * May 23 – Mariano Ponce, Filipino diplomat, politician and writer (b. 1863) *
May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...
– József Kiss, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1896) * May 30 – Georgi Plekhanov, Russian revolutionary, philosopher (b. 1856)


June

*
June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– Roderic Dallas, Australian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1891) * June 3 – Count Richard von Bienerth-Schmerling, Austrian noble, statesman and former Prime Minister (b. 1863) * June 4 – Charles W. Fairbanks, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 26th Vice President of the United States (b. 1852) * June 10 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, composer (b. 1842) * June 13 – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Romanov (assassinated) (b. 1878) * June 15 – Frank Miles Day, American architect (b. 1861) * June 16 – Bazil Assan, Romanian engineer and explorer (b. 1860) * June 19 – Francesco Baracca, Italian fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1888) * June 25 – Jake Beckley, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1867) * June 26 – Kyrion II of Georgia, Georgian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox religious leader, saint (b. 1855) * June 27 – Joséphin Péladan, French occultist (b. 1858)


July

* July 3 – Sultan
Mehmed V Mehmed V Reşâd ( ota, محمد خامس, Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; tr, V. Mehmed or ; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) reigned as the 35th and penultimate Ottoman Sultan (). He was the son of Sultan Abdulmejid I. He succeeded his half-brother ...
of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1844) * July 9 – James McCudden, British fighter pilot (air crash) (b. 1895) *
July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 1420 ...
– Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt, fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897) * July 17 – Executed members of the Romanov family: ** Former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1868) ** Former Empress Alexandra of Hesse, Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia (b. 1872) ** Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1895) ** Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1897) ** Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1899) ** Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (b. 1901) ** Former Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1904) *
July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Prince Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1891) ** Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1894) ** Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia (executed) (b. 1869) ** Grand Duchess Elisabeth of Russia (Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918), Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine) (executed) (b. 1864) * July 20 – Francis Lupo, American soldier (b. 1895) * July 22 ** Manuel González Prada, Peruvian politician, author (b. 1844) ** Indra Lal Roy, Indian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1898) ** Alexey Schastny, Russian naval officer (executed) (b. 1881) * July 26 ** Henry Macintosh, British Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1892) ** Edward Mannock, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1887) * July 29 – Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863) * July 30 **Hermann von Eichhorn, German field marshal (assassinated) (b. 1848) **Joyce Kilmer, American journalist, poet (killed in action) (b. 1886) **Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893) * July 31 – George McElroy, British fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1893)


August

* August 1 ** John Riley Banister, American policeman, cowboy (b. 1854) ** Gabriel Guérin, French World War I fighter ace (air crash) (b. 1892) * August 5 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer, airship commander (killed in action) (b. 1876) * August 9 ** Marianne Cope, German-born American Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1838) ** František Plesnivý, Austro-Hungarian architect (b. 1845) * August 10 ** Jean Brillant, Canadian soldier (b. 1890) ** Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897) ** Aleksander Uurits, Estonian painter, graphic artist (b. 1888) * August 12 – Anna Held, French actress (b. 1872) * August 22 – Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (b. 1868) * August 24 – Louis Bennett Jr., American World War I flying ace (killed in action) (b. 1894) * August 30 – William Duncan (missionary), William Duncan, British missionary in Canada and the United States (b. 1832)


September

* Mudbir al-Far'un, Arab chieftain, leader of 1913 Euphrates rebellion * September 2 – John Forrest, Sir John Forrest, Australian explorer and politician, 1st Premier of Western Australia (b. 1847) * September 5 – Nikolay Maklakov, Russian politician, former minister of the Interior (b. 1871) * September 6 – Elizabeth Yates (mayor), Elizabeth Yates, New Zealand politician (b. 1845) * September 8 ** Francis Mary of the Cross Jordan, German Roman Catholic priest and venerable (b. 1848) ** Mikael of Wollo, Ethiopian army commander and Ras of Wollo (b. 1850) * September 12 – George Reid (Australian politician), Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1845) * September 13 – Eduard, Duke of Anhalt (b. 1861) * September 16 – Maurice Boyau, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1888) * September 20 – Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* September 27 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * September 28 ** True Boardman, American actor (b. 1882),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
** Georg Simmel, German sociologist, philosopher (b. 1858) ** Freddie Stowers, American soldier (killed in action) (b. 1896) * September 29 – Frank Luke, American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1897)


October

* October 4 – Nikolai Skrydlov, Russian admiral (b. 1844) * October 5 ** Roland Garros (aviator), Roland Garros, French fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1888) ** Robbie Ross, British writer (b. 1869) * October 6 – Arthur O'Hara Wood, Australian tennis champion and fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890) * October 7 – Hubert Parry, Sir Hubert Parry, British composer (b. 1848),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
*
October 8 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories. * 451 – The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins. * 876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger preven ...
– Mikhail Alekseyev, Russian general (b. 1857) * October 9 – Raymond Duchamp-Villon, French sculptor (b. 1876) * October 11 – Wallace Lloyd Algie, Canadian soldier (b. 1891) * October 15 – Sai Baba of Shirdi, Indian guru, yogi and National saint of India (b. 1838) * October 16 – Felix Arndt, American pianist, composer (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
*
October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
** Radko Dimitriev, Bulgarian, Russian general (executed) (b. 1859) ** Uganda Martyrs, Jildo Irwa, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint (executed) (b. 1906) ** Uganda Martyrs, Daudo Okelo, Ugandan Roman Catholic martyr and saint (executed) (b. ca. 1900) ** Nikolai Ruzsky, Russian general (executed) (b. 1854) * October 19 ** Harold Lockwood, American actor (b. 1887),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
** Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi (b. 1889),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* October 22 – Myrtle Gonzalez, American actress (b. 1891),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* October 24 ** César Ritz, Swiss hotelier (b. 1850) ** Daniel Burley Woolfall, English administrator, 2nd President of FIFA (b. 1852) * October 25 – Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (b. 1887),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* October 28 – Michel Coiffard, French World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892) * October 29 – Rudolf Tobias, Estonian composer (b. 1873) * October 31 ** Egon Schiele, Austrian artist (b. 1890),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
** István Tisza, 2-time List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, Prime Minister of Hungary (assassinated) (b. 1861)


November

* November 1 – Vladimir Vasilyevich Smirnov, Russian general (executed) (b. 1849) * November 2 – Hugh Cairns (VC), Hugh Cairns, Canadian soldier (b. 1896) * November 4 ** Wilfred Owen, British poet, soldier (killed in action) (b. 1893) ** Andrew Dickson White, American academic and diplomat, co-founder of Cornell University (b. 1832) * November 5 **Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (b. 1854),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
**William Shea (actor), William Shea, British actor (b. 1856) * November 6 – Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier (b. 1899),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* November 9 ** Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (b. 1880),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
** Albert Ballin, German shipping magnate (b. 1857) ** Peter Lumsden, Sir Peter Lumsden, British general in the Indian Army (b. 1829) * November 11 ** Victor Adler, Austrian politician (b. 1852) ** George Lawrence Price, last Commonwealth soldier to die in WWI (b. 1892) * November 12 – Aleksei Evert, Russian general (executed) (b. 1857; may have died in 1926) * November 15 – Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official), Sir Robert Anderson, British police officer (b. 1841),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* November 19 – Joseph F. Smith, 6th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838) * November 20 – John Bauer (illustrator), John Bauer, Swedish painter (b. 1882) * November 22 – Rose Cleveland, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1846),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* November 23 – Fritz von Below, German general (b. 1853) * November 30 – Karl Petrovich Jessen, Russian admiral (b. 1852)


December

* December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French writer (b. 1868),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* December 4 – Princess Teriivaetua of Tahiti (b. 1869),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* December 5 – Schalk Willem Burger, Boer military leader, lawyer, politician, statesman, and acting President of the South African Republic (1900-1902) (b. 1852) * December 9 – Samuel Swett Green, American library pioneer (b. 1837) * December 11 – Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (b. 1876),
Spanish flu The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, commonly known by the misnomer Spanish flu or as the Great Influenza epidemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was ...
* December 14 – Sidónio Pais, Portuguese politician, general, diplomat, 66th Prime Minister of Portugal and 4th President of Portugal (b. 1872), assassinated * December 16 – Frederic W. Tilton, American educator and 7th List of Phillips Academy Heads of School, Principal of Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts (b. 1839) * December 20 – Sultan Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar (b. 1884) * December 21 – Prince Konrad of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Austrian statesman, former Prime Minister (b. 1863) * December 28 – Olavo Bilac, Brazilian poet (b. 1865)


Date unknown

* Spring – Vyacheslav Troyanov, Russian general (b. 1875) * Yakov Zhilinsky, Russian general (b. 1853)


Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Max Planck * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Fritz Haber * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – not awarded * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded


References


Further reading

* Chandra, Siddharth, Julia Christensen, and Shimon Likhtman. "Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective." ''Journal of Global History'' 15.3 (2020): 408–420. * Phillips, Howard. "’17,’18,’19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019." ''Journal of Global History'' 15.3 (2020): 434–443. * Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 243–92.


Primary sources and year books


''New International Year Book 1918'' (1919)
Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 904 pp * {{DEFAULTSORT:1918 1918,