1896 United States House Of Representatives Elections In Virginia
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The 1896 United States House of Representatives elections, coincided with the election of President William McKinley. The
Republican Party Republican Party is a name used by many political parties around the world, though the term most commonly refers to the United States' Republican Party. Republican Party may also refer to: Africa *Republican Party (Liberia) * Republican Part ...
maintained its large majority in the House but lost 48 seats, mostly to the Democratic and Populist parties. The Republican losses were most likely due to the extraordinary gains that party made in the prior elections, when many normally Democratic districts voted Republican due to the severity of and fallout from the
Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the political realignment of 1896 and the pres ...
. The Democratic Party recovered in the Mid-Atlantic and Midwestern districts dominated by Catholic and working-class voters. In the West, the Populist Party made large gains and several Republicans broke away over the national party platform's endorsement of a gold standard. This election marked the zenith of the Populist Party. The Populists would lose most of their seats in the 1898 elections and thereafter slowly fade from prominence.


Election summaries


Special elections

, - ! , - ! , J. William Stokes , , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent's previous election declared void June 1, 1896 due to electoral fraud.
Incumbent re-elected November 3, 1896.
Incumbent also elected to the next term, see below. , nowrap ,


Early election dates

Three states, with 8 seats between them, held elections early in 1896: *June 1: Oregon *September 1: Vermont *September 14: Maine


Alabama

, - ! , Richard Henry Clarke , , Democratic ,
1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...
, , Incumbent retired to un for Governor of Alabama.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! , Jesse F. Stallings , , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
George Paul Harrison Jr. George Paul Harrison (March 19, 1841 – July 17, 1922) was a U.S. Representative from Alabama. Early life and education Born at " Monteith Plantation," 12 miles from Savannah, Georgia, George Paul Harrison, attended Effingham Academy and th ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William F. Aldrich William Farrington Aldrich (March 11, 1853 – October 30, 1925) was an American politician and a U.S. Representative from Alabama. He was brother of Truman Heminway Aldrich and great-great-grandfather of William J. Edwards. Biography Aldr ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected after initial results indicated loss to Plowman. , nowrap , , - ! , Albert Taylor Goodwyn , , Populist ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
John H. Bankhead John Hollis Bankhead (September 13, 1842March 1, 1920) was a Democratic U.S. Senator from the state of Alabama between 1907 and 1920. Life and career Bankhead was born on September 13, 1842, at Moscow, present-day Lamar County, Alabama (near ...
, , Democratic ,
1886 Events January–March * January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885. * January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Milford W. Howard Milford Wriarson Howard (December 18, 1862 – December 28, 1937) was a United States Representative from Alabama. Howard was first elected to the House of Representatives as a Populist in 1894, defeating incumbent William H. Denson. He w ...
, , Populist ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Joseph Wheeler , , Democratic ,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Truman H. Aldrich , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap ,


Arkansas


California

, - ! , John All Barham , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Grove L. Johnson Grover Lawrence Johnson (March 27, 1841 – February 1, 1926) was an American attorney and politician from California. In addition to serving in both houses of the state legislature, Johnson also served as a United States Representative. He was ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! , Samuel G. Hilborn , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
James G. Maguire James George Maguire (February 22, 1853 – June 20, 1920) was an American politician and Georgist who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from California from 1893 to 1899. Early life and education Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Mag ...
, , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Eugene F. Loud Eugene Francis Loud (March 12, 1847 – December 19, 1908) was an American Civil War veteran who served six terms as a U.S. Representative from California from 1891 to 1903. Early life and career Born in Abington, Massachusetts, Loud went to ...
, , Republican ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , James McLachlan , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William W. Bowers William Wallace Bowers (October 20, 1834 – May 2, 1917) was an American Civil War veteran politician a U.S. Representative from California from 1891 to 1897. Biography Born in Whitestown, New York, Bowers attended the common schools. He m ...
, , Republican ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap ,


Colorado


Connecticut


Delaware


Florida

, - ! ,
Stephen M. Sparkman Stephen Milancthon Sparkman (July 29, 1849 – September 26, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Florida. Biography Stephen M. Sparkman was born on a farm in Hernando County, Florida, on July 29, 1849. He attended the common schools. He taugh ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Charles Merian Cooper Charles Merian Cooper (January 16, 1856 – November 14, 1923) was an American attorney and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Florida from 1893 until 1897. Early life and education Cooper was born on January 16, 1856, in At ...
, , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap ,


Georgia


Idaho

, - ! ,
Edgar Wilson Edgar Wilson (February 25, 1861 – January 3, 1915) was a United States Representative from Idaho. Born in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania Wilson graduated from the University of Michigan, and headed west and became an attorney in Boise, Idah ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired to run for
Idaho Supreme Court The Idaho Supreme Court is the state supreme court of Idaho and is composed of the chief justice and four associate justices. The decisions of the Idaho Supreme Court are binding on all other Idaho state courts. The only court that may reverse ...
.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap ,


Illinois


Indiana


Iowa


Kansas


Kentucky


Louisiana


Maine

, - ! , Thomas Brackett Reed , , Republican ,
1876 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. * February 2 – The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs i ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Nelson Dingley Jr. , , Republican ,
1880 Events January–March * January 22 – Toowong State School is founded in Queensland, Australia. * January – The international White slave trade affair scandal in Brussels is exposed and attracts international infamy. * February †...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Seth L. Milliken , , Republican ,
1882 Events January–March * January 2 ** The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates. ** Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Charles A. Boutelle , , Republican ,
1882 Events January–March * January 2 ** The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates. ** Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Maryland


Massachusetts

, - ! ,
Ashley B. Wright Ashley Bascom Wright (May 25, 1841 – August 14, 1897) was an American politician. He was the chairman of the United States House Committee on Mileage in the fifty-fourth and fifty-fifth congresses. Early life and education Wright was born ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Frederick H. Gillett Frederick Huntington Gillett (; October 16, 1851 – July 31, 1935) was an American politician who served in the Massachusetts state government and both houses of the U.S. Congress between 1879 and 1931, including six years as Speaker of the Hous ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Joseph H. Walker Joseph Henry Walker (December 21, 1829 – April 3, 1907) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Worcester, Massachusetts. Early life He was born in Boston on December 21, 1829. He moved with his parents to Hopkint ...
, , Republican ,
1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Lewis D. Apsley Lewis Dewart Apsley (September 29, 1852 – April 11, 1925) was a businessman and U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Biography Born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Apsley moved with his parents to Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, in 1861. He att ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William S. Knox William Shadrach Knox (September 10, 1843 – September 21, 1914) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts who served from 1895 to 1903. Knox was the son of William Shadrach Knox Sr and Rebecca Walker, and the grandson of Samuel Knox an ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William H. Moody William Henry Moody (December 23, 1853 â€“ July 2, 1917) was an American politician and jurist who held positions in all three branches of the Government of the United States. He represented parts of Essex County, Massachusetts in the Uni ...
, , Republican , 1895 (special) , Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William Emerson Barrett William Emerson Barrett (December 29, 1858 – February 12, 1906) was an American journalist and politician. Barrett was a founder of '' The Boston Evening Record'', and served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and as a ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Samuel W. McCall Samuel Walker McCall (February 28, 1851 – November 4, 1923) was a Republican lawyer, politician, and writer from Massachusetts. He was for twenty years (1893–1913) a member of the United States House of Representatives, and the 47th Governo ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
John F. Fitzgerald John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (February 11, 1863 – October 2, 1950) was an American Democratic politician from Boston, Massachusetts. He served as a U.S. Representative and Mayor of Boston. He also made unsuccessful runs for the United ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Harrison Henry Atwood Harrison Henry Atwood (August 26, 1863 – October 22, 1954) was an American architect and politician who represented Boston in the United States House of Representatives from 1895 to 1897 and for several nonconsecutive terms in the Massachusetts ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-nomination.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William F. Draper William Franklin Draper (April 9, 1842 – January 28, 1910) was an American businessman, industrialist, and soldier who served as a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Biography Draper was born i ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Elijah A. Morse Elijah Adams Morse (May 25, 1841 – June 5, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts. Born in South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana, Morse moved to Massachusetts with his parents, who settled in Boston in 1852. He attended the publ ...
, , Republican ,
1888 In Germany, 1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors. Currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits (13). The next year that also has 13 digits is the year 2388. The record will be surpassed as late ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , John Simpkins , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Michigan


Minnesota


Mississippi

, - ! , John M. Allen , , Democratic ,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
John C. Kyle John Curtis Kyle (July 17, 1851 – July 6, 1913) was an American attorney and Democratic Party (United States), Democratic politician from Mississippi during the late 19th century. He was most notable for his service as mayor of Sardis, Mississip ...
, , Democratic ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Thomas C. Catchings Thomas Clendinen Catchings (January 11, 1847 – December 24, 1927) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Early life and education Thomas Clendenin Catchings was born January 11, 1847, at "Fleetwood" in Hinds County, Mississippi, to Dr ...
, , Democratic ,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Hernando Money Hernando De Soto Money (August 26, 1839September 18, 1912) was an American politician from the state of Mississippi. Biography Money was born in Holmes County, Mississippi. He was named after the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto. Early in his ...
, , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold.. , nowrap , , - ! , John S. Williams , , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Walter M. Denny Walter McKennon Denny (October 28, 1853 – November 5, 1926) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Born in Moss Point, Mississippi, Moss Point in Jackson County, Mississippi, Jackson County, Miss ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
James G. Spencer James Grafton Spencer (September 13, 1844 – February 22, 1926) was a U.S. Representative from Mississippi. Biography Born near Port Gibson, Mississippi, Spencer attended private schools and Oakland College in 1861. During the Civil War enlist ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap ,


Missouri


Montana

, - ! ,
Charles S. Hartman Charles Sampson Hartman (March 1, 1861 – August 3, 1929) was a U.S. Representative from Montana. Born in Monticello, Indiana, Hartman attended the public schools and Wabash College in Crawfordsville. He moved to Bozeman, Montana, in January ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent re-elected.
Silver Republican gain. , nowrap ,


Nebraska

, - ! , Jesse B. Strode , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , David H. Mercer , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
George de Rue Meiklejohn George de Rue Meiklejohn (; August 26, 1857 – April 19, 1929) was an American politician who served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Nebraska under Governor John Milton Thayer and a member of the United States House of Representatives for Ne ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Eugene Jerome Hainer Eugene Jerome Hainer (August 16, 1851 – March 17, 1929) was an American Republican Party politician. Born in Pécs, Hungary in 1851, he immigrated to the United States with his parents settling in Columbia, Missouri, in 1854. He later moved ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William E. Andrews William Ezekiel Andrews (December 17, 1854 – January 19, 1942) was a Nebraska Republican politician and a United States Representative. Biography Andrews was born near Oskaloosa, Iowa, on December 17, 1854. He became an orphan early in life. ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , nowrap , , - ! , Omer Madison Kem , , Populist ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Populist hold. , nowrap ,


Nevada


New Hampshire


New Jersey


New York


North Carolina


North Dakota

, - ! ,
Martin N. Johnson Martin Nelson Johnson (March 3, 1850October 21, 1909) was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States representative and senator from North Dakota. Early life and education Born to Norwegian immigrants in Racine County, Wisc ...
, , Republican ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Ohio

, - ! , Charles Phelps Taft , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Jacob H. Bromwell Jacob Henry Bromwell (May 11, 1848 – June 4, 1924) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1894 to 1903. Biography Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Bromwell resided during his boyhood in Newport, Kentucky. H ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Paul J. Sorg Paul John Sorg (September 23, 1840 – May 28, 1902) was a businessman and member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio from 1894 to 1897. Biography He was born in Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia) on September 23, 1840. ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Fernando C. Layton Fernando Coello Layton (April 11, 1847 – June 22, 1926) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative from Ohio for three terms from 1891 to 1897. Early life and career Born near St. Johns, Auglaize County, O ...
, , Democratic ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Francis B. De Witt Francis Byron De Witt (March 11, 1849 – March 21, 1929) was a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Ohio for one term from 1895 to 1897. Biography Born in Jackson County, Indiana, De Witt moved with his parents in ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
George W. Hulick George Washington Hulick (June 29, 1833 – August 13, 1907) was a teacher, lawyer, soldier, judge, and a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1893 to 1897. Biography Born in Batavia, Ohio, Hulick attended the public schools and gradu ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! , George W. Wilson , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Luther M. Strong Luther Martin Strong (June 23, 1838 – April 26, 1903) was an American lawyer, jurist, and veteran of the Civil War who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1893 to 1897. Biography Born near Tiffin, Ohio, Strong attended ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
James H. Southard James Harding Southard (January 20, 1851 – February 20, 1919) was an American lawyer and politician who served six terms as a United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1907. Biography Born near Toled ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Lucien J. Fenton Lucien Jerome Fenton (May 7, 1844 – June 28, 1922) was an American Civil War veteran who served two term as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1899. Biography Born in Winchester, Ohio, Fenton attended the public schools, National ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Charles H. Grosvenor Charles Henry Grosvenor (September 20, 1833 â€“ October 30, 1917) was a multiple-term U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as a brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Biography Grosvenor was born in Pomfret, C ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , David K. Watson , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! , Stephen Ross Harris , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Winfield S. Kerr Winfield Scott Kerr (June 23, 1852 – September 11, 1917) was an American lawyer and politician who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1901. Early life and career Born in Monroe, Ohio, Kerr attended the com ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , H. Clay Van Voorhis , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Lorenzo Danford , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Addison S. McClure Addison Smith McClure (October 10, 1839 – April 17, 1903) was an American lawyer and politician who served two non-consecutive terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio in the late 19th century. Biography Born in Wooster, Ohio, McClure pursue ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Robert W. Tayler Robert Walker Tayler (November 26, 1852November 25, 1910) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served four terms as a United States representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1903. He also served as a United States district judge of th ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Stephen A. Northway , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Clifton B. Beach Clifton Bailey Beach (September 16, 1845 – November 15, 1902) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms as a U.S. Representative from Ohio from 1895 to 1899. Biography Born in Sharon Township, Medina County, Ohio, Beach moved ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Theodore E. Burton Theodore Elijah Burton (December 20, 1851October 28, 1929) was an American attorney and Republican politician from Ohio. He served in the United States House of Representatives, the U.S. Senate, and the Cleveland City Council. Early years Burt ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Oregon

, - ! , Binger Hermann , , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
William R. Ellis William Russell Ellis (April 23, 1850 – January 18, 1915) was an American educator, attorney and politician in the state of Oregon. A native of Indiana, he grew up in Iowa before moving to Oregon where he worked as a school superintendent a ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Pennsylvania


Rhode Island


South Carolina

, - ! ,
George W. Murray George Washington Murray (September 22, 1853 – April 21, 1926), born into slavery in South Carolina, gained education and worked as a teacher, farmer and politician. After serving as chairman of the Sumter County Republican Party, he was ele ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! ,
W. Jasper Talbert William Jasper Talbert (October 6, 1846 – February 5, 1931) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina. Early life Born near Edgefield County, South Carolina, in Talbert Township in what is now Mccormick County, South Carolina. He attend ...
, , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Asbury Latimer , , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Stanyarne Wilson Stanyarne Wilson (January 10, 1860 – February 14, 1928) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina. Born in Yorkville (now York), South Carolina, Wilson attended King's Mountain Military School and Washington and Lee University, Lexington ...
, , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , Thomas J. Strait , , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
John L. McLaurin John Lowndes McLaurin (May 9, 1860 – July 29, 1934) was a United States representative and Senator from South Carolina. He was born in Red Bluff, South Carolina, in Marlboro County, South Carolina and attended schools at Bennettsville, Sou ...
, , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , J. William Stokes , , Democratic ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent's previous election declared void June 1, 1896 due to electoral fraud.
Incumbent re-elected.
Incumbent also elected to finish the term. , nowrap ,


South Dakota

, - ! rowspan=2 ,
,
John Pickler John Alfred Pickler (January 24, 1844 - June 13, 1910) was an American politician. He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives. Biography Pickler was born in Salem, Indiana, and moved to Davis County, Iowa in his youth. H ...
, , Republican , 1889 , , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Populist gain. , rowspan=2 nowrap , , - ,
Robert J. Gamble Robert Jackson Gamble (February 7, 1851September 22, 1924) was a U.S. Representative and Senator from South Dakota. He was the father of Ralph Abernethy Gamble and brother of John Rankin Gamble, members of South Dakota's prominent Gamble family. ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Populist gain.


Tennessee

, - ! , William C. Anderson , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Henry R. Gibson Henry Richard Gibson (December 24, 1837 – May 25, 1938) was an American attorney and politician who represented Tennessee's 2nd congressional district, Tennessee's 2nd district in the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Repres ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Foster V. Brown Foster Vincent Brown (December 24, 1852 – March 26, 1937) was an American politician and attorney who served a U.S. Representative for Tennessee's 3rd congressional district. Early life and education Born near Sparta, Tennessee, Brown was the s ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! , Benton McMillin , , Democratic ,
1878 Events January–March * January 5 – Russo-Turkish War – Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. * January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. * January 17 – Battle o ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
James D. Richardson James Daniel Richardson (March 10, 1843 – July 24, 1914) was an American politician and a Democrat from Tennessee for Tennessee's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1885 through 1905. Early life and e ...
, , Democratic ,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Joseph E. Washington Joseph Edwin Washington (November 10, 1851 – August 28, 1915) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 6th congressional district of Tennessee. Early life Washington was born on November 10 ...
, , Democratic ,
1886 Events January–March * January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885. * January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Nicholas N. Cox Nicholas Nichols Cox (January 6, 1837 – May 2, 1912) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Biography Cox was born in Bedford County, Tennessee on ...
, , Democratic ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
John E. McCall John Ethridge McCall (August 14, 1859 – August 8, 1920) was a United States representative from Tennessee and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. Education and career John ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap , , - ! , James C. McDearmon , , Democratic ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost renomination.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Josiah Patterson Josiah Patterson (April 14, 1837 – February 10, 1904) was a Confederate soldier, political figure, and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 10th District of Tennessee. Biography Patterson was born in Morgan County, ...
, , Democratic ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election as a National Democrat.
New member elected.
Democratic hold. ,


Texas


Utah


Vermont

, - ! ,
H. Henry Powers Horace Henry Powers (May 29, 1835 – December 8, 1913) was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He was most notable for his service as an Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court and a U.S. Representative from Vermont (1891-1901). A n ...
, , Republican ,
1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! , William W. Grout , , Republican ,
1884 Events January–March * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' premières at the Savoy Theatre, London. * January 18 – Dr. William Price atte ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Virginia


Washington


West Virginia

, - ! ,
Blackburn B. Dovener Blackburn Barrett Dovener (April 20, 1842 – May 9, 1914) was a Republican politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative. Dovener was born in Tays Valley, Virginia, in Cabell County (now in West Virginia) on April ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
Alston G. Dayton Alston Gordon Dayton (October 18, 1857 – July 30, 1920) was a United States representative from West Virginia and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia. Education and caree ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap , , - ! ,
James H. Huling James Hall Huling (March 24, 1844 – April 23, 1918) was an American Republican businessman and politician from West Virginia who served as a United States representative in the 54th United States Congress. Congressman Huling was born in Will ...
, , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent retired.
New member elected.
Republican hold. , nowrap , , - ! , Warren Miller , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, Incumbent re-elected. , nowrap ,


Wisconsin


Wyoming

, - ! , Frank W. Mondell , , Republican ,
1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New member elected.
Democratic gain. , nowrap ,


Non-voting delegates


Oklahoma Territory

, - ! ,
Dennis T. Flynn Dennis Thomas Flynn (February 13, 1861 – June 19, 1939) was an American politician and a Delegate from Oklahoma Territory to the United States House of Representatives. Biography Flynn was born in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, on February 13, ...
, , Republican ,
1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
, , Incumbent lost re-election.
New delegate elected.
Silver gain. , nowrap ,


See also

*
1896 United States elections The 1896 United States elections elected the 55th United States Congress. Republican Party (United States), Republicans won control of the Presidency and maintained control of both houses of Congress. The election marked the end of the Third Part ...
**
1896 United States presidential election The 1896 United States presidential election was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1896. Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican candidate, defeated former Representative William Jennings Bryan, the ...
**
1896 and 1897 United States Senate elections Events January–March * January 2 – The Jameson Raid comes to an end, as Jameson surrenders to the Boers. * January 4 – Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state. * January 5 – An Austrian newspaper reports that Wil ...
*
54th United States Congress The 54th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1895, ...
*
55th United States Congress The 55th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from March 4, 1897, to M ...


Notes


References


Bibliography

* * * *


External links


Office of the Historian
(Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives) {{1896 United States elections