Events

January–March

* January 1 ** Paying of old age

pension A pension (, from Latin ''pensiō'', "payment") is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments ...

s begins in Germany. ** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence. ** Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories. *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...

– A. L. Drummond of

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

is appointed Chief of the Treasury Secret Service. *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

– The Earl of Zetland issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland. * January 5 **The Australian shearers' strike, that leads indirectly to the foundation of the Australian Labor Party, begins. **A fight between the United States and Indians breaks out near Pine Ridge agency. **

Henry B. Brown Henry Billings Brown (March 2, 1836 – September 4, 1913) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1891 to 1906. Although a respected lawyer and U.S. District Judge before ascending to the high court, Brown ...

, of Michigan, is sworn in as an Associate Justice of the

Supreme Court A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in most legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...

. **A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, Scotland. *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

– Encounters continue, between strikers and the authorities at Glasgow. *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

** General Miles' forces surround the natives in the

Pine Ridge Reservation The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ( lkt, Wazí Aháŋhaŋ Oyáŋke), also called Pine Ridge Agency, is an Oglala Lakota Indian reservation located entirely within the U.S. state of South Dakota. Originally included within the territory of the Grea ...

. ** Secretary Tracy relieves Commander Reiter of his ship, on account of the Barrundia Affair. ** The

International Monetary Conference The international monetary conferences were a series of assemblies held in the second half of the 19th century. They were held with a view to reaching agreement on matters relating to international relationships between national currency systems. B ...

meets in Washington DC. *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Jin Huaidi becomes emperor of China in succession to his father, Emperor Hui of Jin, Jin Huidi, despite a challenge from his uncle, Sima Ying. * 871 – Æthelred I, King of Wessex, Æthel ...

– Lieutenant Casey of the United States Army is killed by native Americans, at Pine Ridge. *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

– The great shoe strike in Rochester, New York is called off. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

– in France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at

Boulogne Boulogne-sur-Mer (; pcd, Boulonne-su-Mér; nl, Bonen; la, Gesoriacum or ''Bononia''), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the ...

. The French government promptly takes loan. * January 11 **3,000 natives approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender. ** Mahoning Valley, Ohio, sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work. **Railroads and coke companies forced to lower prices. * January 12 ** Canada brings suit before the United States Supreme Court in re-seizures of vessels in the

Bering Sea The Bering Sea (, ; rus, Бе́рингово мо́ре, r=Béringovo móre) is a marginal sea of the Northern Pacific Ocean. It forms, along with the Bering Strait, the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: Eurasia and The Ameri ...

. **St. Mary's Cathedral dedicated in San Francisco. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...

– In California,

Leland Stanford Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824June 21, 1893) was an American industrialist and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 8th governor of California from 1862 to 1863 and represented California in the United States Se ...

(Rep.) re-elected

Senator A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

. *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 *1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. *1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 *1639 – The "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, Fundamenta ...

– Conference of Native American chiefs with General Miles at

, the natives agree to surrender. *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

– Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train near Greenock, Scotland. *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...

– The Chilean Civil War of 1891 breaks out. * January 17 – George Bancroft dies at Washington DC at age 91, all government buildings flying flags lower to half mast until after the funeral. * January 19 **General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops. **A British squadron ordered to Chile. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

–

Jim Hogg James Stephen "Jim" Hogg (March 24, 1851March 3, 1906) was an American lawyer and statesman, and the 20th Governor of Texas. He was born near Rusk, Texas. Hogg was a follower of the conservative New South Creed which became popular following ...

becomes the first native

Texan Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by bo ...

to be governor of that state. *

January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...

– May 2 – The Jamaica International Exhibition is held. * January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii. * January 31 – The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out, in the northern city of Porto. *

February February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the ''leap day''. It is the first of five months not to have 31 days (th ...

– The

Tobacco Protest The Persian Tobacco Protest (Persian: نهضت تنباکو ''nehzat-e tanbāku'') was a Shia Muslim revolt in Iran against an 1890 tobacco concession granted by Nasir al-Din Shah of Persia to the United Kingdom, granting British control over gr ...

begins in Iran. *

February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...

– In the FA Cup quarter final in English Association football, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the goal line. An indirect free kick is awarded, since the penalty kick, proposed the previous year by

William McCrum William McCrum (7 February 1865 – 21 December 1932) was a wealthy Irish linen manufacturer and sportsman, most famous for being the inventor in 1890 of the penalty kick in football. Life and family Born on 7 February 1865 in Ballynahone Beg t ...

, has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as ''an Irishman's motion''. *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...

–

Allmänna Idrottsklubben AIK Fotboll (), more commonly known simply as AIK (), an abbreviation for Allmänna Idrottsklubben (meaning ''the public'' or ''general sports club''), is a Swedish football club competing in Allsvenskan, the top flight of Swedish football. The ...

(AIK) sports club is founded in

Stockholm Stockholm () is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, largest city of Sweden as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in Scandinavia. Approximately 980,000 people liv ...

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

. * February 21 – Springhill, Nova Scotia suffers a serious mining disaster. * March 3 – The

International Copyright Act of 1891 The International Copyright Act of 1891 (, March 3, 1891) is the first U.S. congressional act that extended limited protection to foreign copyright holders from select nations. Formally known as the "International Copyright Act of 1891", but more ...

is passed, by the

51st United States Congress The 51st United States Congress, referred to by some critics as the Billion Dollar Congress, was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Rep ...

. * March 9– 12 – The

Great Blizzard of 1891 The Great Blizzard of 1891 affected Southern England between 9 and 13 March of that year. Strong winds, cold temperatures and snow which drifted up to high contributed to the deaths of 200 people and 6000 animals. A merchant vessel, the List of sh ...

in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...

–

Djurgårdens IF Djurgårdens Idrottsförening, commonly known simply as Djurgårdens IF, Djurgården (), and (especially locally) Djurgår'n (), Dif or DIF – is a Swedish sports association with several sections, located in Stockholm. Name The club is named ...

(DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...

– In New Orleans, a

lynch mob Lynching is an extrajudicial killing by a group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, punish a convicted transgressor, or intimidate people. It can also be an ex ...

storms the Old Parish Prison, and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy. * March 17 – The British steamship , carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of

Gibraltar ) , anthem = " God Save the King" , song = " Gibraltar Anthem" , image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg , map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe , map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green , mapsize = , image_map2 = Gib ...

after collision with the battleship HMS ''Anson'', killing 564. * March 18 – The London–Paris telephone system officially opens.

April–June

* April 1 ** The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago. ** The London–Paris telephone system is opened to the general public. *

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...

–

Census in the United Kingdom Coincident full censuses have taken place in the different jurisdictions of the United Kingdom every ten years since 1801, with the exceptions of 1941 (during the Second World War), Ireland in 1921/Northern Ireland in 1931,https://www.nisra.gov. ...

: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population. * April 12 – The first official game in the Association football league of Argentina (

1891 Argentine Primera División The 1891 Primera División was the first ever Argentine championship making Argentina's the oldest football league outside Continental Europe. This tournament was organized by the Argentine Association Football League whose president was F.L. Woo ...

) is held in Caballito, Buenos Aires. *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. * 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southe ...

– Chilean Civil War of 1891: Chilean ironclad ''Blanco Encalada'' is sunk at the

Battle of Caldera Bay The Battle of Caldera Bay, or the Sinking of ''Blanco Encalada'', was a naval engagement fought in the Caldera Bay during the 1891 Chilean Civil War between Balmacedist and Congressional naval forces on 23 April 1891. It involved two Balmaced ...

by torpedo boats. This is the first ironclad warship lost to a self-propelled torpedo. *

May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May ...

– Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claims to be the Promised Messiah (the second coming of Jesus) and the Mahdi awaited in

Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

. * May 1 ** Troops fire on a workers' May Day demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in Fourmies, France, killing 9 and wounding 30. ** The first '' Fascio dei lavoratori'' (Workers League) is founded by Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida in

Catania Catania (, , Sicilian and ) is the second largest municipality in Sicily, after Palermo. Despite its reputation as the second city of the island, Catania is the largest Sicilian conurbation, among the largest in Italy, as evidenced also by ...

, Sicily. * May 5 – The Music Hall in New York (later known as

Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall ( ) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is at 881 Seventh Avenue (Manhattan), Seventh Avenue, occupying the east side of Seventh Avenue between West 56th Street (Manhattan), 56th and 57th Street (Manhatta ...

) has its grand opening and first public performance, with

Peter Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most popu ...

as guest conductor. *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...

–

Ōtsu incident The was an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia (later Emperor Nicholas II of Russia) on , during his visit to Japan as part of his eastern journey. Background Tsesarevich Nicholas went to Vladiv ...

: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan. * May 15 – Pope Leo XIII issues the encyclical ''

Rerum novarum ''Rerum novarum'' (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"), or ''Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor'', is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891. It is an open letter, pass ...

'', on the rights and duties of capital and labor, resulting in the creation of many Christian Democrat parties throughout Europe. * May 20 – Thomas Edison's prototype kinetoscope is first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs. * May 31 N.S. ( May 19 O.S.) – In the Kuperovskaya district of Vladivostok, a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the Trans-Siberian Railway is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, and a religious service held. * June 1 – The Johnstown Inclined Plane opens in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. * June 15 – Minas Gerais was granted in 1891. * June 16 – John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

– The first long-distance transmission of alternating current is made, from the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado, by Lucien and Paul Nunn. * June 25 –

Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for ''A Study in Scarlet'', the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Ho ...

's detective

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a " consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and ...

appears in '' The Strand Magazine'' (London) for the first time, in the issue dated July. Kinetoscope

July–September

* July 10 – Erik Gustaf Boström becomes Prime Minister of Sweden. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...

– The Springboks rugby union team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and win by 4–0. *

–

Serbian Serbian may refer to: * someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe * someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people * Serbian language * Serbian names See also

* * * Old Serbian (disambiguat ...

inventor, Nikola Tesla, becomes a naturalized American citizen at the age of 35. * August 27 – France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance. * September 14 – The first penalty kick is awarded in a

football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...

match; John Heath scores it for the Wolverhampton Wanderers. * September 18 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 ends. *

September 22 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government. * 1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of th ...

– The first hydropower plant of Finland was commissioned along the Tammerkoski rapids in Tampere, Pirkanmaa. *

September 28 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII. * 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...

– The

C.A. Peñarol CA or ca may refer to: Businesses and organizations Companies * Air China (IATA airline code CA) * CA Technologies, a U.S. software company * Cayman Airways, a Cayman Islands airline * Channel America, a defunct U.S. television network * Classi ...

is founded in Montevideo, under the name of the

CURCC Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club (mostly known for its acronym CURCC) was a Uruguayan sports club, originally established by British railway workers for the practise of cricket. Nevertheless, the club would be notable for its football section ...

(Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club). * September 29 – Thyssen, as predecessor of

Thyssen Krupp ThyssenKrupp AG (, ; stylized as thyssenkrupp) is a German industrial engineering and steel production multinational conglomerate. It is the result of the 1999 merger of Thyssen AG and Krupp and has its operational headquarters in Duisburg an ...

, a worldwide

conglomerate Conglomerate or conglomeration may refer to: * Conglomerate (company) * Conglomerate (geology) * Conglomerate (mathematics) In popular culture: * The Conglomerate (American group), a production crew and musical group founded by Busta Rhymes ** Co ...

, founded in Duisburg, Germany.

October–December

* October – Eugène Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus''), or " Java Man", at

Trinil Trinil is a palaeoanthropological site on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in Ngawi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It was at this site in 1891 that the Dutch anatomist Eugène Dubois discovered the first early hominin remains to be ...

on the

Solo River The Solo River (known in Indonesian as Bengawan Solo, with ''Bengawan'' being an Old Javanese word for ''river'', and ''Solo'' derived from the old name for Surakarta) is the longest river in the Indonesian island of Java, it is approximately 600 ...

. * October 1 – **

Stanford University Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...

in California opens its doors. Stanford University Quad Memorial Church

** Skansen is established as the world's first open-air museum by Artur Hazelius, on the island of Djurgården in

, Sweden. * October 20 – By order of Emperor Alexander III of Russia, the

Senate of Finland The Senate of Finland ( fi, Suomen senaatti, sv, Senaten för Finland) combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1816 to 1917 and in the independent Finland from 1917 to 1918. The body that would beco ...

granted town rights to Iisalmi. * October 28 – The 8.0 Mino–Owari earthquake strikes the Gifu region of Japan. This

oblique-slip In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth's crust result from the action of plate tectonic ...

event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates fault scarps that still remain visible. * October 30 – A personal care brand in

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

and Asia, Lion Corporation was founded, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten (小林富次郎商店). *

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, ''Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of the T ...

– Jindandao Incident: The Chinese Juu Uda League in Inner Mongolia massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late December. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. *1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morg ...

– The constitution of the First Brazilian Republic is promulgated. * November 28 – The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers is organized in St. Louis, Missouri. *

December 17 Events Pre-1600 * 497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. * 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison. * 920 – Romanos I Lekap ...

–

Drexel University Drexel University is a private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel, a financier and philanthropist. Founded as Drexel Institute of Art, S ...

is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in Philadelphia. * December 22 – Asteroid ''

323 Brucia Brucia (minor planet designation: 323 Brucia) is a stony Phocaea asteroid and former Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was the first asteroid to be discovered by the use of astrophotography. ...

'' becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.

Date unknown

* Brahmin teacher and nationalist

Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak (; born Keshav Gangadhar Tilak (pronunciation: eʃəʋ ɡəŋɡaːd̪ʱəɾ ʈiɭək; 23 July 1856 – 1 August 1920), endeared as Lokmanya (IAST: ''Lokmānya''), was an Indian nationalist, teacher, and an independence a ...

begins agitation for Indian Home Rule. * James Naismith invents basketball in the United States. *

Seattle University Seattle University (SeattleU) is a private Jesuit university in Seattle, Washington. Seattle University is the largest independent university in the Northwestern United States, with over 7,500 students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate prog ...

is established as the Immaculate Conception school. * The Auckland University Students' Association is founded in New Zealand. * Maria Skłodowska (later Marie Curie) enters the Sorbonne University. * Nikola Tesla invents the Tesla coil. *

Michelin Michelin (; ; full name: ) is a French multinational tyre manufacturing company based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ''région'' of France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world behind Bridgestone and la ...

patents the removable pneumatic bicycle tire. * Production of the Swiss Army Knife by

Victorinox Victorinox () is a knife manufacturer and watchmaker based in the town of Ibach, in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. It is well known for its Swiss Army knives. The Swiss Army knives made by Victorinox are made of a proprietary blend stee ...

begins. * Philips founded in

Eindhoven Eindhoven () is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of North Brabant of which it is its largest. With a population of 238,326 on 1 January 2022,Netherlands, for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products. * The

1891 census of India The 1891 Census of India was conducted by the British Raj and covered the lands now part of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. The Census Commissioner was Jervoise Athelstane Baines, who was later knighted for his work in India. Baines change ...

is conducted. * New Mexico Military Institute is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory.

Births

January–March

* January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d.

1967 Events January * January 1 – Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of Confederation, featuring the Expo 67 World's Fair. * January 5 ** Spain and Romania sign an agreement in Paris, establishing full consular and ...

) *

–

Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 – January 28, 1960) was an American author, anthropologist, and filmmaker. She portrayed racial struggles in the early-1900s American South and published research on Hoodoo (spirituality), hoodoo. The most ...

, African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d.

1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Ja ...

) *

– Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d.

1957 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th y ...

) *

–

Miguel Pro José Ramón Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez, also known as Blessed Miguel Pro, SJ (January 13, 1891 – November 23, 1927) was a Mexican Jesuit priest executed under the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles on the false charges of bombing and att ...

, Mexican Roman Catholic layman, martyr and blessed (d.

1927 Events January * January 1 – The British Broadcasting ''Company'' becomes the British Broadcasting ''Corporation'', when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General. * January 7 * ...

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...

, Italian Communist writer, politician (d.

1937 Events January * January 1 – Anastasio Somoza García becomes President of Nicaragua. * January 5 – Water levels begin to rise in the Ohio River in the United States, leading to the Ohio River flood of 1937, which continues into Fe ...

) ** Bruno Loerzer, German aviator, air force general (d.

) * January 23 –

Marjorie Maynard Marjorie Josephine Maynard, Lady Garbett (23 January 1891 – 23 October 1975)Calendars of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration, via was a British artist and farmer, who designed some of the first set of postage stamps issued in ...

, British artist and farmer (died 1975) * January 24 –

Walter Model Otto Moritz Walter Model (; 24 January 1891 – 21 April 1945) was a German field marshal during World War II. Although he was a hard-driving, aggressive panzer commander early in the war, Model became best known as a practitioner of defen ...

, German field marshal (d.

1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. Januar ...

) *

– Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d.

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

– Walter Beech, American pioneering aviator, aircraft manufacturer (d.

1950 Events January * January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed. * January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 cr ...

) *

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

–

Shigeru Fukudome was an admiral and Chief of Staff of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Biography Early life and career Born in Yonago, Tottori prefecture, Fukudome graduated from the 40th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1913, ran ...

, Japanese admiral (d.

1971 * The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6). The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history. Events Ja ...

) *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of "Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King ...

– Antonio Segni, Italian politician, 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4th President of the Italian Republic (d.

1972 Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using Solar time, me ...

) *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...

–

Renato Petronio Renato Petronio (5 February 1891 – 9 April 1976) was an Italian rowing coxswain who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1928 he won the gold medal as cox of the Italian boat in the coxed four event. Eight ...

, Italian rower (d.

1976 Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 Phila ...

) * February 9 –

Ronald Colman Ronald Charles Colman (9 February 1891 – 19 May 1958) was an English-born actor, starting his career in theatre and silent film in his native country, then immigrating to the United States and having a successful Hollywood film career. He wa ...

, English actor (d.

1958 Events January * January 1 – The European Economic Community (EEC) comes into being. * January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed. * January 4 ** Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third ...

) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

–

J. W. Hearne John William Hearne (known as Jack Hearne, J. W. Hearne and Young Jack to distinguish him from his ''distant'' cousin, J. T. Hearne; 11 February 1891 – 14 September 1965) was a Middlesex leg-spinning all-rounder cricketer who played from 1909 ...

, English cricketer (d.

1965 Events January–February * January 14 – The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years. * January 20 ** Lyndon B. Johnson is Second inauguration of Lyndo ...

) *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. *1462 – The ...

–

Grant Wood Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 February 12, 1942) was an American painter and representative of Regionalism, best known for his paintings depicting the rural American Midwest. He is particularly well known for '' American Gothic'' (193 ...

, American painter (d.

1942 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Declaration by United Nations is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 22 other nations, in wh ...

) *

–

Henry J. Knauf Henry Joseph Knauf known as "Heinie" (February 15, 1891 – April 16, 1950) was an American politician and businessman. Born in Hall Township, Bureau County, Illinois, Knauf lived in Ladd, Illinois and worked in the hardware and implement busi ...

, American politician (d.

) *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...

– Abraham Fraenkel, German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of the

Israel Prize The Israel Prize ( he, פרס ישראל; ''pras israél'') is an award bestowed by the State of Israel, and regarded as the state's highest cultural honor. History The Israel Prize is awarded annually, on Israeli Independence Day, in a state cer ...

(d.

) * February 21 – Seán Heuston, Irish rebel (d.

1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled. * ...

) *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

–

David Sarnoff David Sarnoff (February 27, 1891 – December 12, 1971) was an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career, he led the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in various capacities from shortly afte ...

, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d.

) * March 3 –

Fritz Rumey Leutnant Fritz Rumey (3 March 1891 – 27 September 1918) ''Pour le Mérite'', Golden Military Merit Cross was a German fighter pilot in the First World War, credited with 45 victories. He was one of only five German soldiers who won both of ...

, German World War I fighter ace (d.

1918 This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide. Events Below, the events ...

) * March 9 –

José P. Laurel José Paciano Laurel y García (; March 9, 1891 – November 6, 1959) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, and judge, who served as the president of the Japanese-occupied Second Philippine Republic, a puppet state during World War II, from 1943 ...

, 3rd President of the Philippines (d.

1959 Events January * January 1 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance. * January 2 - Lunar probe Luna 1 was the first man-made object to attain escape velocity from Earth. It reached the vicinity of E ...

) * March 10 –

Sam Jaffe Shalom "Sam" Jaffe (March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, musician, and engineer. In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in '' The Asphalt Jungle'' (1950) and ap ...

, American actor (d.

1984 Events January * January 1 – The Bornean Sultanate of Brunei gains full independence from the United Kingdom, having become a British protectorate in 1888. * January 7 – Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast A ...

) * March 16 - Patsy Gallacher, Irish footballer (d.

1953 Events January * January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma. * January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo. * January 14 ** Marshal Josip Broz Tito i ...

) * March 19 –

Earl Warren Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969. The Warren Court presided over a major shift in American constitution ...

, American politician and Chief Justice of the United States (d.

1974 Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...

) * March 24 – Rudolf Berthold, German fighter pilot (d.

1920 Events January * January 1 ** Polish–Soviet War in 1920: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. ** Kauniainen, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its own ma ...

) * March 26 – Will Wright, American actor (d.

1962 Events January * January 1 – Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand. * January 3 – Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro for preaching communism. * January 8 – Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the wors ...

) * March 28 –

May Mabel Adamson May Mabel Adamson (1891–1966) was the principal of the Queensland Central Technical College's Domestic Science High School from October 1953 till June 30, 1957. Biography Adamson was born in Cooktown, Queensland as one of six children o ...

, Australian principal (d.

1966 Events January * January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko. * January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...

) * March 29 – Yvan Goll, French lyricist, dramatist (d.

)

April–June

US visit of Taoiseach Costello in 1956 (cropped)

* April 2 – Max Ernst, German painter (d.

) *

– Laura Vicuña, Chilean Roman Catholic holy figure and blessed (d.

1904 Events January * January 7 – The distress signal ''CQD'' is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by ''SOS''. * January 8 – The Blackstone Library is dedicated, marking the beginning of the Chicago Public Library system. * ...

) * April 7 **

Ole Kirk Christiansen Ole Kirk Kristiansen (7 April 1891 – 11 March 1958) was a Danish carpenter. In 1932, he founded the construction toy company The Lego Group. Over the course of his working life, Kristiansen developed his business from a small wood-worki ...

, Danish founder of ''The Lego Group'' (d.

) ** Minoru Ōta, Japanese admiral (d.

) *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 *1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...

– Nella Larsen, American novelist (d.

1964 Events January * January 1 – The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved. * January 5 - In the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the fifteenth century, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch ...

) * April 14 –

B. R. Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and political leader who headed the committee drafting the Constitution of India from the Constituent Assembly debates, served a ...

, a founding father of modern India and architect of its constitution (d.

1956 Events January * January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan. * January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim ...

) * April 15 ** Väinö Raitio, Finnish composer (d.

) **

Wallace Reid William Wallace Halleck Reid (April 15, 1891 – January 18, 1923) was an American actor in silent film, referred to as "the screen's most perfect lover". He also had a brief career as a racing driver. Early life Reid was born in St. Louis, M ...

, American actor (d.

1923 Events January–February * January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory). * January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, t ...

) *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 *1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...

– George Adamski, Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d.

) * April 20 – Aldo Finzi, Italian politician (d.

1944 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 2 – WWII: ** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...

) *

– Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d.

) * April 29 – Bharathidasan, Tamil poet and rationalist (d.

) * May 7 –

Harry McShane Harry McShane (7 May 1891 – 12 April 1988) was a Scottish socialist, and a close colleague of John Maclean MA, John Maclean. Life and career Born into a Roman Catholic family, he became a Marxist. Involved in the Clyde Workers Committee an ...

, Scottish socialist (d.

1988 File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Australian ...

) *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...

Anton Dostler Anton Dostler (10 May 1891 – 1 December 1945) was a German army officer who fought in both World Wars. During World War II, he commanded several units as a General of the Infantry, primarily in Italy. After the Axis defeat, Dostler was execute ...

, German general (d.

) **

Mahmoud Mokhtar Mahmoud Mukhtar ( ar, محمود مختار) (May 10, 1891 – March 28, 1934) was an Egyptian sculptor. He attended the College of Fine Arts in Cairo upon its opening in 1908 by Prince Yusuf Kamal, and was part of the original "Pioneers" of the ...

, Egyptian sculptor (d.

1934 Events January–February * January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established. * January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strik ...

) * May 15 **

Mikhail Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov ( rus, links=no, Михаил Афанасьевич Булгаков, p=mʲɪxɐˈil ɐfɐˈnasʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bʊlˈɡakəf; – 10 March 1940) was a Soviet writer, medical doctor, and playwright active in the fir ...

, Russian writer (d.

1940 A calendar from 1940 according to the Gregorian calendar, factoring in the dates of Easter and related holidays, cannot be used again until the year 5280. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January *January ...

) **

Hjalmar Dahl Hjalmar Karl Emil Dahl (15 May 1891 – 19 October 1960) was a Finnish-Swedish journalist, translator and author.1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Ja ...

) **

Fritz Feigl Fritz Feigl (15 May 1891 – 23 January 1971) was a Jewish Austrian-born chemist. He taught at the University of Brazil. Biography Feigl was born and studied in Vienna, but owing to his military service in the First World War he had to interr ...

, Austrian-born chemist (d.

) **

Nipo T. Strongheart Nipo T. Strongheart (May 15, 1891 – December 31, 1966) was known as a lecturer on the Chautauqua circuit, a performer in Wild West shows, and a technical advisor to Hollywood film producers. Throughout his life, which spanned several care ...

, Native American filmmaker (d.

) *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

** Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d.

1948 Events January * January 1 ** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated. ** The Constitution of New Jersey (later subject to amendment) goes into effect. ** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form British ...

) **

Adolf Ritter von Tutschek Adolf Ritter von Tutschek (born Adolf von Tutschek)(16 May 1891 – 15 March 1918) ''Pour le Mérite, PlM'', Military Order of Max Joseph, MOMJ was a professional soldier turned aviator. As German air strategy turned towards concentrated air power ...

, German fighter ace (d.

) *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...

–

Rudolf Carnap Rudolf Carnap (; ; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. He ...

, German philosopher (d.

1970 Events January * January 1 – Unix time epoch reached at 00:00:00 UTC. * January 5 – The 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of X (''Extrem ...

) * May 19 – Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace (d.

) *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 11 ...

– Eddie Edwards, American jazz trombonist (d.

1963 Events January * January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...

) * May 23 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus La ...

–

William F. Albright William Foxwell Albright (May 24, 1891– September 19, 1971) was an American archaeologist, biblical scholar, philologist, and expert on ceramics. He is considered "one of the twentieth century's most influential American biblical scholars." ...

, American archeologist, Biblical scholar (d.

) *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...

** Paul Lukas, Hungarian-born American actor (d.

) ** Mamie Smith, American vaudeville singer (d.

1943 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured. * January 4 – ...

) * June 2 –

Takijirō Ōnishi was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II who came to be known as the father of the ''kamikaze''. Early career Ōnishi was a native of Ashida village (part of present-day Tamba City) in Hyōgo Prefecture. He graduated fr ...

, Japanese admiral (d.

) * June 3 –

Jim Tully Jim Tully (June 3, 1886 – June 22, 1947) was an American vagabond, pugilist, and writer. He enjoyed critical and commercial success as a writer in the 1920s and 1930s. Biography Born near St. Marys, Ohio, to James Dennis and Bridget Marie L ...

, American vagabond, pugilist and writer (d.

1947 It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Events January * January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...

) * June 4 –

Leopold Vietoris Leopold Vietoris (; ; 4 June 1891 – 9 April 2002) was an Austrian mathematician, World War I veteran and supercentenarian. He was born in Radkersburg and died in Innsbruck. He was known for his contributions to topology—notably the Mayer–V ...

, Austrian mathematician (d.

2002 File:2002 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City; Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and her daughter Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon die; East Timor gains East Timor independence, indepe ...

) * June 9 –

Cole Porter Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. Many of his songs became standards noted for their witty, urbane lyrics, and many of his scores found success on Broadway and in film. Born to ...

, American composer, songwriter (d.

) * June 18 –

Ahmad bin Yahya , succession = King and Imam of Yemen , image = YemenAhmad.jpg , image_size = , caption = , reign = 17 February 1948 – 19 September 1962 , predecessor = Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din , successor = ...

, King of Yemen (d.

) *

June 20 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. * 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...

–

John A. Costello John Aloysius Costello (20 June 1891 – 5 January 1976) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Leader of the Opposition from 1951 to 1954 and from 1957 to 1959, and Attorney General of ...

, second President of Ireland (d.

) *

–

Hermann Scherchen Hermann Scherchen (21 June 1891 – 12 June 1966) was a German conductor. Life Scherchen was born in Berlin. Originally a violist, he played among the violas of the Bluthner Orchestra of Berlin while still in his teens. He conducted in Riga ...

, German conductor (d.

) *

June 23 Events Pre-1600 * 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu. * 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships. * 1280 – The Spanish Re ...

Ion Codreanu Ion Codreanu (23 June 1891–8 January 1960) was a Romanian major general during World War II. Biography He started his education at the elementary school in Bălăbănești, and then at the Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu High School in Bârlad, ...

, Romanian general (d.

) **

Valērija Seile Valērija Seile ( ltg, Valereja Seile; 1891–1970) was a Latvian politician, educator, historian, librarian and writer. She was educated in St Petersburg. She returned to Latvia in 1916, was the secretary of the Provisional Land Council of Latg ...

, Latvian politician (d.

) * June 27 –

Mina Wylie Wilhelmina "Mina" Wylie (27 June 1891 – 6 July 1984) was one of Australia's first two female Olympic swimming representatives, along with friend Fanny Durack.Hirst,Warwic"Wylie, Wilhelmina (Mina) (1891–1984)"Australian Dictionary of Biogra ...

, Australian swimmer (d.

) *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

Esther Forbes Esther Louise Forbes (; June 28, 1891 – August 12, 1967) was an American novelist, historian and children's writer who received the Pulitzer Prize and the Newbery Medal. She was the first woman elected to membership in the American Antiqu ...

, American writer (d.

) **

Carl Andrew Spaatz Carl Andrew Spaatz (born Spatz; June 28, 1891 – July 14, 1974), nicknamed "Tooey", was an American World War II general. As commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe in 1944, he successfully pressed for the bombing of the enemy's oil product ...

, American general (d.

) * June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d.

)

July–September

Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1976-127-06A, Karl Dönitz - crop

* July 2 –

Karin Kock-Lindberg Karin Kock-Lindberg (''née'' Kock; 2 July 1891 – 28 July 1976) was a Swedish politician (Social Democrats) and professor of economics. In 1947 she became the first woman to hold a ministerial position in Sweden. She was also the first female pr ...

, Swedish politician (d.

) * July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

1987 File:1987 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes after leaving the Port of Zeebrugge in Belgium, killing 193; Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashes after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, k ...

) * July 7 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Imperial Japanese Army general (d.

) * July 10 –

Edith Quimby Edith Hinkley Quimby (July 10, 1891 – October 11, 1982) was an American medical researcher and physicist, best known as one of the founders of nuclear medicine. Her work involved developing diagnostic and therapeutic applications of X-rays. One ...

, American medical researcher, physicist (d.

1982 Events January * January 1 – In Malaysia and Singapore, clocks are adjusted to the same time zone, UTC+8 (GMT+8.00). * January 13 – Air Florida Flight 90 crashes shortly after takeoff into the 14th Street bridges, 14th Street Bridge in ...

) * July 11 –

Joseph Sadi-Lecointe Joseph Sadi-Lecointe (1891 – 1944) was a French aviator, best known for breaking a number of speed and altitude records in the 1920s. Biography Sadi-Lecointe was born on 11 July 1891 at Saint-Germain-sur-Bresle. He learned to fly at the Ze ...

, French aviator (d.

) *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

– Jetta Goudal, Dutch-American actress (d.

1985 The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** The Internet's Domain Name System is created. ** Greenland withdraws from the European Economic Community as a result of a ...

) * July 18 ** Billy Sullivan, American actor (d.

1946 Events January * January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held. * January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...

) ** Gene Lockhart, Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d.

) * July 21 – Elmer Ripley, American basketball coach (d.

) * July 26 – William J. Connors, American politician (d. 1961) * July 27 – Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (d. 1968) * July 28 – Joe E. Brown, American actor, comedian (d. 1973) * July 29 – Bernhard Zondek German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d.

) *

– Roderic Dallas, Australian World War I fighter ace (d.

) * August 1 ** Karl Kobelt, 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1968) ** Charles Ritz, French hotelier, fly fisherman (d.

) * August 2 – Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky, Russian literary historian, linguist (d.

) * August 11 – Stancho Belkovski, Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d.

) * August 13 – Ethel Roosevelt Derby, youngest daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1977) * August 14 – Ralph Barton, American artist (d. 1931) * August 15 ** Marin Ceaușu, Romanian general (d. 1954) ** Chief Yowlachie, Native American actor (d.

) * August 17 – Dulcie Mary Pillers, English medical illustrator (d. 1961) * August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d. 2007) * August 23 – Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (d. 1932) * August 29 – Michael Chekhov, Russian-American actor, theatre director (d. 1955) * September 3 – Bessie Delany, African-American physician, author (d. 1995) * September 5 – Edward Molyneux, English fashion designer (d.

) * September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d.

) * September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969) * September 16 ** Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (d.

) ** Karl Dönitz, German admiral, briefly President of Germany (d. 1980) ** Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d.

) ** Julie Winnefred Bertrand, Canadian supercentenarian (d. 2007) * September 18 – Rafael Pérez y Pérez, Spanish writer (d.

) *

– Hans Albers, German actor, singer (d.

) *

– Alma Thomas, African American painter (d. 1978) * September 25 – Godfrey Ince, British civil servant (d.

) * September 26 ** Charles Munch (conductor), Charles Munch, French conductor, violinist (d. 1968) ** William McKell, 12th Governor-General of Australia (d.

) *

– Myrtle Gonzalez, American film, stage actress (d.

)

October–December

* October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d.

) * October 13 – Irene Rich, American actress (d.

) * October 15 – Tadashige Daigo, Japanese admiral (d.

) * October 17 – Yasuyo Yamasaki, Imperial Japanese Army officer (d.

) * October 18 – Joe Abbott (Australian politician), Joe Abbott , Australian politician (d.

) * October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * October 24 – Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961) * October 25 **Petre Antonescu (general), Petre Antonescu, Romanian general (d.

) **Charles Coughlin, American Catholic priest, anti-Semitic radio host (d. 1979) * October 28 ** Ormer Locklear, American stunt pilot, film actor (d.

) ** Maria José de Castro Rebello Mendes, Brazilian diplomat * November 2 – David Townsend (art director), David Townsend, American art director (d. 1935) * November 4 – Orlando Ward, American general (d.

) * November 7 **Miriam Cooper, American silent film actress (d.

) **Genrikh Yagoda, Soviet police and intelligence official (d. 1938) * November 10 – Carl Stalling, American musician (d.

) * November 12 – Władysław Bortnowski, Polish historian and general (d.

) * November 14 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941) *

** Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d.

) ** Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d.

) * November 24 – Mariano Ospina Pérez, Colombian politician, 17th President of Colombia (d.

) * November 28 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist, politician (d. 1949) * November 29 – Julius Raab, former Chancellor of Austria (d.

) * December 4 – T. V. Soong, Republic of China, Taiwanese businessman, politician (d.

) * December 6 **Masatomi Kimura, Japanese admiral (d.

) **Gotthard Sachsenberg, German World War I naval aviator, fighter ace (d. 1961) * December 9 – Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (d. 1917) * December 10 **Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, British field marshal (d. 1969) **Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * December 14 **Katherine MacDonald, American silent screen actress (d.

) **Lester Melrose, American record producer, known primarily for promoting the Chicago blues genre (d. 1968) *

** Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) ** Hu Shih, Chinese liberal (d.

) * December 19 – Edward Bernard Raczyński, Edward Bernard Raczynski, former President of Poland (d. 1993) * December 24 – Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky, Russian illustrator (d.

) * December 25 **Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer), Kenneth Anderson, British general (d.

) **Clarrie Grimmett, New Zealand-Australian cricketer (d. 1980) * December 26 – Henry Miller, American novelist (d. 1980) * December 29 – Béla Imrédy, 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (d.

)

Deaths

January–June

Carl Johan Thyselius (Hildebrand Sveriges historia)

– Charles Keene (artist), Charles Keene, English artist and illustrator (b. 1823) * January 5 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849) * January 11 – Carl Johan Thyselius, Swedish politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1811) *

– John Wellborn Root, American architect (b. 1850) *

– Léo Delibes, French composer (b. 1836) *

– Kalākaua, last reigning King of Hawaii (b. 1836) * January 21 ** Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842) ** James Timberlake, American lawman (b. 1846) * January 25 - Theo van Gogh (art dealer), Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (b. 1857) *January 26 – Nicolaus Otto, German engineer (b. 1832) * February 4 – Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos, Roman Catholic archbishop and Mexican politician who served as regent during the Second Mexican Empire, 1863-1864 (d. 1816) * February 10 – Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian mathematician (b. 1850) *

– David Dixon Porter, American admiral (b. 1813) *

– William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820) * March 13 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823) * March 15 – Joseph Bazalgette, Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819) * March 17 – Eduard Clam-Gallas, Austrian general (b. 1805) * March 27 – James A. Ekin, Union Army general (b. 1819) * March 29 – Georges Seurat, French painter (b. 1859) * April 2 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Turkish statesman (b. 1823) * April 7 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810) * April 9 – George Cavendish-Bentinck, British Conservative politician (b. 1821) * April 24 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800) * April 25 – Nathaniel Woodard, English educationalist (b. 1811) * May 2 – Albany James Christie, British Jesuit priest and academic (b. 1817) * May 8 ** Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born author, theosophist (b. 1831) ** John Robertson (premier), Sir John Robertson, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1816) *

– Ion C. Brătianu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1821) * June 6 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (b. 1815) * June 19 – David Settle Reid, American politician (b. 1813) *

– Samuel Newitt Wood, American politician (b. 1825) * June 24 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (b. 1804)

July–December

* July 1 – Mihail Kogălniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1817) * July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 15th Vice President of the United States (b. 1809) * July 20 – Frederick Weld, Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1823) * July 24 – Hermann Raster, German-born Forty-Eighter, editor-in-chief of the Illinois Staats-Zeitung (b. 1827) * August 12 – James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819) * August 14 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803) * August 27 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, American politician, railroad executive (b. 1816) * August 29 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (b. 1843?) * September 4 – José María Urvina, 5th President of Ecuador (b. 1808) * September 7 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (b. 1820) * September 11 – Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842) * September 15 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (b. 1812) * September 19 – José Manuel Balmaceda, 10th President of Chile (b. 1840) *

– Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819) * September 30 – Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general, politician (b. 1837) * October 6 ** Charles I of Württemberg (b. 1823) ** Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846) * October 23 – Ambrose of Optina, Russian Orthodox saint (b. 1812) * October 25 – Prince Kuni Asahiko of Japan (b. 1824) * October 29 – Prince Yamashina Akira of Japan (b. 1816) * November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (b. 1818) * November 10 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854) * November 17 – George H. Cooper, United States Navy admiral (b. 1821) * November 28 – Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet, British politician (b. 1826) * December 4 – Frederick Whitaker, English-New Zealand lawyer, politician and 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1812) * December 5 – Pedro II of Brazil, Pedro II, 2nd and last Emperor of Brazil (b. 1825) * December 6 – Émile Bayard, French artist (b. 1837) * December 7 – Mary Helen Peck Crane, Mary Crane, American activist; mother of the writer, Stephen Crane (b. 1827) * December 12 – Julia A. Ames, American reformer (b. 1861) *

– José María Iglesias, Mexican lawyer and journalist, interim president from 1876 to 1877 (b. 1823) * December 20 – William Robert Woodman, British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (b. 1828) * December 29 – Leopold Kronecker, Polish-born German mathematician, academic (b. 1823) * December 31 – Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1st African Anglican bishop, linguist and legendary missionary (b. 1809)

Date unknown

* Anna Sprengel, German countess (alleged death)

References

Sources

* ''Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1891: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry'' (1892); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online. {{DEFAULTSORT:1891 1891,