Events

January–March

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The California Penal Code goes into effect. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 *38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

–

American Indian Wars The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settle ...

Modoc War The Modoc War, or the Modoc Campaign (also known as the Lava Beds War), was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the United States Army in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon from 1872 to 1873. Eadweard M ...

First Battle of the Stronghold The First Battle of the Stronghold (January 17, 1873) was the second battle in the Modoc War of 1872–1873. The battle was fought between the United States Army under Lieutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton and a band of the Native American Modoc t ...

– Modoc Indians defeat the United States Army. * February 11 – The Spanish

Cortes Cortes, Cortés, Cortês, Corts, or Cortès may refer to: People * Cortes (surname), including a list of people with the name ** Hernán Cortés (1485–1547), a Spanish conquistador Places * Cortes, Navarre, a village in the South border of ...

deposes King Amadeus I, and proclaims the

First Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic ( es, República Española), historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874. The Republic's founding ensued after th ...

. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...

Emilio Castelar Emilio Castelar y Ripoll (7 September 183225 May 1899) was a Spanish republican politician, and a president of the First Spanish Republic. Castelar was born in Cádiz. He was an eloquent orator and a writer. Appointed as Head of State in 1873 i ...

, the former foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic. ** The

Coinage Act of 1873 The Coinage Act of 1873 or Mint Act of 1873, was a general revision of laws relating to the Mint of the United States. By ending the right of holders of silver bullion to have it coined into standard silver dollars, while allowing holders of go ...

in the United States is signed into law by President

Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union Ar ...

; coming into effect on

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...

, it ends bimetallism in the U.S., and places the country on the

gold standard A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the l ...

. * February 20 ** The

University of California The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Franci ...

opens its first medical school in

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th ...

. ** British naval officer John Moresby discovers the site of

Port Moresby (; Tok Pisin: ''Pot Mosbi''), also referred to as Pom City or simply Moresby, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea. It is one of the largest cities in the southwestern Pacific (along with Jayapura) outside of Australia and New ...

, and claims the land for Britain. *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...

–

Censorship Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...

: The

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

enacts the

Comstock Law The Comstock laws were a set of federal acts passed by the United States Congress under the Grant administration along with related state laws.Dennett p.9 The "parent" act (Sect. 211) was passed on March 3, 1873, as the Act for the Suppression o ...

, making it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" books through the mail. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

–

is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...

– The

Phi Sigma Kappa Phi Sigma Kappa (), colloquially known as Phi Sig or PSK, is a men's social and academic Fraternities and sororities, fraternity with approximately 74 List of Phi Sigma Kappa chapters#List of Chapters, active chapters and provisional chapters in ...

student fraternity is founded at the

Massachusetts Agricultural College The University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst, UMass) is a Public university, public research university in Amherst, Massachusetts and the sole public land-grant university in Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Founded in 1863 as an agricu ...

. *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthelr ...

– Emancipation Day for

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...

: Slaves are freed (with a few exceptions). *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...

–

First Aceh Expedition The First Aceh Expedition was a punitive expedition of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army against Aceh. Early in 1873, the American Consul in Singapore had discussions with an Achenese emissary about a possible Acehnese-American treaty, wh ...

: A Dutch military expedition is launched to bombard Banda Aceh, capital of the Aceh Sultanate (in modern-day Indonesia), beginning the

Aceh War The Aceh War ( id, Perang Aceh), also known as the Dutch War or the Infidel War (1873–1913), was an armed military conflict between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Kingdom of the Netherlands which was triggered by discussions between represen ...

. *

March 29 Events Pre-1600 * 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving. * 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...

– The ''

Rio Tinto Company Rio Tinto Group is an Anglo-Australian multinational company that is the world's second-largest metals and mining corporation (behind BHP). The company was founded in 1873 when of a group of investors purchased a mine complex on the Rio Tinto, ...

'' is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto Mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group.

April–June

– British ocean liner sinks off

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

, killing 547. * April 4 –

The Kennel Club The Kennel Club ("KC") is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world. Its role is to oversee various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also oper ...

, the world's first kennel club, is founded in the United Kingdom. *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...

– 17 –

: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...

– In

Richmond, Rhode Island Richmond is a town in Washington County, Rhode Island. The population was 8,020 at the 2020 census. It contains the villages of Alton, Arcadia, Barberville, Carolina, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Shannock, Tug Hollow, Usquepaug, Wood River Junction, ...

, 11 people perish in a train derailment, due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch (modern-day Wood River Junction). *

May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May ...

– Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rockf ...

county fair, which is taken up by

Joseph Glidden Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman and farmer. He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire. In 1898, he donated land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School in DeKalb, Illinois, whic ...

and

Jacob Haish Jacob Haish (March 9, 1826 – February 19, 1926) was one of the first inventors of barbed wire. His type of barbed wire was in direct competition with the other barbed wire manufacturers in DeKalb, Illinois. He was a known carpenter and archit ...

, who invent a machine to mass-produce it. *

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. *1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. *1260 – Kub ...

–

Third Carlist War The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...

in Spain: Battle of Eraul – Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...

** ''Der Gründerkrach'': The

Wiener Börse The Wiener Börse AG (also known as the Vienna Stock Exchange) is a bourse situated in Vienna, Austria. The exchange also owns and operates the Prague Stock Exchange, provides market infrastructure to other exchanges in Central, Eastern, and ...

(

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

stock exchange) crash in

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

ends the ''

Gründerzeit (; "founders' period") was the economic phase in 19th-century Germany and Austria before the great stock market crash of 1873. In Central Europe, the age of industrialisation had been taking place since the 1840s. That period is not precisely ...

'', and heralds the global

Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877 or 1879 in France and in Britain. In Britain, the Panic started two decades of stagnation known as the ...

and

Long Depression The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through March 1879, or 1896, depending on the metrics used. It was most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing st ...

. **

: The Battle of Montejurra is fought at Navarra, Spain. *

May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...

Levi Strauss Levi Strauss (; born Löb Strauß ; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm of Levi Strauss & Co. (Levi's) began in 1853 in San Francisc ...

and Jacob Davis receive United States patent#139121, for using

copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...

rivets A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head is called the ''tail''. On installation, the rivet is placed in a punched o ...

to strengthen the pockets of

denim Denim is a sturdy cotton warp-faced textile in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces a diagonal ribbing that distinguishes it from cotton duck. While a denim predecessor known as dungaree has been p ...

work pants. Levi Strauss & Co. begins manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the

Amoskeag Manufacturing Company The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company was a textile manufacturer which founded Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. From modest beginnings it grew throughout the 19th century into the largest cotton textile plant in the world. At its peak, Amos ...

Manchester, New Hampshire Manchester is a city in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, United States. It is the most populous city in New Hampshire. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 115,644. Manchester is, along with Nashua, one of two seats of New Ha ...

. ** In

Chipping Norton Chipping Norton is a market town and civil parish in the Cotswold Hills in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England, about south-west of Banbury and north-west of Oxford. The 2011 Census recorded the civil parish population as ...

, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –16 women sentenced to imprisonment, for attempting to dissuade

strikebreaker A strikebreaker (sometimes called a scab, blackleg, or knobstick) is a person who works despite a strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who were not employed by the company before the trade union dispute but hired after or during the st ...

s. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. *1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. * 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...

** The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police (which is renamed the

Royal Canadian Mounted Police The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP; french: Gendarmerie royale du Canada; french: GRC, label=none), commonly known in English as the Mounties (and colloquially in French as ) is the federal police, federal and national police service of ...

in 1920). ** The

Preakness Stakes The Preakness Stakes is an American thoroughbred horse race held on Armed Forces Day which is also the third Saturday in May each year at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. It is a Grade I race run over a distance of 9.5 furlongs () o ...

horse race is run for the first time in

Baltimore Baltimore ( , locally: or ) is the List of municipalities in Maryland, most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland, fourth most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, and List of United States cities by popula ...

. * May 27 – Classical archaeologist

Heinrich Schliemann Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann (; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German businessman and pioneer in the field of archaeology. He was an advocate of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of Homer and an archaeolog ...

discovers

Priam's Treasure Priam's Treasure is a cache of gold and other artifacts discovered by classical archaeologists Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hissarlik, on the northwestern coast of modern Turkey. The majority of the artifacts are currently in the Pushk ...

. *

May 28 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...

** C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of

Tripoli, Lebanon Tripoli ( ar, طرابلس/ ALA-LC: ''Ṭarābulus'', Lebanese Arabic: ''Ṭrablus'') is the largest city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in the country. Situated north of the capital Beirut, it is the capital of the North Gove ...

. ** The city of Khiva in Uzbekistan falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General

Konstantin von Kaufman Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann (russian: Константи́н Петро́вич Ка́уфман; 2 March 1818 – 16 May 1882), was the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan. Early life His family was German in origin (from Holste ...

. * June (unknown date) – Ochanomizu Women's University founded in Japan (then the Tokyo Women's Normal School). *

June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...

–

: The

ends with the capture of

Kintpuash Kintpuash, also known as Kientpaush, Kientpoos, and Captain Jack (c. 1837 – October 3, 1873), was a chief of the Modoc tribe of California and Oregon. Kintpuash's name in the Modoc language meant 'Strikes the water brashly.' He led a ...

(''Captain Jack''). *

June 9 Events Pre-1600 *411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy. * 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia. * 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending th ...

– Alexandra Palace entertainment venue in London is destroyed by fire, only a fortnight after its opening.

July–September

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...

– The end of the war between the United Kingdom and

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...

's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves, leads to the establishment of the Gold Coast Colony. * July 1 –

Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is the smallest province in terms of land area and population, but the most densely populated. The island has several nicknames: "Garden of the Gulf", ...

joins the

Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation (french: Confédération canadienne, link=no) was the process by which three British North American provinces, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into one federation called the Dominion ...

. *

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * 1316 – The Burgundian a ...

– New Rush in

Griqualand West Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province. It was inhabited by the Griqua people – a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, wh ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

, is renamed Kimberley.Roberts, Brian. 1976. ''Kimberley, turbulent city''. Cape Town: David Philip, p 115 * July 9 –

: Battle of Alpens – Campaigning in Catalonia, a government column under General

José Cabrinetty José Cabrinetty Cladera was a Spanish Brigadier who was notable for being a Anti-Carlist during the Third Carlist War and a notable figure for the Spanish liberals after his death at Alpens. Biography Cladera began his military career at the a ...

is ambushed at Alpens, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General

Francisco Savalls Francisco Savalls Massot (1817–1885) also known as Francesc Savalls i Massot, was a Spanish Catalan carlist. He was born in the Province of Girona. He fought in all three of the Carlist Wars on the side of the Carlists. After the defeat of Car ...

. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men is killed or captured. *

July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. *1048 – Damasu ...

– Richard Southey becomes the first Lieutenant-Governor of

.The British Empire: Griqualand West Administrators
(Accessed on 16 April 2017) *

July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became t ...

– At

Adair, Iowa Adair is a city in Adair and Guthrie counties of Iowa in the United States. The population was 791 at the 2020 census. History The Rock Island Railroad was built through the area in 1868, which led to the area being known as Summit Cut. This ...

, Jesse James and the

James–Younger Gang The James–Younger Gang was a notable 19th-century gang of American outlaws that revolved around Jesse James and his brother Frank James. The gang was based in the state of Missouri, the home of most of the members. Membership fluctuated from ...

pull off the first successful

train robbery Train robbery is a type of robbery, in which the goal is to steal money or other valuables being carried aboard trains. History Train robberies were more common in the past when trains were slower, and often occurred in the American Old West. ...

in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express). *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...

– Sir Benjamin Pine becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal. *

August 4 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...

–

: While protecting a railroad survey party in

Montana Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columb ...

, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel

George Armstrong Custer George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars. Custer graduated from West Point in 1861 at the bottom of his class, b ...

, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed). *

August 12 Events Pre-1600 *1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. * 1121 – B ...

– A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate. *

August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers. *1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...

– The

Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition The Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition was an Arctic expedition to find the North-East Passage that ran from 1872 to 1874 under the leadership of Julius Payer and Karl Weyprecht. The expedition discovered and partially explored Franz Josef La ...

discovers

Franz Josef Land Franz Josef Land, Frantz Iosef Land, Franz Joseph Land or Francis Joseph's Land ( rus, Земля́ Фра́нца-Ио́сифа, r=Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, no, Fridtjof Nansen Land) is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. It is inhabited on ...

. *

September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...

– The

International Meteorological Organization The International Meteorological Organization (IMO; 1873–1951) was the first organization formed with the purpose of exchanging weather information among the countries of the world. It came into existence from the realization that weather systems ...

(IMO) is established. *

September 16 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council. *1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers. 1601–1900 *1620 – A determined band of 35 religio ...

– German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War. * September 17 – The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later

Ohio State University The Ohio State University, commonly called Ohio State or OSU, is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio. A member of the University System of Ohio, it has been ranked by major institutional rankings among the best publ ...

, opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women. *

September 18 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects. * 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...

– A New York stock market crash helps to trigger the

, part of the

. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ag ...

– Classes begin at

Drury University Drury University, formerly Drury College and originally Springfield College, is a private university in Springfield, Missouri. The university's mission statement describes itself as "church-related". It enrolls about 1,700 undergraduate and gra ...

Springfield, Missouri Springfield is the third largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri and the county seat of Greene County. The city's population was 169,176 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Springfield metropolitan area, which had an estimat ...

October–December

October October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôc ...

– The

begins in the United States. *

October 6 Events Pre-1600 * 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic. * 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. *A ...

** The County Carlow Football Club (

rugby union Rugby union, commonly known simply as rugby, is a close-contact team sport that originated at Rugby School in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of rugby football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In it ...

) is founded in Ireland. **

: Battle of Mañeru – In continued campaigning in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones meets a Carlist force under Nicolás Ollo at Mañeru, near Puente de la Reina, in a hard-fought but indecisive action. While both sides claim victory, the Carlists are said to have had the advantage, and a month later Moriones is repulsed in a costly assault further west, against

Estella Estella may refer to: People * Diego de Estella (1524–1578) * Estella Sneider (born 1950) *Estella Warren (born 1978), Canadian actress *Estella, the ''nom de guerre'' of Italian labor leader Teresa Noce Fictional *Estella Havisham, a charact ...

. *

November 6 Events Pre-1600 * 447 – A powerful earthquake destroys large portions of the Walls of Constantinople, including 57 towers. * 963 – Synod of Rome: Emperor Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope John XII is ...

– The Halifax Rugby League Club is founded in the north of England. *

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. * 921 – Treaty of Bon ...

** Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second

Prime Minister of Canada The prime minister of Canada (french: premier ministre du Canada, link=no) is the head of government of Canada. Under the Westminster system, the prime minister governs with the confidence of a majority the elected House of Commons; as su ...

. **

: Battle of Montejurra – Determined to recapture the key city of

in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line. *

November 10 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. * 937 – Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang ...

– Establishment of the

Home Ministry An interior ministry (sometimes called a ministry of internal affairs or ministry of home affairs) is a government department that is responsible for internal affairs. Lists of current ministries of internal affairs Named "ministry" * Ministr ...

in Japan, introducing

police services of the Empire of Japan The of the Empire of Japan comprised numerous police services, in many cases with overlapping jurisdictions. History and background During the Tokugawa bakufu (1603–1867), police functions in Japan operated through appointed town magistrates ...

on the European model. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. * 1183 & ...

–

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...

, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and

Óbuda Óbuda was a town in Hungary that was merged with Buda and Pest on 17 November 1873; it now forms part of District III-Óbuda-Békásmegyer of Budapest. The name means ''Old Buda'' in Hungarian (in German, ''Alt-Ofen''). The name in Bosnian ...

. *

November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...

– 21 –

Irish Home Rule movement The Irish Home Rule movement was a movement that campaigned for Devolution, self-government (or "home rule") for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was the dominant political movement of Irish nationalism from 1 ...

: The

Home Government Association The Home Government Association was a pressure group launched by Isaac Butt in support of home rule for Ireland at a meeting in Bilton's Hotel, Dublin, on 19 May 1870. The meeting was attended or supported by sixty-one people of different politi ...

reconstitutes itself as the

Home Rule League The Home Rule League (1873–1882), sometimes called the Home Rule Party, was an Irish political party which campaigned for home rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until it was replaced by the Irish Parliam ...

. *

November 22 Events Pre-1600 * 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. * 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fra ...

– , on passage from New York to France, collides with Scottish 3-masted iron clipper ''Loch Earn'' and sinks in 12 minutes with the loss of 226 lives. *

December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days. December got its name from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was or ...

– Major

Walter Clopton Wingfield Major Walter Clopton Wingfield (16 October 1833 – 18 April 1912) was a Welsh inventor and a British Army officer who was one of the pioneers of lawn tennis.Tyzack, AnnThe True Home of Tennis''Country Life'', 22 June 2005J. Perris (2000Grass ...

designs and

patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention."A ...

s a

racquet sport Racket sports are games in which players use a racket or paddle to hit a ball or other object. Rackets consist of a handled frame with an open hoop that supports a network of tightly stretched strings. Paddles have a solid face rather than a ne ...

, which he calls ''sphairistike'' (

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

σφάίρίστική, "skill at playing at ball"), soon known simply as '' Stické'', for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in

Llanelidan Llanelidan is a small village and community in the county of Denbighshire in north-east Wales. The community also includes the hamlet of Rhyd-y-Meudwy. The church, village hall and pub all lie within 200 yards of each other overlooking the vil ...

, Wales. *

December 15 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – Vandalic War: Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Tricamarum. * 687 – Pope Sergius I is elected as a compromise between antipopes Paschal and Theodor ...

– Women of Fredonia, New York, march against the retail liquor dealers in town, to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873–74. *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * 755 ...

– The Heineken Brewery is founded in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

, the Netherlands. *

December 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey. * 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected. * 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy. * 1562 &ndas ...

(December 7 OS) –

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most pop ...

's fantasia '' The Tempest'', composed between August and October, is premiered, in Moscow. *

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. *1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning of Pope Celes ...

–

Francis Garnier Marie Joseph François Garnier ( vi, Ngạc Nhi; 25 July 1839 – 21 December 1873) was a French officer, inspector of Indigenous Affairs of Cochinchina and explorer. He eventually became mission leader of the Mekong Exploration Commission in 19th ...

is attacked outside

Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi is ...

by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the

Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia ** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam. * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overse ...

. *

December 22 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – Vespasian is proclaimed Emperor of Rome; his predecessor, Vitellius, attempts to abdicate but is captured and killed at the Gemonian stairs. * 401 – Pope Innocent I is elected, the only pope to succeed h ...

–

: Battle of Bocairente – Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General

Valeriano Weyler Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí, 1st Marquess of Tenerife (17 September 1838 – 20 October 1930) was a Spanish general and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and Cuba, and later as S ...

is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés. Weyler is initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory, and Santés is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw. *

December 23 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – The Arian Vandal Kingdom ceases its persecution of Nicene Christianity. * 558 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. * 583 – Maya queen Yohl Ik'nal is crowned ruler of Palenque. * 962 &ndas ...

– The

Woman's Christian Temperance Union The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is an international temperance organization, originating among women in the United States Prohibition movement. It was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program th ...

is founded, in

Hillsboro, Ohio Hillsboro is a city in and the county seat of Highland County, Ohio, United States approximately 35 mi (56 km) west of Chillicothe, and 50 miles east of Cincinnati. The population was 6,605 at the 2010 census. History Hillsboro was p ...

. *

December 27 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated. * 1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World. *1521 &ndas ...

–

: Siege of Bilbao (until 2 May 1874) – Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaquín Elío besiege

Bilbao ) , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = 275 px , map_caption = Interactive map outlining Bilbao , pushpin_map = Spain Basque Country#Spain#Europe , pushpin_map_caption ...

, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number, and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Vizcaya and

Álava Álava ( in Spanish) or Araba (), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see. Its c ...

, although a considerable force is left in Guipúzcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and

Arsenio Martínez-Campos Arsenio is an Italian, Portuguese and Spanish version of the male given name ''Arsenius''. It may refer to: People * Arsenio Balisacan, Filipino economist * Arsénio Bano (born 1974), East Timorese politician * Arsenio Benítez (born 1971), Pa ...

, brilliantly breaks the siege, and Concha then marches on Estella.

Date unknown

* The

League of the Three Emperors The League of the Three Emperors or Union of the Three Emperors (german: Dreikaiserbund) was an alliance between the German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, from 1873 to 1887. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck took full charge of German foreign p ...

is created. It links the conservative monarchs of

, the German Empire and the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

in an alliance against radical movements. * Founding of: **

Toronto Argonauts The Toronto Argonauts (officially the Toronto Argonaut Football Club and colloquially known as the Argos) are a professional Canadian football team competing in the East Division of the Canadian Football League (CFL), based in Toronto, Ontario ...

, the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America. ** Royal Montreal Club in Montreal, the first permanent

golf Golf is a club-and-ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Golf, unlike most ball games, cannot and does not use a standardized playing area, and coping ...

club in North America. *

Liebig's Extract of Meat Company Liebig's Extract of Meat Company, established in the United Kingdom, was the producer of LEMCO brand Liebig's Extract of Meat and the originator of Oxo meat extracts and Oxo beef stock cubes. It was named after Baron Justus von Liebig, the 1 ...

begins producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label

Fray Bentos Fray Bentos () is the capital city of the Río Negro Department, in south-western Uruguay, at the Argentina-Uruguay border, near the Argentine city of Gualeguaychú. Its port on the Uruguay River is one of the nation's most important harbours. ...

, from the town in

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

where it is processed. *

Coors Brewing Company The Coors Brewing Company started as an American brewery and beer company in Golden, Colorado. In 2005, Adolph Coors Company, the holding company that owned Coors Brewing, merged with Molson, Inc. to become Molson Coors. The first Coors b ...

begins making

beer Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from ce ...

Golden, Colorado Golden is a home rule city that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 20,399 at the 2020 United States Census. Golden lies along Clear Creek at the base of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountai ...

. * Konishiya Rokubei, predecessor of the

Konica Minolta is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Chiyoda, Tokyo, with offices in 49 countries worldwide. The company manufactures business and industrial imaging products, in ...

worldwide imaging brand, is founded in

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...

, Japan. * The

Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...

arms company Aktiebolaget (AB) Bofors-Gullspång, better known as

Bofors AB Bofors ( , , ) is a former Swedish arms manufacturer which today is part of the British arms concern BAE Systems. The name has been associated with the iron industry and artillery manufacturing for more than 350 years. History Located ...

, is founded. * In

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

, the

Veracruz Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...

–Mexico City railroad is completed. * Nine Pekin ducks are imported to Long Island (the first in the United States). * The Married Woman's Property Rights Association is founded in Sweden.

Births

January–March

* January 2 –

Thérèse of Lisieux Thérèse of Lisieux (french: Thérèse de Lisieux ), born Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin (2 January 1873 – 30 September 1897), also known as Saint Therese of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face (), was a French Catholic Discalced Carmelit ...

, Catholic saint, mystic (d.

1897 Events January–March * January 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded, in New York City. * January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a puni ...

) * January 4 –

Blanche Walsh Blanche Walsh (January 4, 1873 – October 31, 1915) was a highly regarded American stage actress who appeared in one film, '' Resurrection'' based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy and the first three reel treatment of any Tolstoy story. Biograph ...

, American stage, screen actress (d.

1915 Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction". * January ...

) * January 7 – Adolph Zukor, Austrian-born film studio pioneer (d.

1976 Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 ...

) * January 8 –

Iuliu Maniu Iuliu Maniu (; 8 January 1873 – 5 February 1953) was an Austro-Hungarian-born lawyer and Romanian politician. He was a leader of the National Party of Transylvania and Banat before and after World War I, playing an important role in the U ...

, Romanian politician (d.

1953 Events January * January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma. * January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a government-in-exile in Oslo. * January 14 ** Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yug ...

) * January 9 – Thomas Curtis, American athlete (d.

1944 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 2 – WWII: ** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...

) * January 10 –

George Orton George Washington F. Orton (January 10, 1873 – June 24, 1958) was a Canadian middle and long-distance runner. In 1900, he became the first Canadian to win a medal at an Olympic Games. He won a bronze in the 400 metre hurdles, and then, 45 ...

, Canadian athlete (d.

1958 Events January * January 1 – The European Economic Community (EEC) comes into being. * January 3 – The West Indies Federation is formed. * January 4 ** Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. * 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...

–

Spyridon Louis Spyridon Louis ( el, Σπυρίδων Λούης , sometimes transliterated ''Spiridon Loues''; 12 January 1873 – 26 March 1940), commonly known as Spyros Louis (Σπύρος Λούης), was a Greek water carrier who won the first modern-day ...

, Greek runner (d.

1940 A calendar from 1940 according to the Gregorian calendar, factoring in the dates of Easter and related holidays, cannot be used again until the year 5280. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * Januar ...

) * January 20 – Johannes V. Jensen, Danish writer,

Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfr ...

laureate (d.

1950 Events January * January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed. * January 5 – Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 crashes in a snowstorm. All 19 ...

) *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...

– Colette, French writer (d. 1954) * January 29 – Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, Italian mountaineer, explorer and admiral (d. 1933) * January 30 – Vassily Balabanov, administrator, Provincial Governor of Imperial Russia (d. 1947) * January 31 – Melitta Bentz, German entrepreneur who invented the coffee filter in 1908 (d.

) * February 2 – Maurice Tourneur, French film director (d. 1961) * February 3 ** Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, Hugh Trenchard, British military aviation pioneer (d. 1956) ** Karl Jatho, German aviation pioneer (d. 1933) * February 4 – Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905) * February 7 – Thomas Andrews (shipbuilder), Thomas Andrews, Irish shipbuilder (d. 1912) * February 13 ** Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass opera singer (d. 1938) ** Red Wing (actress), Red Wing, Native American silent film actress (d. 1974) * February 15 – Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964) * February 19 – Louis Feuillade, French film director (d. 1925) * February 22 – Carrie Langston Hughes, African-American writer and actress (d. 1938) * February 25 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor (d. 1921) * February 28 – William McMaster Murdoch, Officer of Titanic (d. 1912) *

– William Green (labor leader), William Green, American labor leader (d. 1952) * March 11 – David Horsley, English-born film executive (d. 1933) * March 19 – Max Reger, German composer (d. 1916) *

– Billy Quirk, American actor (d. 1926)

April–June

Portrait photograph of Hugo Simberg (1899-1906) (crop)

(Gregorian calendar, N.S.)/March 20 (Julian calendar, O.S.) – Sergei Rachmaninoff, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1943) * April 4 – Gyula Peidl, 23rd prime minister of Hungary (d. 1943) * April 7 – John McGraw, American baseball player, manager (d. 1934) * April 10 – Kyösti Kallio, Prime Minister of Finland, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d.

) * April 13 – John W. Davis, American politician, diplomat, and lawyer (d. 1955) *

– Sydney Barnes, English cricketer (d. 1967) * April 20 – Gombojab Tsybikov, Russian explorer (d. 1930) * April 22 – Ellen Glasgow, American writer (d. 1945) * April 23 – Theodor Körner (Austrian president), Theodor Körner, President of Austria (d. 1957) * April 25 ** Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer and novelist (d. 1956) ** Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist (d. 1949) * May 4 – Joe De Grasse, Canadian film director (d.

) *

– Leon Czolgosz, assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (d. 1901) *

– Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1933) * May 10 – Cary D. Landis, American attorney and politician (d. 1938) * May 15 – Oskari Tokoi, Finnish socialist and the Chairman of the Senate of Finland (d. 1963) * May 17 ** Henri Barbusse, French novelist, journalist (d. 1935) ** Dorothy Richardson, English feminist writer (d. 1957) * May 21 – Hans Berger, German neurologist (d. 1941) *

– D. D. Sheehan, Irish politician (d. 1948) * June 3 – Otto Loewi, German-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1961) * June 15 – Leonora Cohen, British suffragette and trade unionist (d. 1978) * June 24 – Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (d. 1917) * June 28 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * June 29 – Monroe Dunaway Anderson, Founder of Anderson, Clayton and Company; "Father of Texas Medical Center" (d. 1939)

July–September

* July 1 ** Alice Guy-Blaché, French-American filmmaker (d. 1968) ** Andrass Samuelsen, 1st prime minister of Faroe Islands (d. 1954) * July 3 – Prince Yamashina Kikumaro, Japanese prince (d. 1908) * July 6 – Dimitrios Maximos, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1955) * July 8 – Carl Vaugoin, 7th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1949) * July 12 – Oscar von Sydow, 18th prime minister of Sweden (d. 1936) * July 20 – Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviation pioneer (suicide) (d. 1932) *

– James Cousins, Irish writer (d. 1956) * August 5 – Joseph Russell Knowland, American politician, newspaperman (d. 1966) * August 10 – William Ernest Hocking, American philosopher (d. 1966) * August 13 **Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, South African author (d. 1932) **Christian Rakovsky, Bulgarian revolutionary, Russian Bolshevik and Soviet diplomat, journalist, physician, and essayist (executed) (d. 1941) * August 17 – John A. Sampson, American gynecologist (d. 1946) * August 18 – Otto Harbach, American lyricist (d. 1963) * August 20 – William Henry Bell, 1st director of the South African College of Music (d. 1946) * August 21 – Harry T. Morey, American actor (d. 1936) * August 26 – Lee de Forest, American inventor (d. 1961) * September 1 **Sir Guy Standing (actor), Guy Standing, British actor (d. 1937) ** Felicija Bortkevičienė, Lithuanian politician and publisher (d. 1945) * September 5 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American military officer, inventor, engineer (d. 1942) * September 8 **Alfred Jarry, French author and playwright (d. 1907) **David O. McKay, 9th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1970) * September 17 – Ibrahim of Johor, Malaysian sultan (d. 1959) * September 20 ** Sidney Olcott, Canadian-born pioneer film director (d. 1949) ** Ferenc Szisz, Hungarian-born racing driver (d.

) * September 21 – Papa Jack Laine, American jazz musician (d. 1966)

October–December

* October 8 – Ma Barker, American criminal (d. 1935) * October 9 – Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist, astronomer (d. 1916) * October 13 – Georgios Kafantaris, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1946) * October 14 – Ray Ewry, American athlete (d. 1937) * October 18 – Ivanoe Bonomi, 2-time prime minister of Italy (d. 1951) * October 19 ** Jaap Eden, Dutch skater, cyclist (d. 1925) ** Bart King, American cricketer (d. 1965) * October 26 ** Thorvald Stauning, 9th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1942) ** A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali statesman (d. 1962) * October 30 **Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (d. 1917) **Francisco I. Madero, 33rd president of Mexico (d. 1913) Frederic Thompson 001

* October 31 – Frederic Thompson, architect and showman, built Coney Islands Luna Park (Coney Island, 1903), Luna Park and the New York Hippodrome (d. 1919) * November 9 – Fritz Thyssen, German industrialist (d. 1951) * November 16 – W. C. Handy, American blues composer (d.

) * November 20 – Ramón Castillo, Argentinian politician, 25th President of Argentina (d.

) *

– Johnny Tyldesley, English cricketer (d. 1930) * November 28 – Frank Phillips (oil industrialist), Frank Phillips, American oil executive (d.

) * November 30 – William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork and Orrery, William Boyle, British admiral (d. 1967) * December 7 – Willa Cather, American novelist (d. 1947) * December 11 – Josip Plemelj, Slovenian mathematician (d. 1967) * December 17 – Ford Madox Ford, English writer (d. 1939) * December 20 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese historian (d. 1948) * December 26 – Thomas Wass, Nottinghamshire cricketer (d.

) * December 30 – Al Smith, American politician, Democratic presidential candidate (d.

)

Date unknown

* Nesaruddin Ahmad, Bengali Islamic scholar (d. 1952) * Filip Mișea, Aromanian activist, physician and politician (d. 1944)

Deaths

January–June

* January 9 – Napoleon III, last List of French monarchs, Emperor of the French (b. 1808) * January 18 – Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton, English novelist (b. 1803) * January 20 – Basil Moreau, French founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross (b. 1799) * January 23 – Ramalinga Swamigal, Hindu religious leader (b. 1823) * January 26 – Amélie of Leuchtenberg, Empress Amélie, consort of Pedro I of Brazil (b. 1812) * February 3 – Isaac Baker Brown, English gynaecologist, surgeon (b. 1811) * February 7 – Sheridan Le Fanu, Irish writer (b. 1814) * February 18 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (executed) (b. 1837) * February 23 – Jakob von Hartmann, Bavarian general (b. 1795) * March 10 – John Torrey, American botanist (b. 1796) * March 24 – Mary Ann Cotton, English serial killer (executed) (b. 1832) * March 25 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (b. 1810) *

– Prince Unakan Ananta Norajaya Prince of Siam (b. 1856) * March 31 ** Maria Magdalena Mathsdotter, Swedish Sámi educator (b. 1835) ** Hugh Maxwell, American lawyer, politician (b. 1787) * April 11 ** Edward Canby, American general (b. 1817) ** Christopher Hansteen, Norwegian geophysicist (b. 1784) * April 18 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist (b. 1803) * April 27 – William Charles Macready, English actor (b. 1793) * April 29 – Hortense Globensky-Prévost, Canadian heroine (b. 1804) * May 1 – David Livingstone, Scottish explorer of Africa (b. 1813) *

– Jerónimo Carrión, 8th president of Ecuador (b. 1804) * May 6 – José Antonio Páez, first president of Venezuela (b. 1790) * May 7 ** Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1808) ** John Stuart Mill, British philosopher (b. 1806) * May 15 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza, first ruler of Romania (b. 1820) *

– George-Étienne Cartier, Canadian statesman (b. 1814) * May 22 – Alessandro Manzoni, Italian poet and novelist (b. 1785) * May 29 – Édouard de Verneuil, French palaeontologist (b. 1805) * May 30 – Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1800) * June 1 – Joseph Howe, Canadian politician (b. 1804)

July–December

* August 18 – Charles II, Duke of Brunswick (b. 1804) * September 8 – Johan Gabriel Ståhlberg, Finnish priest and father of Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, K. J. Ståhlberg, the first President of Finland (b. 1832) * September 11 – Agustín Fernando Muñoz, Duke of Riánsares, morganatic husband of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies (b. 1808) * September 17 – Alexander Berry, Scottish adventurer, Australian pioneer (b. 1781) * September 22 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1801) * September 23 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (b. 1823) * September 28 – Émile Gaboriau, French writer (b. 1833) * October 5 – William Todd (1803–1873), William Todd, American businessman, Canadian Senate nominee (b. 1803) * October 9 – George Ormerod, English historian, antiquarian (b. 1785) * October 17 – Sir Robert McClure, British Arctic explorer (b. 1807) * December 14 ** Louis Agassiz, Swiss-born geologist, naturalist (b. 1807) ** Alexander Keith (Canadian politician), Alexander Keith, Scottish-born brewer, mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia (b. 1795)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–June

July–December

References

Further reading and year books