The year 1709 in
science and
technology involved some significant events.
Meteorology
* January –
Great Frost
The Great Frost, as it was known in England, or ' ("The Great Winter"), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in 1708–1709,. and was the coldest European winter during the past 500 years.
Notability
William ...
in
Western Europe.
Physics
*
Francis Hauksbee publishes ''Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects'', summarizing the results of his many experiments with
electricity and other topics.
Technology
* January 10 –
Industrial Revolution:
Abraham Darby I successfully produces
cast iron using
coke fuel at his
Coalbrookdale blast furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. ''Blast'' refers to the combustion air being "forced" or supplied above atmospheric ...
in
Shropshire,
England.
* February 5 – Dramatist
John Dennis devises the
thundersheet as a new method of producing theatrical thunder for his tragedy ''
Appius and Virginia'' at the
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane,
London.
* March 28 –
Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of
hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at
Dresden.
* July 13 –
Johann Maria Farina
Johann Maria Farina 1685–1766
Giovanni Maria Farina (born 8 December 1685, Santa Maria Maggiore; Germanized name: Johann Maria Farina, Francized: Jean Marie Farina – 25 November 1766, Cologne) was an Italian-born perfumier in German ...
founds the first
Eau de Cologne and perfume factory in
Cologne,
Germany.
* August 8 –
Hot air balloon of
Bartholome de Gusmão flies in
Portugal.
* A collapsible
umbrella is introduced in
Paris.
Awards
* April 9 –
Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet dies and in his will provides funding to the
Royal Society for the annual
Copley Medal
The Copley Medal is an award given by the Royal Society, for "outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science". It alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences. Given every year, the medal is t ...
honoring achievement in science (first awarded in
1731
Events
January–March
* January 8 – An avalanche from the Skafjell mountain causes a massive wave in the Storfjorden fjord in Norway that sinks all boats that happen to be in the water at the time and kills people on both sho ...
).
Births
* February 24 –
Jacques de Vaucanson, French engineer and inventor (died
1782
Events
January–March
* January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens.
* January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establish ...
)
* March 3 –
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, German chemist (died 1782)
* March 10 –
Georg Steller
Georg Wilhelm Steller (10 March 1709 – 14 November 1746) was a German botanist, zoologist, physician and explorer, who worked in Russia and is considered a pioneer of Alaskan natural history.Evans, Howard Ensign. Edward Osborne Wilson (col.) ...
, German naturalist (died
1746
Events
January–March
* January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.
* January 17 – Battle of Falkirk Muir: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces.
* February 1 ...
)
* April 17 –
Giovanni Domenico Maraldi
Giovanni Domenico () Maraldi (17 April 1709 – 14 November 1788) was an Italy, Italian-born astronomer, nephew of Giacomo F. Maraldi.
Born at Perinaldo, Liguria, Maraldi came to Paris in 1727 and became a member of the French Academy of Sciences ...
, French-Italian astronomer (died
1788
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London.
* January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
)
* July 11 –
Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (died
1785
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The first issue of the ''Daily Universal Register'', later known as ''The Times'', is published in London.
* January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries tr ...
)
* August 8 –
Johann Georg Gmelin, German botanist (died
1755
Events
January–March
* January 23 (O. S. January 12, Tatiana Day, nowadays celebrated on January 25) – Moscow University is established.
* February 13 – The kingdom of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the ...
)
* November 23 –
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, French physician and philosopher (died
1751
In Britain and its colonies (except Scotland), 1751 only had 282 days due to the British Calendar Act of 1751, which ended the year on 31 December (rather than nearly three months later according to its previous rule).
Events
January&nd ...
)
Deaths
* ''early'' –
Eleanor Glanville
Eleanor Glanville (born Goodricke; first married name Ashfield; 1654–1709) was an England, English entomologist and Natural history, naturalist, specializing in the Lepidopterology, study of butterflies and moths. She inherited family prop ...
,
English entomologist
Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach ...
(born c.
1654
Events
January–March
* January 6– In India, Jaswant Singh of Marwar (in what is now the state of Rajasthan) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan.
* January 11– In the Battle of Río Bueno in sout ...
)
* June 29 –
Antoine Thomas, Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (born
1644
It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+500(D)+100(C)+(-10(X)+50(L))+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1644).
Events
January–March
* January 22 – The Royalist Oxford Parliament is first assembled by King ...
)
* June 30 –
Edward Lhuyd, Welsh naturalist (born
1660
Events
January–March
* January 1
** At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the border into England ...
)
* October 17 –
François Mauriceau
François Mauriceau (1637 – 17 October 1709) was a French obstetrician.
__TOC__ Life
Born in Paris, he received his training in obstetrics at the Hôtel-Dieu. He was a leading obstetrician in 17th-century Europe — in 1668 he published, ...
,
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
obstetrician (born
1637
Events
January–March
* January 5 – Pierre Corneille's tragicomedy ''Le Cid'' is first performed, in Paris, France.
* January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in what is now the Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the ...
)
References
{{reflist
18th century in science
1700s in science