Lychakiv Cemetery (; ), officially State History and Culture Museum-Reserve "Lychakiv Cemetery" (), is a historic cemetery in

Lviv Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...

, Ukraine.

History

Since its creation in 1787 as Łyczakowski Cemetery, it has been the main necropolis of the city's ( at the time named Lemberg)

intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the i ...

middle Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek ...

and

upper class Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status. Usually, these are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper cla ...

es. Initially the cemetery was located on several hills in the borough of Lychakiv, following the imperial

Austro-Hungarian Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...

(the city was located in Austria-Hungary at the time) edict ordering that all cemeteries be moved outside of the city limits. The original project was prepared by , the head of the

Lviv University The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, ) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko. The university is the oldest institution of highe ...

botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens. is ...

. In mid-1850s the cemetery was expanded significantly by Tytus Tchórzewski, who created the present network of alleys and round-abouts. It then became the main city cemetery, and soon most other cemeteries were closed. The two largest that remained were the Yanivskiy Cemetery (), with many working class graves and the adjacent New

Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

Cemetery. Lychakivskiy Cemetery was used by all Christian sects in the city: in addition to

Roman Catholics The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...

, it also included Eastern Rite Catholics,

Protestants Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...

and Orthodox. After

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

the city ( at the time named Lwów) was annexed (from the

Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...

) by the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

to the

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkrSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. ...

. The majority of the surviving pre-war inhabitants of the city were expelled to the former German areas awarded to Poland after the Yalta Conference. This started a period of devastation of historical monuments located at the cemetery. Up to 1971 many of the sculptures were destroyed. However, in 1975 the cemetery was declared a historical monument and the degradation ended. Since the late 1980s, the cemetery has seen constant rebuilding and refurbishment and continues to be one of the principal tourist attractions of

. In late 2006 the city administration announced plans to transfer the tombs of

Stepan Bandera Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (, ; ; 1 January 1909 – 15 October 1959) was a Ukrainian far-right leader of the radical militant wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN-B. Bandera was born in Austria-Hungary, in Galicia (Eas ...

Yevhen Konovalets Yevhen Mykhailovych Konovalets (; 14 June 1891 – 23 May 1938) was a Ukrainian military commander and political leader of the Ukrainian nationalist movement. A veteran of the First World War and the Ukrainian War of Independence, he is best kn ...

, Andriy Melnyk and other key leaders of

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN; ) was a Ukrainian nationalist organization established on February 2, 1929 in Vienna, uniting the Ukrainian Military Organization with smaller, mainly youth, radical nationalist right-wing groups. ...

(OUN) /

Ukrainian Insurgent Army The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist partisan formation founded by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) on 14 October 1942. The UPA launched guerrilla warfare against Nazi Germany, the S ...

(UPA) to a new area of the cemetery dedicated to the Ukrainian national liberation struggle.

Cemetery sections

The Monument of the SS-Galicia in Lviv Ukraine

Ukrainian National Army Memorial

The Ukrainian National Army Memorial (Number 8 on the plan) is devoted to the

Ukrainian National Army The Ukrainian National Army (, abbreviated , UNA) was a World War II Ukrainian military group, created on March 17, 1945, in the town of Weimar, Nazi Germany, and subordinate to Ukrainian National Committee. History The army, formed on April 1 ...

soldiers buried in the cemetery, including soldiers of the SS Division "Galicia". It was established due to the efforts of Ukrainian national-patriotic organizations and the Ukrainian emigrant veterans' movement. It was established with the special effort of , a division veteran, Ukrainian emigrant veterans' movement social activist and

Plast The Plast National Scout Organization of Ukraine (), commonly called Ukrainian Plast or simply , is the largest Scouting organization in Ukraine. History First Era: 1911–1920 Plast was founded in Lviv (Lwów, Lemberg), Austro-Hungarian Ga ...

(National Scout Organization of Ukraine) veteran who took an active part in the creation of memorials to the SS Division Galicia on the mountain and near the village of .

Field of Mars

On the north side of the Cemetery is situated ''Field of Mars'' (No. 1 on the plan), a war memorial built in 1974. This war memorial originally the graves of 3,800 Soviet soldiers who died in the battles against the Nazi occupiers during World War II) (named ''

Great Patriotic War The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War (term), Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a Theater (warfare), theatre of World War II ...

'' in

Soviet ideology Before the perestroika reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev that promoted a more liberal form of socialism, the formal ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was Marxism–Leninism, a form of socialism consisting of a Centralisa ...

) and against units of

(UPA) ( acting up to the mid-1950s). On the wall of the memorial was written a verse: Poetic writing in honor of the Soviet soldiers was eliminated at the direction of urban authorities in 1990s.Lemko I..'' Pogulyanka with Outskirts // «Lviv newspaper» – 13 Lipnya 2007.
/ref> The Field of Mars has been used as a burial site for Ukrainians soldiers who died during the

Russo-Ukrainian War The Russo-Ukrainian War began in February 2014 and is ongoing. Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia Russian occupation of Crimea, occupied and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, annexed Crimea from Ukraine. It then ...

due to the lack of space at the Ukrainian National Army Memorial within the walls of the Lychakiv Cemetery, according to the head of the

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) is a Major archiepiscopal church, major archiepiscopal ''sui iuris'' ("autonomous") Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Catholic church that is based in Ukraine. As a particular church of the Cathol ...

's Military Chaplaincy Center. The

Lviv Oblast Council The Lviv Oblast Council or Lviv Regional Council () is the regional council (parliament) of the Lviv Oblast (region) located in western Ukraine. Legislative framework The Regional Council is a local self-government body representing the common ...

announced on May 20, 2022 that it would hold an architectural contest in order to select the design for a war memorial at the site, which has been described as part of the decommunization process in Ukraine. On August 19, 2022, Lviv authorities approved the exhumation of the remains of Soviet soldiers from the location. The exhumation proceedings uncovered remains dating back to the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

and belonging to soldiers of the

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

, Ottoman and

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

armies, which are set to be moved into a dedicated section within the planned memorial, as well as World War II and

post-War A post-war or postwar period is the interval immediately following the end of a war. The term usually refers to a varying period of time after World War II, which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, ...

Soviet burials, which will be transferred to the Holoskiv Cemetery in Lviv. Luetzenhofer Friedhof 029

Lwów Defenders' Cemetery

The ''Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów (Cemetery of Eaglets, )'' is a memorial and a burial place for the

Poles Pole or poles may refer to: People *Poles (people), another term for Polish people, from the country of Poland * Pole (surname), including a list of people with the name * Pole (musician) (Stefan Betke, born 1967), German electronic music artist ...

and their allies who died in Lviv during the hostilities of the Polish-Ukrainian War (1918−1919) and Polish-Soviet War (1919−1921). The complex is a part of the city's historic Lychakiv Cemetery. There are about 3000 graves in that part of the cemetery; some from the Lwów Eaglets young

militia A militia ( ) is a military or paramilitary force that comprises civilian members, as opposed to a professional standing army of regular, full-time military personnel. Militias may be raised in times of need to support regular troops or se ...

volunteers, after whom that part of the cemetery is named. It was one of the most famous

necropolis A necropolis (: necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. The name stems from the Ancient Greek ''nekropolis'' (). The term usually implies a separate burial site at a distan ...

es of the

interwar Poland The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. ...

. Lviv was a city in interwar Poland and at the time named Lwów. In 1925, the ashes of one of the unknown defenders of Lwów were transferred to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw. After that was built the «Polish mausoleum» (Lwów Eaglets Memorial). After World War II the cemetery of Lwów Eaglets was completely destroyed and turned into a truck depot and at one time Eaglets Cemetery was damaged with a bulldozer.Symbolic Reconciliation
20 July 2005,

Warsaw Voice ''Warsaw Voice: Polish and Central European Review'', commonly shortened to ''The Warsaw Voice'', is an English-language newspaper printed in Poland, concentrating on news about Poland and its neighbours. First released in October 1988, it is a ge ...

. Last accessed on 22 March 2006. Due to the history of complex Polish-Ukrainian relations, the Polish Eaglets Cemetery was neglected because the Ukrainian authorities did not want to rebuild this monument of young Polish soldiers defending the city in 1920s. Though in the late 1980s, workers of a Polish company which were working in

Khmelnytskyi Khmelnytskyi (, ) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast. With a population of Khmelnytskyi is the second-larges ...

started to redecorate and rebuild the necropolis from its ruins (which was not always legal according to Ukrainian law). Although the Ukrainian authorities tried to stop the works several times, the Poles managed to renovate this important memorial of great Lvovians. Since 1999 there is also a monument to the

Sich Riflemen The Sich Riflemen Halych-Bukovyna Kurin () was one of the first regular military units of the Ukrainian People's Army. The unit operated from 1917 to 1919 and was formed from Ukrainian soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian army (Ukrainian Sich Riflem ...

located just outside the Polish mausoleum. Since the

fall of communism The revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Th ...

, the cemetery had been rebuilt and refurbished. It was finally reopened on 24 June 2005.

1863 January rebels' hill

In the back part of the cemetery (No. 6 on the plan) on a separate field indicated original steel crosses, located «1863 rebels' hill». Buried here are members Polish January Uprising of 1863, of which a member of the Polish

Central National Committee Central National Committee (Polish: ''Komitet Centralny Narodowy (KCN)'') was the underground coordinating committee of the Polish independence movement in 1860s Congress Poland which was responsible for preparing a general uprising against Tsa ...

Bronisław Szwarce Bronisław Antoni Szwarce (October 7, 1834The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)–February 18, 1904) was a Polish engineer and political activist. Born in France to Polish immigrants and educated there. He graduated from the ...

, the famous zoologist

Benedykt Dybowski Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski (12 May 183331 January 1930) was a Polish naturalist and physician. Life Benedykt Dybowski was born in Adamaryni, within the Minsk Governorate of the Russian Empire to Polish nobility. He was the brother of naturalis ...

cornet The cornet (, ) is a brass instrument similar to the trumpet but distinguished from it by its conical bore, more compact shape, and mellower tone quality. The most common cornet is a transposing instrument in B. There is also a soprano cor ...

Vitebsk land, resting under the central monument rebels , etc.

Other veterans' sections

There are also numerous parts of the cemetery in which veterans of most wars of 19th and 20th centuries are buried, including the quarters of veterans of: *

November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31) (), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in Russian Partition, the heartland of Partitions of Poland, partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. ...

(1830−1831) *

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

* Polish Defensive War (1939) * Victims of the

NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) se ...

(1941) *

Notable people

Poles

Since the city for centuries used to be a centre of Polish culture, there are numerous famous Poles buried there. Among them are: * Roman Abraham, general *

Stefan Banach Stefan Banach ( ; 30 March 1892 – 31 August 1945) was a Polish mathematician who is generally considered one of the 20th century's most important and influential mathematicians. He was the founder of modern functional analysis, and an original ...

, mathematician * Wladyslaw Belza, writer * Piotr Chmielowski, philosopher *

, soldier, adventurer, ethnologist and biologist * Mieczysław Garsztka, aviator *

Mieczysław Gębarowicz Mieczysław Jan Gębarowicz (17 December 189318 February 1984) was a Polish art historian, soldier, dissident, museum director and custodian of cultural heritage. He studied history and the history of art at Lwów University During the 1940s ...

, historian * Tadeusz Rozwadowski, Polish military leader and one of the founders of modern Poland * Franciszek Ksawery Godebski, historian * Zygmunt Gorgolewski, architect, designer of the

Lviv Opera The Solomiya Krushelnytska Lviv State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet () or Lviv Opera (, ) is an opera house located in Lviv, Ukraine's largest western city and one of its cultural centres. Originally built on former marshland of the sub ...

Seweryn Goszczyński Seweryn Goszczyński (4 November 1801, Illintsi – 25 February 1876, Lviv) was a Polish Romantic prose writer and poet. Life He was born on 4 November 1801 in Ilińce, Russian Empire and hailed from a Polish noble family Nobility is a so ...

, poet *

Artur Grottger Artur Grottger (11 November 1837 – 13 December 1867) was a Polish Romantic painter and graphic artist, one of the most prominent artists of the mid 19th century under the partitions of Poland, despite a life cut short by incurable illness. B ...

, artist * , founder of the first theatre in Lwów *

Wojciech Kętrzyński Wojciech Kętrzyński (born Adalbert von Winkler; 11 July 1838 – 15 January 1918), was a Polish historian and the director of the Ossolineum Library in Lemberg, then the capital of Galicia, Austrian Empire. He focused on Polish history at a ...

, historian and name-sake of the city of

Kętrzyn Kętrzyn (, until 1946 ''Rastembork''; ) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and num ...

Maria Konopnicka Maria Konopnicka (; ; 23 May 1842 – 8 October 1910) was a Polish people, Polish poet, novelist, children's writer, translator, journalist, critic and activist for women's rights and for Polish independence. She used pseudonyms, including ''Jan ...

, writer *

Juliusz Konstanty Ordon Konstanty Juliusz Ordon (often referred to as Konstanty Julian Ordon; born in Warsaw, 16 October 1810, died in Florence, 4 May 1887) was a participant in the Polish November Uprising in 1830–1831. Biography Ordon distinguished himself as a ...

, officer * Ludwik Rydygier, surgeon * Władysław Sadłowski, architect * Kazimierz Sichulski, painter *

Karol Szajnocha Karol Szajnocha (20 November 1818 – 10 January 1868) was a Polish writer, historian, and independence activist. Self-taught, he would nonetheless become a notable Polish historian of the partitions of Poland, partitions period. Biography Karol ...

, historian * Julian Zachariewicz, architect *

Gabriela Zapolska Maria Gabriela Stefania Korwin-Piotrowska (1857–1921), known as Gabriela Zapolska, was a Polish novelist, playwright, naturalist writer, feuilletonist, theatre critic and stage actress. Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 25 ...

, novelist and playwright

Ukrainians

Among the notable Ukrainians buried there are: *

Oleksander Barvinsky Oleksandr Hryhorovych Barvinsky () (June 8, 1847 – December 25, 1926) was an important western Ukrainian cultural figure and politician, a founder of the Christian Social Party in western Ukraine. He also was a member of the Austrian parlia ...

, academician, politician. * Vasyl Barvinsky, impressionist composer * Yevheniya Barvinska, pianist, choral conductor, singer * Roman Bezpalkiv, Ukrainian painter * Taras Bobanych, Ukrainian lawyer and soldier *

Ivan Franko Ivan Yakovych Franko (, ; 27 August 1856 – 28 May 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, translator, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, ethnographer, and the author of the first d ...

, poet and reformer of the

Ukrainian language Ukrainian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first language, first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of t ...

Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Oleksandrovych Halan (, party nickname ''Comrade Yaga''; 27 July 1902 – 24 October 1949) was a Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Ukrainian writer, playwright, and publicist. A member of the Communist Party of Western Ukra ...

, playwright and publicist * Jacques Hnizdovsky, painter, printmaker, sculptor, bookplate designer and illustrator of numerous books, both in Ukrainian and English *

Volodymyr Ivasyuk Volodymyr Mykhailovych Ivasiuk (, 4 March 1949 – 24–27 April 1979) was a Ukraine, Ukrainian songwriter, composer and poet. He is the author and composer of the widely popular song "Chervona Ruta (song), Chervona Ruta" popularized by Sofia ...

, composer * , theologian *

Solomiya Krushelnytska Solomiya KrushelnytskaHer name is sometimes spelt as Solomiya Ambrosiyivna Krushelnytska, Salomea Krusceniski, Krushel'nytska or Kruszelnicka. (; – November 16, 1952) was a Ukrainian lyric-dramatic soprano, considered to be one of the bright ...

, soprano opera star *

Lesya Kryvytska Lesya Kryvytska, née Oleksandra Serhiivna Yelyseyeva (; 16 January 1899 – 7 November 1983) was a Soviet and Ukrainian stage actress and pedagogue. People's Artist of Ukraine, People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR (1954). Early life and educat ...

, actress * Stanyslav Lyudkevych, composer *

Oleksander Ohonovsky Oleksander Ohonovsky (; March 17, 1848 – February 10, 1891) was a lawyer, legal scholar, and civic leader in Austria-Hungary. Oleksander Ohonovsky was born in Bukachivtsi, Rohatyn county, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. After graduating from ...

, lawyer, civic leader * Anthony Petrushevych, historian and philologist. *

Markiyan Shashkevych Markiian Semenovych Shashkevych (; November 6, 1811 in Pidlyssia, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria – June 7, 1843 in Novosilky, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria) was a priest of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, a poet, a translator, and th ...

, poet * Yurii Shukhevych, political prisoner and politician * Oleksandr Tysowskyj (alternately Alexander Tysovsky), founder of Ukrainian Scouting *

Anatole Vakhnianyn Anatole Vakhnianyn (; 19 September 184111 February 1908), was a List of Ukrainian composers, Ukrainian composer, political and cultural figure, teacher, and journalist. Biography Family Vakhnianyn was born in Sieniawa, Przeworsk County, today a ...

, composer and leading cultural figure * Iryna Vilde (Polotniuk), Ukrainian writer * Hryhorii Chubai, Ukrainian poet, father of Taras Chubai * , hero of Ukraine, academician, director of the Lviv National Gallery * , Chief Scout of Plast from 1972 to 1991 * Taras Levkiv, Ukrainian artist who specialized in ceramics *

Myroslav Skoryk Myroslav Mykhailovych Skoryk (; 13 July 1938 – 1 June 2020) was a List of Ukrainian composers, Ukrainian composer and teacher. His music is contemporary in style and contains stylistic traits from Ukrainian folk music traditions. Skoryk wa ...

, Ukrainian composer

Others

* Edmund Pike Graves, pilot and member of the Kościuszko Squadron

Gallery

File:Lwów - główna brama Cmentarza Łyczakowskiego około 1900 r.jpg, Lychakiv Cemetery – main gate (c.a. 1900) File:Lwów - Cmentarz Łyczakowski 02.JPG, Mausoleum of Kiselka family by File:Lychakiv Cemetery (2018).jpg, Lychakiv Cemetery (2018)

References

External links

Detailed history of the Cemetery

Pictures of the Cemetery. 288 photo. V.Yashchuk

(captions in Polish)

* Lychakivskiy Cemetery o
city plan: F-9
Inter-wa
cemetery list, p. 23
''Plan Lwowa,'' W. Horbay, 1938 (in Polish; reprinted

Wrocław Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...

, 1986).
Review of Cemetery as tourist attraction

{{Authority control Buildings and structures in Lviv Cemeteries in Ukraine Culture of Poland Tourist attractions in Lviv 1787 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy Poland–Ukraine relations Cemeteries established in the 1780s Historic reserves in Ukraine