Łucja Frey or Łucja Frey-Gottesman (November 3, 1889 in

Lwów Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...

– 1942?) was a Polish physician and

neurologist Neurology (from el, νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the brain, the spinal c ...

, known for describing the syndrome later named after her. She was one of the first female academic neurologists in Europe. Frey perished during the

Holocaust The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; a ...

in 1942 in

Lwów ghetto , location = Lwów, Zamarstynów( German-occupied Poland) , date = 8 November 1941 to June 1943 , incident_type = Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, forced abortions and sterilization , perpetrators = , pa ...

aged 53.

Life

Łucja Frey was born on November 3, 1889 in Lwów, then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire, as the daughter of the building contractor Szymon Symcha Frey and his wife, Dina (née Weinreb)Mirjam Moltrecht: Dr. med. Lucja Frey. Eine Ärztin aus Lwow 1889-1942. Rekonstruktion eines Lebens. Hartung Gorre Verlag Konstanz, 2004
PDF
/ref> Frey and her family were

Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

. She attended a Christian elementary school between 1896 and 1900. She graduated from Franciszek-Józef secondary school as an extern pupil in 1907. After graduation she studied mathematics and philosophy under professor

Marian Smoluchowski Marian Smoluchowski (; 28 May 1872 – 5 September 1917) was a Polish physicist who worked in the Polish territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was a pioneer of statistical physics, and an avid mountaineer. Life Born into an upper-c ...

(1872-1917). She was a student of the faculty of philosophy from 1907 to 1912, but after five years she moved to

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

and began studying medicine. Frey studied medicine from 1918 to 1923 and received her medical diploma on June 2, 1923. Her studies were interrupted for one year because of the

Polish–Ukrainian War The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic). The conflict had its roots in ethn ...

. After graduation she continued her work as a senior assistant to professor Kazimierz Orzechowski (1878–1942) in his Warsaw neurological clinic. At the end of 1928 she left Warsaw to go back to Lwów, and married a lawyer named Mordechai (Marek) Gottesman (1887 in Komarno – 1941?). From May 1929 she was working at the neurological clinic in Lwów on Rappaporta Street as a deputy senior consultant. She gave birth to her daughter, Danuta, in 1930. After the

Soviet invasion of Poland The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, 16 days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west. Subse ...

on September 19, 1939 and the subsequent occupation of Lwów, Mark Gottesman was accused of counter-revolutionary activities and was arrested by the

NKVD The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (russian: Наро́дный комиссариа́т вну́тренних дел, Naródnyy komissariát vnútrennikh del, ), abbreviated NKVD ( ), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union. ...

; nothing is known about him after this point. In 1941, under the German occupation of Lwów, Łucja Frey was resettled to the

ghetto A ghetto, often called ''the'' ghetto, is a part of a city in which members of a minority group live, especially as a result of political, social, legal, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished t ...

and forced to work in Ghettopoliklinik in Zamarstynowska 112. She was probably murdered together with her patients during liquidation of the ghetto in August 1942 or shortly after deportation to

Belzec extermination camp Belzec (English: or , Polish: ) was a Nazi German extermination camp built by the SS for the purpose of implementing the secretive Operation Reinhard, the plan to murder all Polish Jews, a major part of the "Final Solution" which in total ...

. No evidence exists, that she, or any of her relatives, survived. There are many uncertainties about her life. According to

Yad Vashem Yad Vashem ( he, יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a memorial and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; honoring Jews who fought against th ...

testimony of Hedwa Balat, Frey's sister-in-law, Łucja and Marek had a son named Jakub, born in 1919. This is most likely Jakub Gottesman, the son of Marek Gottesman with his first wife, Klara Philipp. Jakub was also killed in the Holocaust as was his mother, Klara, and his step-father, Dr. Michal Sokaler.

Recognition

Until 2004, only short biographic articles about Łucja Frey's life existed: in Polish,Gliński JB. Słownik biograficzny lekarzy i farmaceutów ofiar drugiej wojny światowej. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Medyczne Urban & Partner, 1997Bennett JD, Pietruski J. Łucja Frey (1889-1943). W 70 rocznicę ogłoszenia zespołu uszno-skroniowego i 50 rocznicę śmierci. Otolaryngologia Polska. 47. 4: 378-382 (1993). Swedish, and English.Maciejewska I, Dziewiatkowski J, Spodnik E. Lucja Frey: a pioneering physician in tragic times. Clin Anat. 20. 6: 588-90 (2007). . . These publications repeated fragmentary and scarce facts from Eufemiusz Herman's classic monograph about Polish neurologists.Eufemiusz Herman: Neurolodzy polscy. Warszawa: Państwowy Zakład Wydawnictw Lekarskich, 1958, ss. 225-227. New facts about her tragic life were published in Mirjam Moltrecht's biography. However, Frey's name is often omitted or misspelled (as "Lucy" or "Lucie"Susan L. Bartolucci, Thomas Lathrop Stedman: Stedman's Medical Eponyms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005 p.899 Roche Lexikon Medizin. Elsevier,Urban&FischerVerlag, 2003 p.646 ) in many textbooks and dictionaries. Dates of birth and death of Austrian physician and physiologist Maximilian Ruppert Franz von Frey (1852-1932) were sometimes mistakenly given as hers.

Works

Frey's publication about

auriculotemporal nerve The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) that runs with the superficial temporal artery and vein, and provides sensory innervation to various regions on the side of the head. Structure Origin The auriculotempo ...

syndrome, now widely known as "

Frey's syndrome Frey's syndrome (also known as Baillarger's syndrome, Dupuy's syndrome, auriculotemporal syndrome, or Frey-Baillarger syndrome) is a rare neurological disorder resulting from damage to or near the parotid glands responsible for making saliva, an ...

" ("zespół Łucji Frey" in Polish), was published in 1923, first in Polish journal "Polska Gazeta Lekarska", and later that year in renowned French journal "Revue Neurologique". It was not the very first description of this constellation of symptoms.Dunbar EM, Singer TW, Singer K, Knight H, Lanska D, Okun MS. Understanding gustatory sweating. What have we learned from Lucja Frey and her predecessors?. Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 3 (12): 179–84 (czerwiec 2002). Frey's predecessors were Kastremsky (1740), Duphenix (1757), Barthez (1806), Dupuy (1816), Brown-Sequard (1849), Baillarger (1853),

Henle Henle can refer to: * Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, a German physician, pathologist and anatomist (1809–1885) ** Loop of Henle in the kidney, named after Henle *Fritz Henle, a photographer, known as "Mr. Rollei" for his use of the 2.25" square for ...

(1855), Berard (1855), Bergounhioux (1859), Rouyer (1859), Botkin (1875), Parkes Weber (1897), New and Bozer (1922) and Lipsztat (1922). Both Brown-Sequard and Henle reported their own symptoms. All these observations lack a wide view of the anatomy, pathology and exact mechanism of gustatory sweating. Łucja Frey's article "Przypadek zespołu nerwu usznoskroniowego" ("Le Syndrome du Nerf Auriculo-Temporal") is considered to be the first such description of the phenomenon. Frey was first to recognize this syndrome as a disorder of both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations. The eponym "Frey syndrome" was introduced to medical literature by Henryk Higier in 1926 and in 1932 by Bassoe. In recognition of earlier descriptions of this syndrome, it is also sometimes called Baillarger's syndrome, Frey-Baillarger syndrome or Dupuy syndrome. Besides this important work, Frey published papers on the effects of vegetable poisons on spinal cord degeneration,

brain stem The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is conti ...

topography,

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disease that results in the progressive loss of motor neurons that control voluntary muscles. ALS is the most comm ...

Charcot joints Neuropathic arthropathy (or neuropathic osteoarthropathy), also known as Charcot joint (often Charcot foot) after the first to describe it, Jean-Martin Charcot, refers to progressive degeneration of a weight-bearing joint, a process marked by b ...

, aneurysms of the plexus of the medulla, cysts of brain ventricles, clivus tumors,

frontal lobe The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). It is parted from the parietal lobe by a groove betwe ...

tumors and retrosplenial tumors.Frey Ł. Przypadek guza retrosplejalnego. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 14, 261 (1928) As cited in Moltrecht (2004)

Bibliography

Full list of Łucja Frey's works (she is the sole author unless otherwise noted): * Przypadek podrażnienia nerwu usznoskroniowego. Pamiętnik Kliniczny Szpitala Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 1-2 (1923) * Przypadek zakrzepu tętnicy móżdżkowej. Pamiętnik Kliniczny Szpitala Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 24 (1923) * Przypadek zespołu bocznej ściany zatoki jamistej (Zespół Feix). Pamiętnik Kliniczny Szpitala Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 8-9 (1923) * Przypadek zespołu nerwu usznoskroniowego. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 41, 708-710 (1923) * Le syndrome du nerf auriculo-temporal. Revue Neurologique 2, 2, 97-104 (1923) * O działaniu jadów wegetatywnych na drżenie włókienkowe w sprawach zanikowych pochodzenia rdzeniowego. Medycyna Doświadczalna i Społeczna 5, 5-6, 379-387 (1925) * Przyczynki do nauki o topografii w trzonie mózgowym. Ogniska boczne i środkowe w rdzeniu przedłużonym. Neurologia Polska 8, 2, 124-142 (1925) * Frey Ł, (1925) "Przyczynki do nauki o topografii w trzonie mózgowym. Ogniska w wyższych piętrach mostu Varola." ''Polska Gazeta Lekarska'' 15 335–338 (in Polish) * Przypadek chorego z guzem stoku Blumenbacha. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 14, 328 (1925) * Przypadek guza stoku Blumenbacha. Pamiętnik Kliniczny Szpitala Dzieciątka Jezus 9, 6-7 (1925) * Przypadek zapalenia nerwów posurowiczego. Neurologia Polska 8, 340-341 (1925) * Frey Ł, Orzechowski K. Zmiany anatomiczne w chorobie Charcota. Neurologia Polska 8, 3-4, 196-219 (1925) * Frey Ł, Orzechowski K. Zmiany anatomiczne w chorobie Charcota. Księga Pamiątkowa XII Zjazdu Lek Przyr 2, 145 (1925-1926) * O działaniu jadów wegetatywnych na drżenie włókienkowe w sprawach zanikowych pochodzneia rdzeniowego. Księga Pamiątkowa XII Zjazdu Lek Przyr 2, 158 (1925-1926) * Étude anatomo-pathologique d’un cas d’anévrisme cirsoide de la moelle. Revue Neurologique 1, 709 (1926) * Pokaz mózgu z torbielą III komory. Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie 14, 192 (1926) * Preparat torbieli III-ej komory. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 16, 312 (1926) * Przypadek cierpienia rodzinno-dziedzicznego, dotyczącego głównie kończyn dolnych. Warszawskie Czasopismo Lekarskie 4, 193 (1926) * Przypadek myelitis. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 50, 955 (1926) * Przypadek tętniaka splotowatego rdzenia. Neurologia Polska 9, 1-2, 21-30 (1926) * Przypadek tętniaka splotowatego rdzenia. Nowiny Psych 9, 1-2, 21-28 (1926) * Frey Ł, Orzechowski K. Sur l’histopathologie de la maladie de Charcot. Revue Neurologique 2, 2, 188 (1926) * Torbiel III komory. Brak objawów lejkowych przy zupełnym zniszczeniu dna III komory. Nowiny Lekarskie 38, 289-292 (1926) * Przypadek tętniaka splotowatego rdzenia. Neurologia Polska 10, 3-4, 346-347 (1927) * Kyste du III ventricule. Destruction totale de la région infundibulaire sans signes dits hypophysiaires. Revue Neurologique 2, 413 (1927) * Kyste du III ventricule. Destruction totale de la région infundibulaire sans signes dits hypophysiaires. L Encéphale 22, 21-26 (1927) * Paraplegia spastica heredofamiliris. Neurologia Polska 10, 1, 58 (1927) * Przypadek: Osteoarthropatiae vertebralis tabidorum. Pamiętnik Kliniczny Szpitala Dzieciątka Jezus 10, 30-32 (1927) * Frey Ł, Opalski A. Przyczynki kliniczne do studium nad schorzeniami dziedzicznemi układu nerwowego. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 15, 6, 277-280 (1927) * Rdzeń i preparaty drobnowidzowe z przypadku tętniaka splotowatego rdzenia. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 22, 431 (1927) * Etude anatomo-clinique d’un cas d’anévrisme cirsoide de la moelle. Pamiętnik I Zjazdu Anatomo-Zoologicznego w Warszawie 98-99 (1927) * Frey Ł, Orzechowski K. Neurirétinite unilatérale due à une Highmorite du même coté, améliorée après une ponction du sinus maxillaire. Lésions pagétoides dans les os de la voûte crânienne décelées à la radiographie. Revue Neurologique 2, 284 (1927) * Frey Ł, Drozdowicz. Neuroretinitis jednego oka przy zajęciu jamy Highmor'a tej że strony u osobnika z czaszką Pagetowską. Neurologia Polska 11, 2, 246-248 (1928) * Przypadek guza retrosplejalnego. Neurologia Polska 11, 3-4, 319-320 (1928) * Przypadek guza retrosplejalnego. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 14, 261 (1928) * Przypadek operowanego guza śródbłonka mózgu. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 8, 150 (1928) * Frey Ł, Sławiński. Przypadek operowany śródbłoniaka płata czołowego. Neurologia Polska 11, 3-4, 312 (1928) * Przypadek: Osteoarthropatiae vertebralis tabidorum. Neurologia Polska 11, 1, 128-130 (1928) * Przypadek sympatomatu rdzenia kręgowego. Neurologia Polska 11, 1, 125-127 (1928) * Przypadek śródbłoniaka płata czołowego wyłuszczonego pomyślnie. Polska Gazeta Lekarska 20, 373-376 (1928) * Urazowe podrażnienie nerwów promieniowego i mięśniowo-skórnego z przerwaniem kilku ścięgien. Neurologia Polska 11, 3-4, 350-351 (1928) * Étude anatomo-clinique d’un cas d’anévrisme cirsoide de la moelle épinière. Ann d anat-path 5, 971-979 (1928)

References

External links

Lucja Frey Gottesman
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum * {{DEFAULTSORT:Frey, Lucja Polish neurologists Polish women neuroscientists Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) 1889 births 1942 deaths Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust People who died in the Lwów Ghetto