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𒀏
The cuneiform ha sign comes in two common varieties in the 1350 BC Amarna letters. It is also found in the large 12-chapter (Tablets I-XII) work of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. Cuneiform ''ha'' is used as a syllabic for ''ha'', and an alphabetic for ''h'', or ''a''; from the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' it also has two sumerogramic uses (capital letter (majuscule)), for HA (Akkadian language ''zittu'', for "share"), and KU6, for ''nūnu'', "fish". The digitized version of ''ha'' has 4, short vertical strokes, 2-pairs-of-2, in a square; it is ligatured at the right, typically with a large, or medium-large sized wedge-stroke. The 2nd type of cuneiform ''ha'' is consistent as: 2-verticals, with a wedge between, and a (typical) large wedge ligatured at right; (thus both types contain the wedge at the right). Type I of the sign with four short vertical strokes , (1-pair, above another pair), is the za (cuneiform) sign, which is used for linguistic items like: ''ṣa, za, ZA'', ZA being a sume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
B236ellst
B, or b, is the second Letter (alphabet), letter of the Latin-script alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''English alphabet#Letter names, bee'' (pronounced ), plural ''bees''. It represents the voiced bilabial stop in many languages, including English. In some other languages, it is used to represent other bilabial consonants. History Old English was originally written in Anglo-Saxon runes, runes, whose equivalent letter was beorc , meaning "birch". Beorc dates to at least the 2nd-century Elder Futhark, which is now thought to have derived from the Old Italic alphabets' either directly or via Latin alphabet, Latin . The Uncial script, uncial and half-uncial introduced by the Gregorian mission, Gregorian and Hiberno-Scottish mission, Irish missions gradually developed into the Insular scripts' . These Old English Latin alphabets supplanted the ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ni (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign ni is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' and other cuneiform texts. It has a secondary sub-use in the Amarna letters for addressing the Pharaoh, from the vassal states of Canaan. The address to the Pharaoh is often 'King-Lord-Mine': ''LUGAL, EN-ia'' which has many varieties of expression. "LUGAL" is Akkadian language for "Šarru", English "king", and ''EN'' in Akkadian is ''bēlu'', for "Lord", (thus "King, Lord-Mine"). In some Amarna letters the sub-use of ''ni'' is ''lí'', for spelling "bēlu", '' be-lí'' often . There are other sub-uses of ''ni'' (see ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage below). It is also found in some Amarna letters, EA 9, and EA 252, for example where ''ni'' or ''lí'' is scribed in a "flourish" format (an over-lengthened version of the two-horizontals that construct the sign), similar to '' tab'', . In EA 9 especially, there is a ' scribe margin line', both left and right on the clay tablet obverse. For the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anson Rainey
Anson Frank Rainey (January 11, 1930 – February 19, 2011) was professor emeritus of ancient Near Eastern cultures and Semitic linguistics at Tel Aviv University. He is known in particular for contributions to the study of the Amarna tablets, the noted administrative letters from the period of Pharaoh Akhenaten's rule during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt.Rollston, C. (2011)Among the last of the titans: Aspects of Professor Anson Rainey's life and legacy (1930–2011)(February 20, 2011); retrieved May 22, 2017 He authored and edited books and articles on the cultures, languages and geography of the Biblical lands. Early life Anson Rainey was born in Dallas, Texas, in 1930. Upon the death of his father that same year, he was left with his maternal grandparents. He attended Brown Military Academy in San Diego, California, from 1943 to 1946. After one semester of study there – as a cadet battalion commander – he served as assistant commandant at Southern California Mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project is an international scholarly project aimed at collecting and publishing ancient Assyrian texts and studies based on them. Its headquarters are in Helsinki in Finland. State Archives of Assyria State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts State Archives of Assyria Studies See also *Epic of Gilgamesh *Text corpus References *Cole, S. '' Nippur in Late Assyrian Times, c. 755-612 BC,'' by Steven W. Cole, (The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, University of Helsinki, by Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, Finland), c 1996. *Novotny, J. ''The Standard Babylonian'' ''Etana Etana (, ''E.TA.NA'') was the probably fictional thirteenth king of the first dynasty of Kish. He is listed in the ''Sumerian King List'' as the successor of Arwium, the son of Mashda, as king of Kish. The list also calls Etana "the shepherd ... Epic,'' by Jamie R. Novotny, (University of Helsinki, Ibid.), c 2001. External links Official page, University of Helsinki {{Corpus lin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Simo Parpola
Simo Kaarlo Antero Parpola (born 4 July 1943) is a Finnish Assyriologist specializing in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Professor emeritus of Assyriology at the University of Helsinki (retired fall 2009). Career Simo Parpola studied Assyriology, Classics and Semitic Philology at the University of Helsinki, the Pontifical Biblical Institute and the British Museum in 1961–1968. He completed his PhD in Helsinki and began his academic career as wissenschaftlicher Assistant of Karlheinz Deller at the Seminar für Sprachen und Kulturen des Vorderen Orients of the University of Heidelberg in 1969. Between 1973 and 1976 he was Docent of Assyriology and Research Fellow at the University of Helsinki, and from 1977 to 1979 Associate Professor of Assyriology with tenure at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. He was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Assyriology at the University of Helsinki in 1978 and has directed the University's Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project since 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William L
William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play ''Douglas''). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina. Etymology William is related to the given name ''Wilhelm'' (cf. Proto-Germanic ᚹᛁᛚᛃᚨᚺᛖᛚᛗᚨᛉ, ''*Wiljahelmaz'' > German ''Wilhelm'' and Old Norse ᚢᛁᛚᛋᛅᚼᛅᛚᛘᛅᛋ, ''Vilhjálmr''). By regular sound changes, the native, inherited English form of the name shoul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter EA 365
Amarna letter EA 365, titled ''Furnishing Corvée Workers,'' is a squarish, mostly flat clay tablet, but thick enough (pillow-shaped), to contain text that continues toward the right margin, the right side of the obverse side, and also to the right side of the reverse side of the tablet. The text is continuous, such that a final line (line 31) is needed, and is written on a final available edge of the tablet – thus text is found upon 5 sections — ''Obverse, Bottom Edge, Reverse, Top Edge,'' and ''Side''. Letter EA 365 is authored by Biridiya of Megiddo and is written to the Pharaoh of Egypt (in the 14th century BC, Egypt referred to as Mizri/Miṣri). The letter's subject is the harvesting of crops by corvée (forced) labor men/women. The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are mid 14th century BC, about 1360 BC and 35? years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten's city Akhetaten, in the floor of the Bureau of Correspo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yanhamu
Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350- 1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. Yanhamu is referenced in 16 of the 60–letter ''"Rib-Hadda of Gubla"''-(Byblos) sub-corpus, and also 12 additional letters. Letters referencing commissioner ''Yanhamu'' Milkilu's EA 270, ''"Extortion"'' Letter no. 4 of 5 to Pharaoh, from "Milkilu of Gazru"-(modern Gezer): Milkilu's EA 271, ''"The Power of the 'Apiru"'' Milkilu letter no. 5 of 5 to Pharaoh: Referenced Amarna letters to ''Yanhamu'' The largest sub-corpus of Amarna letters is from the Rib-Haddi corpus: namely "Rib-Hadda of Gubla"-(Byblos). 16 of Rib-Haddi's letters reference Yanhamu, ( EA for 'el Amarna'). ''Letters EA 82-132(16)the Rib-Hadda/Byblos letters-(w/out-EA 98)'' *EA 82— *EA 85— * EA 86— *EA 98— *EA 102— *EA 105— *EA 106— *EA 109— *EA 116— *EA 117— *EA 118— *EA 127— *EA 131— *EA 132—See: Pahura O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mu (cuneiform)
The cuneiform sign mu, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite language, Hittite texts). It is also used as MU. Linguistically, it has the alphabetical usage in texts for ''m'', or ''u'', or syllabically for ''mu''. The u is replaceable in word formation by any of the 4 vowels: ''a, e, i,'' or ''u''. One reason for the high usage of mu in the Amarna letters is for the word: "peace", or "be safe", Akkadian language ''šalāmu'', for ''"to be sound, whole, safe"''. It is used especially between the Great King letters. ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage The ''mu'' sign usage in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' is as follows: ''mu''-(266 times); ''MU''-(87). References *William L. Moran, Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Simo Parpola, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
An (cuneiform)
The cuneiform an sign (or sumerogram AN, in Akkadian consisting of ASH 𒀸 and MAŠ 𒈦), is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for ''an'', and an alphabetic sign used for ''a'', or ''n''; it is common in both the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It is also used for the designation of a "god", and is sometimes represented as a superscript: d, or capitalized: D, for " dingir", English language, "god". The example photo at right shows (2nd list), a list of 14 named gods, all with "an"; the first pair on the list ''AN-UTU'', or DUTU, refers to the "sun-god", using Ud (cuneiform), as the sumerogram, namely UTU (sun Sumerogram). Cuneiform ''an'' can also be found in compound form with another cuneiform sign, an example being DAGAL, . The older version of DAGAL used the 'god symbol' as a star within the sign: ; (older version of DAGAL, incorporating "star": ). ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' usage In the ''Epic of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ia (cuneiform)
The cuneiform ia sign 𒅀, is a combined sign, containing i (cuneiform) ligatured with a (cuneiform); it has the common meaning in the suffix form ''-ia'', for the meaning of "-mine". In the Amarna letters, the letters written to the Pharaoh of Egypt (Mizri/Misri in the letters), the Pharaoh is often referenced as "Lord-mine", or especially: ''King-Lord-mine'': "My King, My Lord". In Akkadian, the form is "Šarru-Bēlu-ia"-(King-Lord-mine), since the spelling in some Amarna letters is sometimes ŠÁR- RI for Šarru, (LUGAL = ŠÁR). ''Ia'' is also used in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh''. It is listed in Parpola's Glossary (Parpola, 1971), for Akkadian language words: meaning ''"mine"'', ''"(to) me"'', and ''"me"'', and one usage for the word "battering ram", ''iašubů''. Amarna letter usage of "ia" Besides the usage of Akkadian language words beginning with ''ia'', the common examples of — ''iāši'', "(to) me", ''iāti'', "me", ''iā'u'', "mine", and ''iānu'', "there is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amarna Letter EA 270
Amarna letter EA 270, titled: ''"Extortion,"'' is an ovate-shaped, medium-sized, tall letter, approximately 3 in wide x 4 in tall, from Milkilu the mayor/ruler of Gazru (Gezer), of the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters. The Canaanite city-states were visited by the scribes, with short 'status reports' sent to the Pharaoh (King) reporting on city or regional accounts, for example the troubles with the habiru, or other external affairs. Many of the Canaanite letters are short, with some nearly identical phraseology of words, as well as the layout of the individual clay tablet letters. Milkilu authored EA 268 through EA 271. Amarna letter EA 270-(29 lines) is nearly identical in shape to EA 271-(27 lines), with the beginning lines of the obverse, nearly identical in wording, and spacing. The Amarna letters, about 300, numbered up to EA 382, are a mid 14th century BC, about 1350 BC and 20–25 years later, correspondence. The initial corpus of letters were found at Akhenaten's city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
