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Azerbaijani Alphabet
The Azerbaijani alphabet ( az, Azərbaycan əlifbası, , ) has three versions which includes the Arabic alphabet, Perso-Arabic, Latin alphabet, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabet, Cyrillic alphabets. Azerbaijani language, North Azerbaijani, the official language of Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan, is written in a modified Latin alphabet. This superseded previous versions based on Cyrillic script, Cyrillic and Arabic script, Arabic scripts after the fall of Soviet Union. In Iran, where Iranian Azerbaijanis make up the second largest ethnic group after ethnic Persians, a modified Persian alphabet, Persian script is widely used to write the Azerbaijani language, South Azerbaijani language. Azerbaijanis of Dagestan and other parts of Russia still use the Cyrillic script. Latin Azerbaijani alphabet The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet consists of 32 letters. History From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yañalif
Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif, , Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. There are 33 letters in Jaꞑalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of letter B is ʙ, to prevent confusion with Ь ь. Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin character in Unicode, but it look ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oe (Cyrillic)
Oe or barred O (Ө ө; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Shape Its form was copied from the Latin letter barred O (Ɵ ɵ) used in Jaŋalif and other alphabets. Despite having a similar shape, it is related neither to the Greek letter theta (Θ θ/) nor to the archaic Cyrillic letter fita (Ѳ ѳ). However, traditional forms of Cyrillic fita (since the 18th century) and oe are identical, and designers of Unicode's sample font were probably the first ones who split glyphs of the two letters (providing Oe with a horizontal bar and Fita with a tilde-shaped bar inside). In traditional typography, the shape of the inner line depends on typeface, not on meaning of the letter: the bar in both oe and fita may either be straight or wavy. Usage Oe is used in the alphabets of the Bashkir, Buryat, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Khanty, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tuvan, Mongolian, and Yakut languages. It commonly represents the front rounded vowels and , except in Mongolian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tatar Language
Tatar ( or ) is a Turkic languages, Turkic language spoken by Volga Tatars, Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia. It should not be confused with Crimean Tatar language, Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar language, Siberian Tatar, which are closely related but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages. Geographic distribution The Tatar language is spoken in Russia (about 5.3 million people), Ukraine, China, Finland, Turkey, Uzbekistan, the United States, United States of America, Romania, Azerbaijan, Israel, Kazakhstan, Georgia (country), Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia and other countries. There are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar in the world. Tatar is also native for several thousand Mari people, Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar. In the Russian Census (2010), 2010 census, 69% of Russian Tatars who responded to the question about language ability claimed a knowledge of the Tatar language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Close-mid Central Rounded Vowel
The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase Ɵ, barred letter o. The character ɵ has been used in several Latin-derived alphabets such as the one for Yañalif but then denotes a sound that is different from that of the IPA. The character is homographic with Cyrillic script, Cyrillic Oe (Cyrillic), Ө. The Unicode code point is . This vowel occurs in Cantonese language, Cantonese, Dutch language, Dutch, French language, French, Russian language, Russian and Swedish language, Swedish as well as in a number of English dialects as a realization of (as in ''foot''), (as in ''nurse'') or (as in ''goat''). This sound rarely contrasts with the near-close front rounded vowel and so is sometimes transcribed with the symbol . Close-mid central protruded vowel The close-mid central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capital Letter
Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (or more formally ''minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters, with each letter in one set usually having an equivalent in the other set. The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and pronunciation and are treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order. Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun (ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonetic Transcription Symbols
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines based on the research questions involved such as how humans plan and execute movements to produce speech (articulatory phonetics), how various movements affect the properties of the resulting sound (acoustic phonetics), or how humans convert sound waves to linguistic information (auditory phonetics). Traditionally, the minimal linguistic unit of phonetics is the phone—a speech sound in a language which differs from the phonological unit of phoneme; the phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones. Phonetics deals with two aspects of human speech: production—the ways humans make sounds—and perception—the way speech is understood. The communicative modali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theta
Theta (, ; uppercase: Θ or ; lowercase: θ or ; grc, ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. Greek In Ancient Greek, θ represented the aspirated voiceless dental plosive , but in Modern Greek it represents the voiceless dental fricative . Forms In its archaic form, θ was written as a cross within a circle (as in the Etruscan or ), and later, as a line or point in circle ( or ). The cursive form was retained by Unicode as , separate from . (There is also ). For the purpose of writing Greek text, the two can be font variants of a single character, but are also used as distinct symbols in technical and mathematical contexts. Extensive lists of examples follow below at Mathematics and Science. is also common in biblical and theological usage e.g. instead of πρόθεσις (means placing in public or laying out a corpse). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fita
Fita (Ѳ ѳ; italics: ) is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet. The shape and the name of the letter are derived from the Greek letter theta (Θ θ). In the ISO 9 system, Ѳ is romanized using F grave accent (F̀ f̀). In the Cyrillic numeral system, Fita has a value of 9. Shape In traditional (Church Slavonic) typefaces, the central line is typically about twice the width of the letter's body and has serifs similar to those on the letter Т: . Sometimes the line is drawn as low as the baseline, which makes the letter difficult to distinguish from Д. Usage Old Russian and Church Slavonic The traditional Russian name of the letter is ''fitá'' (or, in pre-1918 spelling, ѳита́). Fita was mainly used to write proper names and loanwords derived from or via Greek. Russians pronounced these names with the sound instead of (like the pronunciation of in "thin"), for example "Theodore" was pronounced as "Feodor" (now "Fyodor"). Early texts in Russian (an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scribal Abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations or sigla (grammatical number, singular: siglum) are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek language, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts) and to identify the copyists of a work. History Abbreviated writing, using sigla, arose partly from the limitations of the workable nature of the materials (rock (geology), stone, metal, parchment, etc.) employed in record-making and partly from their availability. Thus, lapidary, lapidaries, engravers, and copyists made the most of the available writing space. Scribal abbreviations were infrequent when writing materials were plentiful, but by the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, writing materials were scarce and costly. During the Roman Republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla (p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slashed Zero
The slashed zero is a representation of the Arabic digit " 0" (zero) with a slash through it. The slashed zero glyph is often used to distinguish the digit "zero" ("0") from the Latin script letter " O" anywhere that the distinction needs emphasis, particularly in encoding systems, scientific and engineering applications, computer programming (such as software development), and telecommunications. It thus helps to differentiate characters that would otherwise be homoglyphs. It was commonly used during the punch card era, when programs were typically written out by hand, to avoid ambiguity when the character was later typed on a card punch. Usage The slashed zero is used in a number of fields in order to avoid confusion with the letter 'O'. It is used by computer programmers, in recording amateur radio call signs and in military radio, as logs of such contacts tend to contain both letters and numerals. The slashed zero was used on teleprinter circuits for weather applications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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