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Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age. Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism. It was a link language in ancient and medieval South Asia, and upon transmission of Hindu and Buddhist culture to Southeast Asia, East Asia and Central Asia in the early medieval era, it became a language of religion and high culture, and of the political elites in some of these regions. As a result, Sanskrit had a lasting impact on the languages of South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, especially in their formal and learned vocabularies. Sanskrit generally connotes several Old Indo-Aryan language varieties. The most archaic of these is the Vedic Sanskrit found in the Rig Veda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Alphabet
The Polish alphabet ( Polish: ''alfabet polski'', ''abecadło'') is the script of the Polish language, the basis for the Polish system of orthography. It is based on the Latin alphabet but includes certain letters with diacritics: the ''kreska'', or acute accent (''ć'', ''ń'', ''ó'', ''ś'', ''ź''); the overdot, or ''kropka'' (''ż''); the tail, or '' ogonek'' (''ą'', ''ę''); and the stroke (''ł''). The letters ''q'', ''v'', and ''x'', which are used only in foreign words, are usually absent from the Polish alphabet. However, prior to the standardization of the Polish language, the letter "x" was sometimes used in place of "ks". Modified variations of the Polish alphabet are used for writing Silesian and Kashubian, whereas the Sorbian languages use a mixture of the Polish and Czech orthographies. Letters There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants. The letters ''q'', ''v'', and ''x'' are not used in any native Polish words and are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
С́
Sje (С́ с́; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, formed from С with the addition of an acute accent (not to be confused with the Latin letter Ć). It is used in the Montenegrin alphabet, where it represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant . It corresponds to the Latin Ś, and is not to be confused with the Latin Ć, which represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/ (the sound of Ћ) Origins It came into official use in mid-2009, with the adoption of the Law on the Official Language in Montenegro. The letter originates from rural areas in Montenegro. Computing codes Being a relatively recent letter, not present in any legacy 8-bit Cyrillic encoding, the letter С́ is not represented directly by a precomposed character in Unicode either; it has to be composed as С+ ◌́ (U+0301). See also *Ś ś : Latin letter Ś *Ш ш : Cyrillic letter Sha *З́ з́ : Cyrillic letter Zje *Щ щ: Cyrillic letter Shcha *Ć ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montenegrin Language
Montenegrin ( ; cnr, label=none, / ) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins and is the official language of Montenegro. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian. Montenegro's language has historically and traditionally been called either Serbian or Montenegrin. The idea of a standardized Montenegrin standard language separate from Serbian appeared in the 1990s during the breakup of Yugoslavia, through proponents of Montenegrin independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegrin became the official language of Montenegro with the ratification of a new constitution on 22 October 2007. Language standardization In January 2008, the government of Montenegro formed the Board (Council) for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language, which aims to standardize the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Latin Alphabet
The Belarusian Latin alphabet or Łacinka (from be, лацінка or łacinka, BGN/PCGN: ''Latsinka'', ) for the Latin script in general is the common name for writing Belarusian using Latin script. It is similar to the Sorbian alphabet and incorporates features of the Polish and Czech alphabets. Today, Belarusian most commonly uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Use Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century until the 1930s. During the time of the Nazi German-occupied Belarusian territories, the Łacinka script was used as the only official script for the Belarusian language. It is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the '' Nasha Niva'' weekly, the ''ARCHE'' journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Latin Alphabet
The Ukrainian Latin alphabet ( Ukrainian: Українська латиниця, tr. ''Ukrainska latynytsia'' or Латинка, tr. ''Latynka'') is the form of the Latin script used for writing, transliteration and retransliteration of Ukrainian. The national standard of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet, SSOU 9112:2021, was officially adopted on 1 April 2022. Previously, the Latin alphabet has been proposed or imposed several times in the history in Ukraine, but it has so far never toppled the dominance of the conventional Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet. Characteristics The Ukrainian literary language has been written with the Cyrillic script in a tradition going back to the introduction of Christianity and the Old Church Slavonic language to Kievan Rus’. Proposals for Latinization, if not imposed for outright political reasons, have always been politically charged, and have never been generally accepted, although some proposals to create an official Latin alphabet for Ukrainian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romani Alphabet
The Romani language has for most of its history been an entirely oral language, with no written form in common use. Although the first example of written Romani dates from 1542, it is not until the twentieth century that vernacular writing by native Romani people arose. Printed anthologies of Romani folktales and poems began in the 20th century in Eastern Europe, using the respective national scripts (Latin or Cyrillic). Written Romani in the 20th century used the writing systems of their respective host societies, mostly Latin alphabets (Romanian, Czech, Croatian, etc.). Standardization Currently, there is no single standard orthography used by both scholars and native speakers. Efforts of language planners have been hampered by the significant dialectal divisions in Romani: the absence of standard phonology, in turn, makes the selection of a single written form problematic. In an effort to overcome this, during the 1980s and 1990s Marcel Courthiade proposed a model for orthog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montenegrin Alphabet
The Montenegrin alphabet is the collective name given to "''Abeceda''" ( Montenegrin Latin alphabet) and "''Азбука''" (Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet), the writing systems used to write the Montenegrin language. It was adopted on 9 June 2009 by the Montenegrin Minister of Education, Sreten Škuletić and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets in use at the time. Although the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro, the government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media. History Efforts to create a Latin character-based Montenegrin alphabet go back to at least World War I, when a newspaper was published in Cetinje using both Latin and Cyrillic characters. Latin alphabet The Montenegrin Latin alphabet ( Montenegrin: ''crnogorska latini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Śawt
Śawt ሠ is a letter of the Ge'ez abugida, descended from Epigraphic South Arabian , in Ge'ez representing ś. It is reconstructed as descended from a Proto-Semitic voiceless lateral fricative , like the Welsh pronunciation of the ll in llwyd. It survived only in South Semitic as an independent phoneme. See also * Ḍäppa ፀ *Proto-Semitic * Sat (letter) ሰ *Shin (letter) Shin (also spelled Šin (') or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Shin , Hebrew Shin , Aramaic Shin , Syriac Shin ܫ, and Arabic Shin (in abjadi order, 13th in modern order). Its sound value is a voic ... {{DEFAULTSORT:Sawt Ge'ez language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voiceless Lateral Fricative
The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is K. The symbol is called "belted l" and is distinct from "l with tilde", , which transcribes a different sound, the velarized (or pharynɡealized) alveolar lateral approximant, often called "dark L". Some scholars also posit the voiceless alveolar lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as . Features Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: Occurrence The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl and Navajo, and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar. It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IAST
The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during the nineteenth century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan, William Jones, Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress, in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Usage Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-Aryan Languages
The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Maldives. Moreover, apart from the Indian subcontinent, large immigrant and expatriate Indo-Aryan–speaking communities live in Northwestern Europe, Western Asia, North America, the Caribbean, Southeast Africa, Polynesia and Australia, along with several million speakers of Romani languages primarily concentrated in Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. There are over 200 known Indo-Aryan languages. Modern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Vedic Sanskrit, through Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Prakrits). The largest such languages in terms of First language, first-speakers are Hindustani language, Hindi–Urdu (),Standard Hindi first language: 260.3 million ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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