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TypeScript
TypeScript (abbreviated as TS) is a high-level programming language that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript. It is designed for developing large applications and transpiles to JavaScript. It is developed by Microsoft as free and open-source software released under an Apache License 2.0. TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with Node.js, Deno or Bun). Multiple options are available for transpiling. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used, or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript. TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AssemblyScript
AssemblyScript is a TypeScript-based programming language that is optimized for, and statically compiled to, WebAssembly (currently using , the reference AssemblyScript compiler). Resembling ECMAScript and JavaScript, but with static data types, the language is developed by the AssemblyScript Project with contributions from the AssemblyScript community. Overview In 2017, the availability of support for WebAssembly, a standard definition for a low-level bytecode and an associated virtual machine, became widespread among major web browsers, providing web programs a lower-level and potentially higher-performance compiling target for client-side programs and applications to execute within web browsers, along with the interpreted (and in practice dynamically compiled) JavaScript web scripting language. WebAssembly allows programs and code to be statically compiled ahead of time in order to run at potentially native-level or '' bare machine'' (metal) performance within web ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ArkTS
ArkTS (short for Ark TypeScript) is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled, declarative, static type programming language developed by Huawei which is an extension superset of open-source TypeScript (TS), in turn a superset of JavaScript (JS) formerly used in July 2022 HarmonyOS 3.0 version, alongside its evolved precursor, extended TypeScript (eTS) built for HarmonyOS development as a shift toward declarative programming. ArkTS compiles to machine code via its ahead-of-time compilation Ark Compiler. ArkTS was first released in September 30, 2021 on OpenHarmony, and the ArkTS toolchain has shipped in DevEco Studio since version 3.1, released in 2022. Since, OpenHarmony 4.0 release on October 26, 2023, ArkTS APIs has been added to the open source community to contribute. Huawei intended ArkTS to support many core concepts associated with extended TypeScript (eTS) based on TypeScript and in turn JavaScript from previous versions of HarmonyOS 3.0 with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anders Hejlsberg
Anders Hejlsberg (; ; born 2 December 1960) is a Denmark, Danish software engineer who co-designed several programming languages and development tools. He was the original author of Turbo Pascal and the chief architect of Delphi (programming language), Delphi. He currently works for Microsoft as the lead architect of C Sharp (programming language), C# and core developer on TypeScript. Early life Hejlsberg was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, and studied Electrical Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. While at the university in 1980, he began writing programs for the Nascom microcomputer, including a Pascal (programming language), Pascal compiler which was initially marketed as the ''Blue Label Software Pascal'' for the Nascom-2. However, he soon rewrote it for CP/M and DOS, marketing it first as ''Compas Pascal'' and later as ''PolyPascal''. Later the product was licensed to Borland, and integrated into an Integrated development environment, IDE to become the Turbo Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AtScript
AtScript was a proposed JavaScript-based scripting language extending Microsoft's TypeScript and transcompiling to JavaScript. It was introduced in October 2014 at the ng-Europe conference by the developers of Google's AngularJS web development framework as the language that the upcoming Angular 2.0 would be built with. AtScript was originally intended to run on top of TypeScript, while including some features from Dart. In October 2014, Google announced that Angular 2.0 would be written in AtScript. In March 2015, Microsoft announced that many of AtScript's features would be implemented in the TypeScript 1.5 release, and that Angular 2.0 would be built on pure TypeScript. The name “AtScript” comes from the @ “at” symbol used for annotations in many languages (e.g. Java annotation In the Java computer programming language, an annotation is a form of syntactic metadata that can be added to Java source code. Class (computer programming), Classes, Method (computer progr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JavaScript
JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a programming language and core technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS. Ninety-nine percent of websites use JavaScript on the client side for webpage behavior. Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code. These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js. JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time–compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions. It is multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions, standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM). The ECMAScript standard does not include any input/output (I/O), such as netwo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gradual Typing
Gradual typing is a type system that lies in between static typing and dynamic typing. Some variables and expressions may be given types and the correctness of the typing is checked at compile time (which is ''static typing'') and some expressions may be left untyped and eventual type errors are reported at runtime (which is ''dynamic typing''). Gradual typing allows software developers to choose either type paradigm as appropriate, from within a single language. In many cases gradual typing is added to an existing dynamic language, creating a derived language allowing but not requiring static typing to be used. In some cases a language uses gradual typing from the start. History The term was coined by Jeremy Siek, who developed gradual typing in 2006 with Walid Taha. Implementation In gradual typing, a special type named ''dynamic'' is used to represent statically-unknown types. The notion of type equality is replaced by a new relation called ''consistency'' that relates th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ActionScript
ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (later acquired by Adobe). It is influenced by HyperTalk, the scripting language for HyperCard. It is now an implementation of ECMAScript (meaning it is a superset of the syntax and semantics of the language more widely known as JavaScript), though it originally arose as a sibling, both being influenced by HyperTalk. ActionScript code is usually converted to bytecode format by a compiler. ActionScript is used primarily for the development of websites and software targeting the Adobe Flash platform, originally finding use on web pages in the form of embedded SWF files. ActionScript 3 is also used with the Adobe AIR system for the development of desktop and mobile applications. The language itself is open-source in that its specification is offered free of charge and both an open-source compiler (as part of Apache Flex) and open-source virtual machine ( Tamarin) are availabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duck Typing
In computer programming, duck typing is an application of the duck test—"If it walks like a duck and it quacks like a duck, then it must be a duck"—to determine whether an object can be used for a particular purpose. With nominative typing, an object is of a given type if it is declared as such (or if a type's association with the object is inferred through mechanisms such as object inheritance). With duck typing, an object is of a given type if it has all methods and properties required by that type. Duck typing may be viewed as a usage-based structural equivalence between a given object and the requirements of a type. Examples This simple example in Python 3 demonstrates how any object may be used in any context until it is used in a way that it does not support. class Duck: def swim(self): print("Duck swimming") def fly(self): print("Duck flying") class Whale: def swim(self): print("Whale swimming") for animal in uck(), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Source-to-source Compiler
A source-to-source translator, source-to-source compiler (S2S compiler), transcompiler, or transpiler is a type of translator that takes the source code of a program written in a programming language as its input and produces an equivalent source code in the same or a different programming language, usually as an intermediate representation. A source-to-source translator converts between programming languages that operate at approximately the same level of abstraction, while a traditional compiler translates from a higher level language to a lower level language. For example, a source-to-source translator may perform a translation of a program from Python to JavaScript, while a traditional compiler translates from a language like C to assembly or Java to bytecode. An automatic parallelizing compiler will frequently take in a high level language program as an input and then transform the code and annotate it with parallel code annotations (e.g., OpenMP) or language const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C Sharp (programming Language)
C# ( pronounced: C-sharp) ( ) is a general-purpose high-level programming language supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. The principal inventors of the C# programming language were Anders Hejlsberg, Scott Wiltamuth, and Peter Golde from Microsoft. It was first widely distributed in July 2000 and was later approved as an international standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO/ IEC (ISO/IEC 23270 and 20619) in 2003. Microsoft introduced C# along with .NET Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio, both of which are technically speaking, closed-source. At the time, Microsoft had no open-source products. Four years later, in 2004, a free and open-source project called Microsoft Mono began, providing a cross-platform compiler and runtime environment for the C# programming language. A decad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generic Programming
Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of data types ''to-be-specified-later'' that are then ''instantiated'' when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered in the programming language ML in 1973, permits writing common functions or data types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplicate code. Generic programming was introduced to the mainstream with Ada in 1977. With templates in C++, generic programming became part of the repertoire of professional library design. The techniques were further improved and ''parameterized types'' were introduced in the influential 1994 book '' Design Patterns''. New techniques were introduced by Andrei Alexandrescu in his 2001 book '' Modern C++ Design: Generic Programming and Design Patterns Applied''. Subsequently, D implemented the same ideas. Such software entities are known as ''generics'' in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annotation
An annotation is extra information associated with a particular point in a document or other piece of information. It can be a note that includes a comment or explanation. Annotations are sometimes presented Marginalia, in the margin of book pages. For annotations of different digital media, see web annotation and text annotation. Literature, grammar and educational purposes Practising visually Annotation Practices are highlighting a phrase or sentence and including a comment, circling a word that needs defining, posing a question when something is not fully understood and writing a short summary of a key section. It also invites students to "(re)construct a history through material engagement and exciting DIY (Do-It-Yourself) annotation practices." Annotation practices that are available today offer a remarkable set of tools for students to begin to work, and in a more collaborative, connected way than has been previously possible. Text and film annotation Text and Film A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
