Taxol Total Synthesis

picture info	Taxol Total Synthesis Paclitaxel total synthesis in organic chemistry is a major ongoing research effort in the total synthesis of paclitaxel (Taxol). This diterpenoid is an important drug in the treatment of cancer but, also expensive because the compound is harvested from a scarce resource, namely the Pacific yew (''Taxus brevifolia''). Not only is the synthetic reproduction of the compound itself of great commercial and scientific importance, but it also opens the way to paclitaxel derivatives not found in nature but with greater potential. The paclitaxel molecule consists of a tetracyclic core called baccatin III and an amide tail. The core rings are conveniently called (from left to right) ring A (a cyclohexene), ring B (a cyclooctane), ring C (a cyclohexane) and ring D (an oxetane). The paclitaxel drug development process took over 40 years. The anti-tumor activity of a bark extract of the Pacific yew tree was discovered in 1963 as a follow up of a US government plant screening program already ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-Deacetylbaccatins are a series of closely related natural organic compounds isolated from the yew tree (Genera ''Taxus''). 10-Deacetylbaccatin III is a precursor to the anti-cancer drug docetaxel (Taxotere). 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase, 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-''O''-acetyltransferase converts 10-deacetylbaccatin to baccatin III: :acetyl-CoA + 10-deacetylbaccatin III CoA + baccatin III External links * - 7-Epi-10-Deacetylbaccatin III * - 10-Deacetylbaccatin V * - 10-Deacetylbaccatin VI * - 13-Epi-10-Deacetylbaccatin III * - 13-[3-(2-Naphthyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2-debenzoyl-2-(4-methoxybenzoxyl)-10-deacetylbaccatin III * - 10-''N'',''N''-Dimethylglycyl-13-[3-(2-Naphthyl)prop-2-enoyl]-10-deacetylbaccatin III Benzoate esters Secondary alcohols Tertiary alcohols Ketones Diterpenes Acetate esters {{ketone-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Convergent Synthesis In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final product. In linear synthesis the overall yield quickly drops with each reaction step: :A → B → C → D Suppose the yield is 50% for each reaction; the overall yield of D is only 12.5% from A. In a convergent synthesis :A → B (50%) :C → D (50%) :B + D → E (25%) the overall yield of E (25%) looks much better. Convergent synthesis is applied in the synthesis of complex molecules and involves fragment coupling and independent synthesis. This technique is more useful if the compound is large and symmetric, where at least two aspects of the molecule can be formed separately and still come together. Examples: * Convergent synthesis is encountered in dendrimer s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Mucic Acid Mucic acid, C6H10O8 or HOOC-(CHOH)4-COOH (also known as galactaric or meso-galactaric acid) is an aldaric acid obtained by nitric acid oxidation of galactose or galactose-containing compounds such as lactose, dulcite, quercite, and most varieties of gum. Properties Mucic acid forms a crystalline powder, which melts at 210–230 °C. It is insoluble in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in cold water. Due to the symmetry in the molecule, it is optically inactive even though it has chiral carbon atoms (i.e., it is a meso compound). Reactions When heated with pyridine to 140 °C, it is converted into allomucic acid. When digested with fuming hydrochloric acid for some time it is converted into αα′ furfural dicarboxylic acid while on heating with barium sulfide it is transformed into a thiophene carboxylic acid. The ammonium salt yields on dry distillation carbon dioxide, ammonia, pyrrol and other substances. The acid when fused with caustic alkalis yields oxalic acid. W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Linear Synthesis In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final product. In linear synthesis the overall yield quickly drops with each reaction step: :A → B → C → D Suppose the yield is 50% for each reaction; the overall yield of D is only 12.5% from A. In a convergent synthesis :A → B (50%) :C → D (50%) :B + D → E (25%) the overall yield of E (25%) looks much better. Convergent synthesis is applied in the synthesis of complex molecules and involves fragment coupling and independent synthesis. This technique is more useful if the compound is large and symmetric, where at least two aspects of the molecule can be formed separately and still come together. Examples: * Convergent synthesis is encountered in dendrimer s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Patchoulol Patchoulol or patchouli alcohol (C15H26O) is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in patchouli. Patchouli oil is an important material in perfumery. The (−)-optical isomer is one of the organic compounds responsible for the typical patchouli scent. Patchoulol is also used in the synthesis of the chemotherapy drug Taxol. Structure determination Patchouli alcohol was first isolated in 1869 by Gal and its chemical composition later correctly formulated as C15H26O by Montgolfier. During early structural investigation the presence of a saturated tricyclic tertiary alcohol was established. After several years of careful study Büchi and co-workers proposed the structure of patchouli alcohol to correspond to 1, based on degradation studies from his earlier work, verified later by synthesis of material which corresponded to the natural authentic sample of patchouli alcohol. A serendipitous finding by Dunitz and co-workers revealed a contradictory structure. They had undertaken an X-ray ana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ojima Lactam Ojima may refer to: Ojima (surname), a Japanese surname Ojima, Gunma, a town merged into the city of Ōta, Gunma Prefecture, Japan Ojima Station, a railway station in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan Higashi-ojima Station, a railway station in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan Nishi-ojima Station, a railway station in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan Ojima Domain, also known as Kojima Domain, a Japanese domain of the Edo period Ojima River, a tributary of Turgeon Lake in Quebec, Canada Rivière-Ojima, Quebec, an unorganized territory of RCM Abitibi-Ouest, in Quebec, Canada Ou Island, an island in Okinawa, Japan See also Ojima lactam Ojima may refer to: * Ojima (surname), a Japanese surname * Ojima, Gunma, a town merged into the city of Ōta, Gunma Prefecture, Japan * Ojima Station, a railway station in Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan * Higashi-ojima Station, a railway station in Kōtō, ... , an organic compound of some importance in the commercial production of Taxol {{Disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Chem Chem may refer to: * Chemistry practical waali mam Chemistry Chemical * ''Chem'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Post apocalyptic slang for "drugs", medicinal or otherwise in the Fallout video game series. In Ancient Egyptian usage: ''Khem'' (also spelt ''Chem''), the Egyptian word for "black" * Min (god), in the past erroneously named ''Khem'' CHEM may refer to : A metabolic panel: for instance, CHEM-7, which is the basic metabolic panel CHEM-DT CHEM-DT is the TVA owned-and-operated television station in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada. It broadcasts a high-definition digital signal on VHF channel 8 from a transmitter on Rue Principale in Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel. Owned by the Grou ..., a Canadian television channel See also * Chemo (other) * Kemi, a place in Finland {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Taxol Routes Precursors Paclitaxel (PTX), sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of types of cancer. This includes ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It is administered by intravenous injection. There is also an albumin-bound formulation. Common side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, numbness, allergic reactions, muscle pains, and diarrhea. Other serious side effects include heart problems, increased risk of infection, and lung inflammation. There are concerns that use during pregnancy may cause birth defects. Paclitaxel is in the taxane family of medications. It works by interference with the normal function of microtubules during cell division. Paclitaxel was first isolated in 1971 from the Pacific yew and approved for medical use in 1993. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It has been made from p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]