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System Of Parameters
In mathematics, a system of parameters for a local Noetherian ring of Krull dimension ''d'' with maximal ideal ''m'' is a set of elements ''x''1, ..., ''x''''d'' that satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions: # ''m'' is a minimal prime over (''x''1, ..., ''x''''d''). # The radical of (''x''1, ..., ''x''''d'') is ''m''. # Some power of ''m'' is contained in (''x''1, ..., ''x''''d''). # (''x''1, ..., ''x''''d'') is ''m''-primary. Every local Noetherian ring admits a system of parameters. It is not possible for fewer than ''d'' elements to generate an ideal whose radical is ''m'' because then the dimension of ''R'' would be less than ''d''. If ''M'' is a ''k''-dimensional module over a local ring, then ''x''1, ..., ''x''''k'' is a system of parameters for ''M'' if the length Length is a measure of distance. In the International System of Quantities, length is a quantity with dimension distance. In most systems of measurement a base unit for length is chosen, fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Ring
In abstract algebra, more specifically ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the branch of commutative algebra that studies commutative local rings and their modules. In practice, a commutative local ring often arises as the result of the localization of a ring at a prime ideal. The concept of local rings was introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1938 under the name ''Stellenringe''. The English term ''local ring'' is due to Zariski. Definition and first consequences A ring ''R'' is a local ring if it has any one of the following equivalent properties: * ''R'' has a unique maximal left ideal. * ''R'' has a unique maximal right ideal. * 1 ≠0 and the sum of any two non-units in ''R'' is a non-unit. * 1 ≠0 and if ''x'' is any element of ''R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noetherian Ring
In mathematics, a Noetherian ring is a ring that satisfies the ascending chain condition on left and right ideals; if the chain condition is satisfied only for left ideals or for right ideals, then the ring is said left-Noetherian or right-Noetherian respectively. That is, every increasing sequence I_1\subseteq I_2 \subseteq I_3 \subseteq \cdots of left (or right) ideals has a largest element; that is, there exists an such that: I_=I_=\cdots. Equivalently, a ring is left-Noetherian (resp. right-Noetherian) if every left ideal (resp. right-ideal) is finitely generated. A ring is Noetherian if it is both left- and right-Noetherian. Noetherian rings are fundamental in both commutative and noncommutative ring theory since many rings that are encountered in mathematics are Noetherian (in particular the ring of integers, polynomial rings, and rings of algebraic integers in number fields), and many general theorems on rings rely heavily on Noetherian property (for example, the Laskerâ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Krull Dimension
In commutative algebra, the Krull dimension of a commutative ring ''R'', named after Wolfgang Krull, is the supremum of the lengths of all chains of prime ideals. The Krull dimension need not be finite even for a Noetherian ring. More generally the Krull dimension can be defined for modules over possibly non-commutative rings as the deviation of the poset of submodules. The Krull dimension was introduced to provide an algebraic definition of the dimension of an algebraic variety: the dimension of the affine variety defined by an ideal ''I'' in a polynomial ring ''R'' is the Krull dimension of ''R''/''I''. A field ''k'' has Krull dimension 0; more generally, ''k'' 'x''1, ..., ''x''''n''has Krull dimension ''n''. A principal ideal domain that is not a field has Krull dimension 1. A local ring has Krull dimension 0 if and only if every element of its maximal ideal is nilpotent. There are several other ways that have been used to define the dimension of a ring. Most of them coinci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximal Ideal
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a maximal ideal is an ideal that is maximal (with respect to set inclusion) amongst all ''proper'' ideals. In other words, ''I'' is a maximal ideal of a ring ''R'' if there are no other ideals contained between ''I'' and ''R''. Maximal ideals are important because the quotients of rings by maximal ideals are simple rings, and in the special case of unital commutative rings they are also fields. In noncommutative ring theory, a maximal right ideal is defined analogously as being a maximal element in the poset of proper right ideals, and similarly, a maximal left ideal is defined to be a maximal element of the poset of proper left ideals. Since a one sided maximal ideal ''A'' is not necessarily two-sided, the quotient ''R''/''A'' is not necessarily a ring, but it is a simple module over ''R''. If ''R'' has a unique maximal right ideal, then ''R'' is known as a local ring, and the maximal right ideal is also the unique maximal le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minimal Prime Ideal
In mathematics, especially in commutative algebra, certain prime ideals called minimal prime ideals play an important role in understanding rings and modules. The notion of height and Krull's principal ideal theorem use minimal primes. Definition A prime ideal ''P'' is said to be a minimal prime ideal over an ideal ''I'' if it is minimal among all prime ideals containing ''I''. (Note: if ''I'' is a prime ideal, then ''I'' is the only minimal prime over it.) A prime ideal is said to be a minimal prime ideal if it is a minimal prime ideal over the zero ideal. A minimal prime ideal over an ideal ''I'' in a Noetherian ring ''R'' is precisely a minimal associated prime (also called isolated prime) of R/I; this follows for instance from the primary decomposition of ''I''. Examples * In a commutative artinian ring, every maximal ideal is a minimal prime ideal. * In an integral domain, the only minimal prime ideal is the zero ideal. * In the ring Z of integers, the minimal prime ideals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radical Of An Ideal
In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, the radical of an ideal I of a commutative ring is another ideal defined by the property that an element x is in the radical if and only if some power of x is in I. Taking the radical of an ideal is called ''radicalization''. A radical ideal (or semiprime ideal) is an ideal that is equal to its radical. The radical of a primary ideal is a prime ideal. This concept is generalized to non-commutative rings in the Semiprime ring article. Definition The radical of an ideal I in a commutative ring R, denoted by \operatorname(I) or \sqrt, is defined as :\sqrt = \left\, (note that I \subset \sqrt). Intuitively, \sqrt is obtained by taking all roots of elements of I within the ring R. Equivalently, \sqrt is the preimage of the ideal of nilpotent elements (the nilradical) of the quotient ring R/I (via the natural map \pi\colon R\to R/I). The latter proves that \sqrt is an ideal.Here is a direct proof that \sqrt is an ideal. Start with a,b\in\sqrt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Ideal
In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, a proper ideal ''Q'' of a commutative ring ''A'' is said to be primary if whenever ''xy'' is an element of ''Q'' then ''x'' or ''y''''n'' is also an element of ''Q'', for some ''n'' > 0. For example, in the ring of integers Z, (''p''''n'') is a primary ideal if ''p'' is a prime number. The notion of primary ideals is important in commutative ring theory because every ideal of a Noetherian ring has a primary decomposition, that is, can be written as an intersection of finitely many primary ideals. This result is known as the Lasker–Noether theorem. Consequently, an irreducible ideal of a Noetherian ring is primary. Various methods of generalizing primary ideals to noncommutative rings exist, but the topic is most often studied for commutative rings. Therefore, the rings in this article are assumed to be commutative rings with identity. Examples and properties * The definition can be rephrased in a more symmetric manner: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Length Of A Module
In abstract algebra, the length of a module is a generalization of the dimension of a vector space which measures its size. page 153 In particular, as in the case of vector spaces, the only modules of finite length are finitely generated modules. It is defined to be the length of the longest chain of submodules. Modules with ''finite'' length share many important properties with finite-dimensional vector spaces. Other concepts used to 'count' in ring and module theory are depth and height; these are both somewhat more subtle to define. Moreover, their use is more aligned with dimension theory whereas length is used to analyze finite modules. There are also various ideas of ''dimension'' that are useful. Finite length commutative rings play an essential role in functorial treatments of formal algebraic geometry and deformation theory where Artin rings are used extensively. Definition Length of a module Let M be a (left or right) module over some ring R. Given a chain of submo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commutative Algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers \mathbb; and ''p''-adic integers. Commutative algebra is the main technical tool in the local study of schemes. The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras. Overview Commutative algebra is essentially the study of the rings occurring in algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. In algebraic number theory, the rings of algebraic integers are Dedekind rings, which constitute therefore an important class of commutative rings. Considerations related to modular arithmetic have led to the no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
