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Sallekhana
(IAST: ), also known as ''samlehna'', ''santhara'', ''samadhi-marana'' or ''sanyasana-marana'', is a supplementary vow to the ethical code of conduct of Jainism. It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids. It is viewed in Jainism as the thinning of human passions and the body, and another means of destroying rebirth-influencing karma by withdrawing all physical and mental activities. It is not considered a suicide by Jain scholars because it is not an act of passion, nor does it employ poisons or weapons. After the ''sallekhana'' vow, the ritual preparation and practice can extend into years. is a vow available to both Jain ascetics and householders. Historic evidence such as ''nishidhi'' engravings suggest was observed by both men and women, including queens, in Jain history. However, in the modern era, death through ''sallekhana'' has been a relatively uncommon event. There is debate about the prac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ﾅ嗷ﾄ」aka (Jainism)
In Jainism, the word ﾅ嗷ﾄ」aka or Sﾄ」aga (from Jain Prakrit) is used to refer to the Jain laity (householders). The word ''ﾅ孑ﾄ」aka'' has its roots in the word ''ﾅ孑ﾄ」ana'', i.e. ''the one who listens'' (to the discourses of the saints). The ''tirthankara'' restores or organises the '' sangha'', a fourfold order of ''muni'' (male monastics), '' aryika'' (female monastics), '' ﾅ孑ﾄ」aka''s (male followers) and ''ﾅ孑ﾄ」ikﾄ''s (female followers). In Jainism, there are two kinds of votaries: *The householder (one with minor vows) *The homeless ascetic (one with major vows). According to the Jain text '' Puruﾅ淨〉thasiddhyupﾄ【a'': Ratnakaranda ﾅ孑ﾄ」akﾄ…ﾄ〉a, a major Jain text, discusses the conduct of a ﾅ嗷ﾄ」aka in detail. Six essentials In Jainism, six essential duties (''avashyakas'') are prescribed for a ''ﾅ孑ﾄ」aka''. These help the laity in achieving the principle of ahimsa which is necessary for his/her spiritual upliftment. The six duties are: #Worship of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahavrata
The Five Vows of Jainism include the ''mahﾄ」ratas'' (major vows) and ''a盪uvratas'' (minor vows). Overview Jain ethical code prescribes two '' dharmas'' or rules of conduct. One for those who wish to become ascetic and another for the ''ﾅ孑ﾄ」aka'' (householders). Five fundamental vows are prescribed for both votaries. These vows are observed by '' ﾅ孑ﾄ」akas'' (householders) partially and are termed as ''anuvratas'' (small vows). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly and therefore observe complete abstinence. These five vows are: * ''Ahi盪ピﾄ'' (Non-violence) * ''Satya'' (Truth) * '' Asteya'' (Non-stealing) * ''Brahmacharya'' (Chastity) * ''Aparigraha'' (Non-possession) According to the Jain text '' Puruﾅ淨〉thasiddhyupﾄ【a'': Apart from five main vows, a householder is expected to observe seven supplementary vows (''ﾅ嫺elas'') and last '' sallekhanﾄ'' vow. ''Mahﾄ」ratas'' (major vows) ''Mahavrata'' (lit. major vows) are the five fundamental observed by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jainism
Jainism ( ), also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religions, Indian religion whose three main pillars are nonviolence (), asceticism (), and a rejection of all simplistic and one-sided views of truth and reality (). Jainism traces its spiritual ideas and history through the succession of twenty-four , supreme preachers of ''dharma''. The first in the current time cycle is Rishabhadeva, who tradition holds lived millions of years ago; the 23rd is Parshvanatha, traditionally dated to the 9th century Common Era, BCE; and the 24th is Mahﾄ」ﾄｫra, Mahavira, who lived . Jainism is considered an eternal ''dharma'' with the guiding every time cycle of the Jain cosmology, cosmology. Central to understanding Jain philosophy is the concept of ''bhedavijﾃｱﾄ］a'', or the clear distinction in the nature of the soul and non-soul entities. This principle underscores the innate purity and potential for liberation within every Jﾄｫva (Jainism), soul, distinct from the physical and menta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahimsa In Jainism
In Jainism, ''ahi盪ピﾄ'' (', alternatively spelled 'ahinsﾄ', Sanskrit: 爨爨ｹ爨ｿ爨も､ｸ爨ｾ IAST: ', Pali, Pﾄ〕i: ') is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its Ethics of Jainism, ethics and doctrine. The term ''ahi盪ピﾄ'' means nonviolence, non-injury, and absence of desire to harm any life forms. Veganism, vegetarianism and other nonviolent practices and rituals of Jains flow from the principle of ahimsa. There are five specific transgressions of Ahimsa principle in Jain scriptures 窶 binding of animals, beating, mutilating limbs, overloading, and withholding food and drink. Any other interpretation is subject to individual choices and not authorized by scriptures. The Jain concept of ''ahimsa'' is very different from the concept of nonviolence found in other philosophies. Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others. But according to the Jain philosophy, violence refers primarily to injuring one's own self 窶 behaviour which inhibits the soul' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devasena (Jain Monk)
Devasena was a Jain monk of the 11th century CE belonging to ''Mula Sangha''. He wrote ''Bhavasangraha'' and ''Darsanasara''. Devasena also wrote ''ﾄlﾄ｝a Paddhati'' ("The Ways of Verbal Expression"), which was translated into English by Vijay K. Jain in 2024. References Citations Sources * * * Further reading *Devasena. ''Darﾅ嫗nasﾄ〉a'', ed. A. N. Upadhye, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Institute 15 (1935):198窶206. 11th-century Jain monks {{India-reli-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jain Texts
Jain literature () refers to the literature of the Jainism, Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the canonical ''Jain Agamas'', which are written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, Ardhamagadhi, a Prakrit (Middle Indo-Aryan languages, Middle-Indo Aryan) language. Various commentaries were written on these canonical texts by later Jain monasticism, Jain monks. Later works were also written in other languages, like Sanskrit and Maharashtri Prakrit. Jain literature is primarily divided between the canons of the ''Digambara'' and ''ﾅ嘛ﾄ鍍ﾄ［bara'' orders. These two main sects of Jainism do not always agree on which texts should be considered authoritative. More recent Jain literature has also been written in other languages, like Marathi language, Marathi, Tamil language, Tamil, Rajasthani language, Rajasthani, Dhundari language, Dhundari, Marwari language, Marwari, Hindi language, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ﾄcﾄ〉ﾄ≪ｹga Sﾅｫtra
The ﾄcﾄ〉ﾄ≪ｹga Sﾅｫtra, the foremost and oldest Jain text (''First book'' c. 5th窶4th century BCE; Second book c. Late 4th窶2nd century BCE), is the first of the twelve Angas, part of the agamas which were compiled based on the teachings of 24th Tirthankara Mahavira. The existing text of the ﾄcﾄ〉ﾄ≪ｹga Sﾅｫtra which is used by the ﾅ嘛etﾄ［bara sect of Jainism was recompiled and edited by Acharya Devardhigani Kshamashraman, who headed the council held at Valabhi c. 454 CE. The Digambaras do not recognize the available text, and regard the original text as having been lost in its original form. The Digambara text, '' Mulachara'' is said to be derived from the original ﾄcﾄ〉ﾄ≪ｹga Sﾅｫtra and discusses the conduct of a Digambara monk. Introduction The ﾄcﾄ〉ﾄ≪ｹga Sﾅｫtra is the oldest agama, from a linguistic point of view, written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. The Sutra contains two books, or Srutaskandhas. The first book is the older part, to which other treatises were la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Indian Express
''The Indian Express'' is an English-language Indian daily newspaper founded in 1932 by P. Varadarajulu Naidu. It is headquartered in Noida, owned by the ''Indian Express Group''. It was later taken over by Ramnath Goenka. In 1999, eight years after Goenka's death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions took the name '' The New Indian Express'', while the northern editions, based in Mumbai, retained the original ''Indian Express'' name with ''The'' prefixed to the title. History In 1932, the ''Indian Express'' was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of '' The Free Press Journal'', a national news agency. In 1933, the ''Indian Express'' opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, '' Dinamani''. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Namokar Mantra
The 盪amﾅ耕ﾄ〉a mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the ''Pancha Namaskﾄ〉a Mantra'', ''Namaskﾄ〉a Mantra'', ''Navakﾄ〉a Mantra'', ''Namaskﾄ〉a Mangala'' or ''Paramesthi Mantra''. It is dedicated to the Panch-Parmeshthi, namely the arihant, the siddhas, the acharyas, the upadhyaya and all the ascetics. History A short inscription (dated 200 BCE to 100 BCE) found in Pale Caves in Maharashtra mentions () or (), only the first line of Namokara Mantra. In Kushana and Shaka periods of 1st century CE to the first quarter of 2nd century, only the first line was prevalent. The Hathigumpha inscription dated between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE starts with () and (), the first two lines of Namokar Mantra. The rest of the lines are not there. It was inscribed by the Jain monarch Kharavela of Kal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
