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Red Complex
The red complex is a group of bacteria that are categorized together based on their association with severe forms of periodontal disease. The red complex—among a number of other complexes—were classified by Sigmund Socransky in 1998. The three members of the red complex are: # ''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' # '' Tannerella forsythia'' # ''Treponema denticola ''Treponema denticola'' is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, motile and highly proteolytic spirochete bacterium. It is one of four species of oral spirochetes to be reliably cultured, the others being ''Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema socra ...'' References {{dentistry-stub Periodontology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.V. Baelum and R. Lopez, “Periodontal epidemiology: towards social science or molecular biology?,”Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 239–249, 2004.Nicchio I, Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, et al. Polymorphisms in Genes of Lipid Metabolism Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis, as Comorbidities, and with the Subjects' Periodontal, Glycemic, and Lipid Profiles Journal of Diabetes Research. 2021 Jan;2021. PMCID: PMC8601849. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out. Bad breath may also occur. Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each other, further blurring any distinctions. Terms that are sometimes used synonymously but have more precise meanings are cryptic species for two or more species hidden under one species name, sibling species for two (or more) species that are each other's closest relative, and species flock for a group of closely related species that live in the same habitat. As informal taxonomic ranks, species group, species aggregate, macrospecies, and superspecies are also in use. Two or more taxa that were once considered conspecific (of the same species) may later be subdivided into infraspecific taxa (taxa within a species, such as bacterial strains or plant varieties), that is complex but it is not a species complex. A species complex is in most cas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sigmund Socransky
Sigmund Socransky was born on December 2, 1934, in Toronto, Canada. He received his DDS degree from the University of Toronto in 1957. Socransky studied microbiology and Periodontology at Harvard, receiving a certificate in 1961. That same year he was recruited to work as a research associate at the Forsyth Dental Center. In 1968, he was nominated Senior Member of the Staff and Head of the Department of Periodontology. During his 50-year career at Forsyth, he published over 300 manuscripts. His career focus was in the fields of Periodontology and oral microbiology. Socransky died on August 27, 2011 in Boston Massachusetts. The "Complex Theory" In 1998, Socransky developed the “complex theory” where periodontal pathogens are categorized based on their association with the severity of disease. In the complex theory, periodontal pathogens are identified and classified by color to indicate which bacteria are associated with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. The c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porphyromonas Gingivalis
''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' belongs to the phylum '' Bacteroidota'' and is a nonmotile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic, pathogenic bacterium. It forms black colonies on blood agar. It is found in the oral cavity, where it is implicated in periodontal disease, as well as in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract and the colon. It has been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis. Collagen degradation observed in chronic periodontal disease results in part from the collagenase enzymes of this species. It has been shown in an ''in vitro'' study that ''P. gingivalis'' can invade human gingival fibroblasts and can survive in the presence of antibiotics. ''P. gingivalis'' invades gingival epithelial cells in high numbers, in which case both bacteria and epithelial cells survive for extended periods of time. High levels of specific antibodies can be detected in patients harboring ''P. gingivalis''. ''P. gingivalis'' infection has been linked to Alz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tannerella Forsythia
''Tannerella forsythia'' is an anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterial species of the Bacteroidota phylum. It has been implicated in periodontal diseases and is a member of the red complex of periodontal pathogens. ''T. forsythia'' was previously named ''Bacteroides forsythus'' and ''Tannerella forsythensis''. ''Tannerella forsythia'' was discovered by and named after Anne Tanner, who works at The Forsyth Institute located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. ''T. forsythia'' has been identified in atherosclerotic lesions. Lee et al. found that infecting mice with ''T. forsythia'' induced foam cell formation and accelerated the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. It has also been isolated from women with bacterial vaginosis Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination .... The presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treponema Denticola
''Treponema denticola'' is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, motile and highly proteolytic spirochete bacterium. It is one of four species of oral spirochetes to be reliably cultured, the others being ''Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema socranskii'' and ''Treponema vincentii''''. T. denticola'' dwells in a complex and diverse microbial community within the oral cavity and is highly specialized to survive in this environment. ''T. denticola'' is associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. ''Treponema denticola'' is one of three bacteria that form the Red Complex, the other two being ''Porphyromonas gingivalis'' and ''Tannerella forsythia''. Together they form the major virulent pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. Having elevated ''T. denticola'' levels in the mouth is considered one of the main etiological agents of periodontitis. ''T. denticola'' is related to the syphilis-causing obligate human pathogen, ''Treponema pallidum'' subsp. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
