|
Protoceratid
Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years. Classification Protoceratidae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1891, with the type genus '' Protoceras'' and assigned to the Artiodactyla. It was later assigned to Pecora, and more recently to Ruminantia or Tylopoda. However, recently a relationship to chevrotains in the infraorder Tragulina has been proposed. Morphology When alive, protoceratids would have resembled deer, though they were not directly related. Protoceratids ranged from 1 to 2 m in length, from about the size of a roe deer to an elk. Unlike many modern ungulates, they lacked cannon bones in their legs. Their dentition was similar to that of modern deer and cattle, suggesting they fed on tough grasses and similar foods, with a complex stomach similar to that of camels. At least some forms are believe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetoceras
''Synthetoceras tricornatus'' is a large, extinct protoceratid, endemic to North America ( Nebraska ) during the Late Miocene, 10.3—5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Fossils have been recovered from Nebraska and Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 .... Description With a length of and a mass of , ''Synthetoceras'' was the largest member of its family. It was also the last, and had what is considered to be the protoceratids' strangest set of horns.Geist, V. (1966). The Evolution of Horn-Like Organs. Behaviour, 27(1-2), 175–214. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853966x00155 The two horns above its eyes looked fairly normal and similar to those of many modern horned mammals, but on its snout it had a bizarre, long horn with a forked tip that gave it a Y shape. On ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58See the 2014 version of the ICS geologic time scale million years ago. It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the . The Pliocene follows the Epoch and is followed by the Epoch. Prior to the 2009 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyptoceras
''Kyptoceras'' is a small extinct artiodactyl ungulate mammal of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to southeastern North America from the Miocene to Early Pliocene epoch 23.03—3.6 Ma, existing for approximately .D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176 The species name, ''amatorum'', comes in honor of all amateur fossil collectors, including Frank Garcia (Ruskin, Florida) the amateur who found it and donated it to the Florida Museum of Natural History. Taxonomy ''Kyptoceras'' is the last known member of the family. The protoceratids were believed to have been driven to extinction by more advanced grazing herbivores, but in Florida, where there were still relatively large tracts of forest, the protoceratids were able to survive. The genus name comes from its bent horns, in which the two horns above the eyes curved over its head, and the two nasal horns pointed forward. Fossil dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoprotoceras
''Pseudoprotoceras'' is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to central North America. It lived during the Late Eocene 37.2—33.9 Annum, Ma, existing for approximately . ''Pseudoprotoceras'' resembled hornlessEmry, R. J., and J. E. Storer. 1981. The hornless protoceratid ''Pseudoprotoceras'' (Tylopoda: Artiodactyla) in the early Oligocene of Saskatchewan and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 1:101-110 deer, but were more closely related to Camelidae, camelids. Body mass was similar to other Eocene protoceratids such as ''Heteromeryx'' and ''Poabromylus'' yet greater than ''Leptotragulus'' and ''Leptoreodon''. Miocene members were apparently larger as well. References *McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. ''Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. Protoceratids, Eocene even-toed ungulates Bartonian extinctions Eocene mammals of North America Fossil taxa descri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protoceras
''Protoceras'' ('first horns') is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. It lived from the Oligocene to the Early Miocene 33.3—16.0 Ma, existing for approximately . Morphology ''Protoceras'' was long and resembled a deer in terms of body shape. Like some other protoceratids it had three pairs of blunt horns on its skull. In life these were probably covered with skin, much like the ossicones of a giraffe. ''Protoceras'' was sexually dimorphic: females only had one pair of horns, on the back of the skull, which was shorter than the same pair in males. Males probably used these horns for display, impressing females, or intimidating rivals. Due to the orientation of the horns the males probably displayed them sideways instead of frontally. ''Protoceras'' was one of the earliest and most primitive protoceratids, still possessing upper incisors and four functional toes (later genera had only two functional, hooved toes). It liv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptotragulus
''Leptotragulus'' is an extinct genus of protoceratid, endemic to North America. It lived during the Middle Eocene epoch (Uintan to Chadronian stage) 40.2—33.9 Ma, existing for approximately . ''Leptotragulus'' resembled deer. However, they were more closely related to camelids. In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, rostral horns above the orbital cavity. Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from: * Goshen Hole Formation, Goshen County, Wyoming * Wiggins Formation, Fremont County, Wyoming Fremont County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 39,234, making it the fifth-most populous county in Wyoming. Its county seat is Lander. The county was founded in 1884 and is name ... References Priabonian genus extinctions Eocene even-toed ungulates Prehistoric mammals of North America Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn Fossil taxa described in 1887 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toromeryx
''Toromeryx'' is a medium-sized extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to southwestern North America from the Eocene epoch (Late Uintan stage) 46.2—42 Ma, existing for approximately . Taxonomy ''Toromeryx'' was named by Wilson (1974). Its type is ''Toromeryx marginensis''. It was assigned to Protoceratidae by Wilson (1974), Carroll (1988), Prothero (1998) and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176 Morphology ''Toromeryx'' resembled deer. However they were more closely related to camelids. In addition to having horns in the more usual place, protoceratids had additional, rostral horns above the orbital cavity. ''Toromeryx'' was smaller than Miocene members of Tylopoda: '' Paratoceras'', '' Protoceras'', and ''Pseudoprotoceras''. Fossil distribution Fossils have been recovered from: *Candelaria TMM 31281 Colmena Tuff Forma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deer
Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, the roe deer, and the moose. Male deer of all species (except the water deer), as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family (Bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). The musk deer (Moschidae) of Asia and chevrotains (Tragulidae) of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade Ruminantia; they are not especially closely related to Cervidae. Deer appear in art from Paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry, such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lambdoceras
''Lambdoceras'' is an extinct genus of Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla (subfamily Synthetoceratinae) endemic to North America during the Miocene, living epoch 20.6—13.6 Ma, existing for approximately . Taxonomy A description of the genus ''Lambdoceras'' by Ruben A. Stirton was published in 1967. Its type is ''Lambdoceras hessei''. It was synonymized subjectively with '' Prosynthetoceras'' by Patton (1969), Patton and Taylor (1971) and Patton and Taylor (1973). It was assigned to Protoceratidae Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years. Classification Protoceratidae was ... by Stirton (1967), Tedford et al. (1987) and Albright (1999); and to Synthetoceratini by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998), Webb et al. (2003) and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roe Deer
The roe deer (''Capreolus capreolus''), also known as the roe, western roe deer, or European roe, is a species of deer. The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck. The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments. The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus, and east to northern Iran and Iraq. Etymology English ''roe'' is from Old English ''rā'' or ''rāha'', from Proto-Germanic ''*raihô'', cognate with Old Norse ''rá'', Old Saxon ''rēho'', Middle Dutch and Dutch ''ree'', Old High German ''rēh'', ''rēho'', ''rēia'', German ''Reh''. It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root ''*rei-'', meaning "streaked, spotted or striped". The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus -a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as , transliterated as ''raïhan''. In the English language, this deer was originally simply called a 'roe', b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tragulina
Tragulina (also known as Traguliformes) is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates. Only the chevrotains survive to the present, including the genera ''Tragulus'' (the mouse deer) and ''Hyemoschus'', all within the family Tragulidae. Taxonomy and Classification Tragulina is an infraorder within the larger suborder Ruminantia, and is the sister clade to the infraorder Pecora. Tragulina contains one extant (living) family, Tragulidae, as well as several extinct families, although the extinct members currently classified as within Tragulina causes it to be considered paraphyletic. Tragulina's placement within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following cladogram:(see e.g. Fig S10) The following is the taxonomy of the group Tragulina. *Infrarorder TRAGULINA **† Praetragulidae ***'' Praetragulus'' ***'' Parvitragulus'' ***'' Simimeryx'' **† Archaeomerycidae ***'' Archaeomeryx'' ***'' Miomeryx'' ***'' Paukkaungmeryx'' **†Gelocidae ***'' Phaneromeryx'' ***'' Paragelocus' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wapiti
The elk (''Cervus canadensis''), also known as the wapiti, is one of the largest species within the deer family, Cervidae, and one of the largest terrestrial mammals in its native range of North America and Central and East Asia. The common name of "elk" is open to confusion, as "elk" is the name used in British English for the larger ''Alces alces'', with similar names used by other European languages (German ''Elch'', Swedish ''älg'', and French ''élan''). In North America, the common name for ''Alces alces'' is "moose". The name "wapiti" is sometimes used for ''Cervus canadensis'', which derives from the Shawnee and Cree word ''waapiti'', meaning 'white rump'. Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat, feeding on grasses, plants, leaves, and bark. Male elk have large antlers which they shed each year. Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the rut, including posturing, antler wrestling (sparring), and ''bugling'', a loud series of vocalizations that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Deer")
.jpg "Click for more on -> Roe Deer")
