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Long I
Long i ( la, i longum or '' itterai longa''), written , is a variant of the letter i found in ancient and early medieval forms of the Latin script. History In inscriptions dating to the early Roman Empire, it is used frequently but inconsistently to transcribe the long vowel . In Gordon's 1957 study of inscriptions, it represented this vowel approximately 4% of the time in the 1st century CE, then 22.6% in the 2nd century, 11% in the 3rd, and not at all from the 4th century onward, reflecting a loss of phonemic vowel length by this time (one of the phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance). In this role it is equivalent to the (also inconsistently-used) apex, which can appear on any long vowel: . An example would be , which is generally spelled today, using macrons rather than apices to indicate long vowels. On rare occasions, an apex could combine with long i to form , e.g. . The long i could also be used to indicate the semivowel e.g. or , the latter a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palochka
The palochka or palotchka () ( rus, палочка, p=ˈpaɫətɕkə, r=palochka, literally "a stick") is a letter in the Cyrillic script. The letter usually has only a capital form, which is also used in lowercase text. The capital form of the palochka often looks like the capital form of the Cyrillic letter soft-dotted ( і), the capital form of the Latin letter ( i), and the lowercase form of the Latin letter L (L l). The letter was introduced in the late 1930s. History In the early times of the Soviet Union, many of the non-Russian Cyrillic alphabets contained only letters found in the Russian alphabet to keep them compatible with Russian typewriters. Sounds absent from Russian were marked with digraphs and other letter combinations. The palochka was the only exception because the numerical digit 1 was used instead of the letter. In fact, on many Russian typewriters, the character looked not like the digit 1 but like the Roman numeral with serifs. That ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AD 100
__NOTOC__ AD 100 ( C) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was sometimes referred to as year 853 ''ab urbe condita'', i.e., 853 years since the founding of Rome in 753 B.C. The denomination AD 100 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls. * Bricks become the primary building material in the Roman Empire. * Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process. * The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers. * Titus Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends. * Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa, is founded by Trajan. * Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy. * The future em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apex (diacritic)
In written Latin, the apex (plural "apices") is a mark with roughly the shape of an acute accent which was sometimes placed over vowels to indicate that they are long. The shape and length of the apex can vary, sometimes within a single inscription. While virtually all apices consist of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and varies in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is adorned at the top with a distinct hook, protruding to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it modifies, the apex is often considerably displaced to the right. Essentially the same diacritic, conventionally called in English the acute accent, is used today for the same purpose of denoting long vowels in a number of languages with Latin orthography, such as Irish (called in it the or simply "long"), Hungarian ( , from the words for "long" and "wedge"), Czech (called in it , "small line") and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
10th Century
The 10th century was the period from 901 ( CMI) through 1000 ( M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium. In China the Song dynasty was established. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, especially in al-Andalus under the Caliphate of Córdoba and in the Samanid Empire under Ismail Samani. Additionally, there was a cultural flourishing for the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire. The Medievalist and historian of technology Lynn White said that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the Dark Ages ... if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb". Similarly, Helen Waddell wrote that the 10th century was that which "in the textbooks disputes with the seventh the bad eminence, the nadir of the human intellect". Caesar Baronius famously described it as the Iron Century, because it was ‘iron in its harshness and in its sterility of goodness', while Lorenzo Valla gave it the similar name "Age of L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Vigilanus
The ''Codex Vigilanus'' or ''Codex Albeldensis'' (Spanish: ''Códice Vigilano'' or ''Albeldense'') is an illuminated compilation of various historical documents accounting for a period extending from antiquity to the 10th century in Hispania. Among the many texts brought together by the compilers are the canons of the Visigothic Councils of Toledo, the ''Liber Iudiciorum'', the decrees of some early popes and other patristic writings, historical narratives (such as the ''Crónica Albeldense'' and the '' Life of Mohammed''), various other pieces of civil and canon law, and a calendar. It is now in the library of El Escorial monastery, with the shelfmark D.I.2. The compilers were three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda: Vigila, after whom it was named and who was the illustrator; Serracino, his friend; and García, his disciple. The first compilation was finished in 881, but was updated up to 976. The original manuscript is preserved in the library of El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AD 700
The denomination 700 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Avar and Slavic tribes conquer Byzantine territories in the Balkans, occupying lands as far south as the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (approximate date). Europe * King Cunipert dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Liutpert. He rules the Lombard Kingdom together with Ansprand, duke of Asti, as regent. * Raginpert, duke of Turin, deposes King Liutpert after an eight months' reign. He usurps the Lombard throne and puts his son Aripert in line for the succession. * Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace, extends the Frankish Kingdom and annexes Thuringia. He turns the war towards the Alemanni (approximate date). Britain * King Geraint of Dumnonia receives a letter from Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, who insists that the Celtic C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusus and Antonia Minor at Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, where his father was stationed as a military legate. He was the first Roman emperor to be born outside Italia (Roman Empire), Italy. Nonetheless, Claudius was an Italian of Sabine origins. As he had a limp and slight deafness due to sickness at a young age, he was ostracized by his family and was excluded from public office until his Roman consul, consulship (which was shared with his nephew, Caligula, in 37). Claudius's infirmity probably saved him from the fate of many other nobles during the purges throughout the reigns of Tiberius and Caligula, as potential enemies did not see him as a serious threat. His survival led to him being declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard after Caligula's a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AD 50
__NOTOC__ AD 50 ( L) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known in Europe as the Year of the Consulship of Vetus and Nerullinus (or, less frequently, year 803 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination AD 50 for this year has been used since the Early Middle Ages, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Cologne is raised to the status of a city. * Utrecht is founded, and a Roman fortification (''castellum'') is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands. * Claudius adopts Nero. * In Judea a Roman soldier seizes and burns a Torah-scroll. Procurator Cumanus has the culprit beheaded, calming down the Jews and delaying for two decades the outbreak of their revolt.Flavius Josephus, "Ant." xx. 5, § 4; "B. J." ii. 12, § 2. * In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign agains ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Roman Cursive
Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of handwriting (or a script) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive and new cursive. Old Roman cursive Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. Most inscriptions at Pompeii, conserved due to being buried in a volcanic eruption in 79 CE, are written in this script. It is most commonly attested from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE,OxfordScripts at Vindolanda [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AD 69
AD 69 ( LXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 822 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination AD 69 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year. The year is marked by numerous instances of a breakdown in discipline and mutinous conduct amongst the Roman legions and the praetorian guard. * January 1 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * January 10 – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to Caesar (title), deputy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AD 45
AD 45 ( XLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Corvinus (or, less frequently, year 798 '' Ab urbe condita''). The denomination AD 45 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Salzburg ( Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman ''municipium''. * Emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome. * Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely. * The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome. China * Chinese general Ma Yuan conducts an expedition against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria). By topic Religion * Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme. Births * Ban Zhao, first female Chines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merovingian Script
Merovingian script or Gallo-Roman script ( la, Scriptura Merovingica/Francogallica) was a medieval variant of the Latin script so called because it was developed in Gaul during the Merovingian dynasty. It was used in the 7th and 8th centuries before the Carolingian dynasty and the development of Carolingian minuscule. Script types There were four major centres of Merovingian script: the monasteries of Luxeuil, Laon, Corbie, and Chelles. Each script developed from uncial, half-uncial, and the Merovingian charter scripts. Luxeuil The Luxeuil type uses distinctive long, slim capital letters as a display script. These capitals have wedge-shaped finials, and the crossbar of ⟨a⟩ resembles a small letter ⟨v⟩ while that of ⟨h⟩ is a wavy line. The letter ⟨o⟩ is often written as a diamond shape, with a smaller ⟨o⟩ written inside. The letter ⟨a⟩ resembles two ⟨c⟩s ("cc"), and because of this distinctive feature the Luxeuil type is sometimes called "a type". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
