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Katun (commune)
Katun ( sq, Katund; ro, Cătun; sr, Катун) is the name for the form of medieval self-governing community (family, settlement) in the Balkans. It is very similar to a , . This form of association of people is a consequence of the absence of strong central government, and is observed in documents from the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is often associated with a living style of " Vlachs" (that is, Eastern Romance people) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia, as well as some Albanian and Slavic communities of hill people. Usually it is described as "mountainous landscape with pastures where people lived temporarily with cattle and where they lived only during the summer in huts".Стојан Новаковић: Византијски чинови и титуле However, this description is more in line with today's distinct form of nomadic pastoralism called transhumance, whereas in the medieval times it had socio-political dimension, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vlachs
"Vlach" ( or ), also "Wallachian" (and many other variants), is a historical term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate mainly Romanians but also Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians and other Eastern Romance-speaking subgroups of Central and Eastern Europe. As a contemporary term, in the English language, the Vlachs are the Balkan Romance-speaking peoples who live south of the Danube in what are now southern Albania, Bulgaria, northern Greece, North Macedonia, and eastern Serbia as native ethnic groups, such as the Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and the Timok Romanians. The term also became a synonym in the Balkans for the social category of shepherds, and was also used for non-Romance-speaking peoples, in recent times in the western Balkans derogatively. The term is also used to refer to the ethnographic group of Moravian Vlachs who speak a Slavic language but originate from Romanians. "Vlachs" were initially identified and des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexios I Komnenos
Alexios I Komnenos ( grc-gre, Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός, 1057 – 15 August 1118; Latinized Alexius I Comnenus) was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. Although he was not the first emperor of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power and initiated a hereditary succession to the throne. Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks was the catalyst that sparked the First Crusade. Biography Alexios was the son of John Komnenos and Anna Dalassene,Kazhdan 1991, p. 63 and the nephew of Isaac I Komnenos (emperor 1057–1059). Alexios' father declined the throne on the abdication of Isaac, who was thu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of The Aromanians
This article is about the history of the Aromanians. For the history of Northern Vlachs ( Romanians), see History of Romania. Origins Romanian Dobruja was the Latin-speaking Roman Province of Scythia Minor for about 400 years. Vlachs originate from the Romanised people of south-eastern Europe; from a mix of Roman colonists (from various Roman provinces) and indigenous peoples who were Latinised. The Vlach peoples from the south Balkans have generally been identified as the indigenous populations with Thracian & Illyrian (Thraco-Illyrian) and Greco-Roman (Hellenic) origins. Many Vlachs settled into the less-accessible mountainous areas of Greece and other areas in the Balkans because of the barbarian (Germanic, Slavic, Avar and Bulgar) invasions and immigrations of the 5th-7th centuries. Their more exact place of origin is hard to determine, as they can be found all over the Balkan peninsula. Aromanians can be found in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania and the Republic of N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Montenegro
The early written records of the history of Montenegro begin with Illyria and its various kingdoms until the Roman Republic incorporated the region into the province of Illyricum (later Dalmatia and Praevalitana) after the Illyro-Roman Wars. In the Early Middle Ages, Slavic migration led to several Slavic states. In the 9th century, there were three principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in the independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his grandson Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, ''Zeta'' had replaced ''Duklja'' when referring to the realm. In the late 14th century, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family, then the Crnojević noble family, and by the 15th century, Zeta was m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medieval Bosnia And Herzegovina
This is the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages, between the ancient and Roman period and the Ottoman period. Early Middle Ages The western Balkans had been reconquered from " barbarians" by Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). Sclaveni (Slavs) raided the Western Balkans, including Bosnia, in the 6th and 7th century. According to ''De Administrando Imperio'' written in 10th century, these were followed by Croats and Serbs who arrived in the late 620s and early 630s, the Croats invited by Emperor Heraclius to fend off an invasion by the Pannonian Avars, and both had by this time settled West and East of Bosnia. Croats "settled in area roughly corresponding to modern Croatia, and probably also including most of Bosnia proper, apart from the eastern strip of the Drina valley" while Serbs "corresponding to modern south-western Serbia (later known as Raška), and gradually extended their rule into the territories of Duklja and Hum". Early medieval ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podgorica
Podgorica (Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Подгорица, ; Literal translation, lit. 'under the hill') is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Montenegro, largest city of Montenegro. The city was formerly known as Titograd (Cyrillic script, Cyrillic: Титоград, ) between 1946 and 1992—in the period that Montenegro formed, as the Socialist Republic of Montenegro in honour of Marshal of Yugoslavia, Marshal Josip Broz Tito. The city was largely destroyed during the bombing of Podgorica in World War II and accordingly the city is now dominated by architecture from the following decades of communism. Further but less substantial damage was caused by the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 1999 bombing by NATO forces. The surrounding landscape is predominantly Mountain range, mountainous terrain. The city is just north of the Lake Skadar and close to coastal destinations on the Adriatic Sea. Historically, it was Podgorica's position at the confluence of the Ribn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morlachs
Morlachs ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Morlaci, Морлаци or , ; it, Morlacchi; ro, Morlaci) has been an exonym used for a rural Christian community in Herzegovina, Lika and the Dalmatian Hinterland. The term was initially used for a bilingual Vlach pastoralist community in the mountains of Croatia in the second half of the 14th until the early 16th century. Then, when the community straddled the Venetian– Ottoman border until in the 17th century, it only referred to Slavic-speaking, mainly Eastern Orthodox but also Roman Catholic people. The Vlach i.e. Morlach population of Herzegovina and Dalmatian hinterland from the Venetian and Turkish side were of either Roman Catholic or Christian Orthodox faith. Venetian sources from 17th and 18th century make no distinction between Orthodox and Catholics, they refer to both groupings as Morlachs. The exonym ceased to be used in an ethnic sense by the end of the 18th century, and came to be viewed as derogatory, but has been renewed as a social ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knez (Vlach Leader)
A ''knez'' or ''kenez'' ( ro, cnez or ; hu, kenéz; la, kenezius) was the hereditary leader of the Vlach (Romanian) communities, primarily in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Terminology Official documents, written in Latin, applied multiple terms when they mentioned the Vlach leaders (or chiefs) in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 13th and 14th centuries. The most widely used terms''kenezius'' and its variantsderived from the Slavic '' knyaz'' ("ruler"). The office was closely associated with communities living according to the "Vlach law", thus the term ''knez'' was replaced by the term ''scultetus Scultetus or Sculteti is the Latinized form of German family names Schultheiß, Schulze, Schulte, etc. Notable people of the surname include: * Abraham Scultetus (1566–1625), German professor of theology * Bartholomäus Scultetus (1540–161 ...'' in the northeastern regions, where German law prevailed. A territory subjected to the authority of a ''knez'' was known as ''kenezia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petty Nobility
The petty nobility is the lower nobility classes. Finland Petty nobility in Finland is dated at least back to 13th century and was formed by nobles around their strategic interests. The idea was more capable peasants with leader roles in local community that were given tax exemption for taking care of services like guard duties of local strongholds. Cavalry service was not required from these petty noble families. Later on many of these petty noble families gained full nobility ranking. Finnish ''Vehkalahti'' is particularly noted in literature for as having been an example of such petty nobility (Finnish: ''knaappiaateli''). Germany The Niederer Adel that held legal privileges until 1918 greater than those enjoyed by commoners, but less than those enjoyed by the ''Hochadel,'' were considered part of the lower nobility or ''Niederer Adel''. Most were untitled, only making use of the particle ''von'' in their surnames. Poland The nobility (''szlachta'') of Poland included pett ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desanka Kovačević-Kojić
Desanka Kovačević-Kojić (; 3 October 1925 – 13 August 2022) was a Serbian medievalist, specialized in the medieval history of Serbia and Bosnia, and in particular urban history, trade and commercial relations. She left Sarajevo in 1993, after the Siege of Sarajevo had been imposed on her hometown and the Bosnian War was in full swing at that point. She settled in Belgrade, in Serbia, where she continued her work until her death. Desanka Kovačević-Kojić studied history at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Belgrade, graduating in 1950. She was professor at the University of Sarajevo, and since 1993 has worked in the Institute for History in Belgrade. During the 1960s, she spent a year with Radovan Samardžić in Paris, specializing in history at the seminary of Fernand Braudel. She has published several monographs and more than a hundred studies and articles in Serbian and French. She was a member of ANUBiH, and after moving to Belgrade in 1993, she was in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maleševci (tribe)
Maleševci ( sr-cyr, Малешевци) was a historical Vlach tribe of Herzegovina that existed in the Late Middle Ages. Origins The Maleševci are mentioned alongside numerous Montenegrin and Herzegovinian tribes in the 14th and 15th archives from Dubrovnik and Kotor, where they are described as Vlachs organized into a katun. The name ''Maleševci'' is the plural of ''Maleševac'', itself derived from the personal name ''Maleš'', the likely founder of the tribe. Apart from the tribe, ''Maleš'' is attested in two Vlach katuns from the Prizren estate, in the 14th century. It also gave the patronymic names ''Malešev'' and '' Malešević'', and might be related to the toponym Maleševo, found in several locations in present-day Serbia and Bulgaria. History Middle Ages The earliest known written record referring to the tribe is a Ragusan document, written on January 14, 1374, addressing ''de Malleseva'' tribe-clan. They were part of a large group of Herzegovinian Vlachs, led b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
