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Illegal Drug Trade In Peru
The illegal drug trade in Peru includes the growing of coca and the shipment of cocaine to the United States. In an example of the balloon effect, dramatic falls in coca cultivation in the late 1990s saw cultivation move to Colombia. "The main targets of American supply-reduction campaigns over the years have been Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. The net effect appears to have been a relocation and reorganisation of production, not a cutback. Dramatic falls in coca cultivation in Peru and Bolivia in the late 1990s coincided with an equally dramatic rise in Colombia, even though almost all the top people in Colombia's notorious Cali cartel had been jailed in the mid-1990s." Events In 2001 American Christian missionary Roni Bowers's plane was shot down by the Peruvian Air Force, in the belief it was carrying drugs. In 2004 Fernando Zevallos, founder of airline Aero Continente, was added to the US list of drug kingpins. The Chilean government accused the airline's personnel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coca
Coca is any of the four cultivated plants in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to western South America. Coca is known worldwide for its psychoactive alkaloid, cocaine. The plant is grown as a cash crop in the Argentine Northwest, Bolivia, Alto Rio Negro Territory in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru, even in areas where its cultivation is unlawful. There are some reports that the plant is being cultivated in the south of Mexico, by using seeds imported from South America, as an alternative to smuggling its recreational product cocaine. It also plays a role in many traditional Amazonian and Andean cultures as well as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. The cocaine alkaloid content of dry ''Erythroxylum coca'' var. ''coca'' leaves was measured ranging from 0.23% to 0.96%. Coca-Cola used coca leaf extract in its products from 1885 until about 1903, when it began using decocainized leaf extract. Extraction of cocaine from coca requires several sol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocaine
Cocaine (from , from , ultimately from Quechuan languages, Quechua: ''kúka'') is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly recreational drug use, used recreationally for its euphoria, euphoric effects. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South America, ''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''Erythroxylum novogranatense''. After extraction from coca leaves and further processing into cocaine hydrochloride (powdered cocaine), the drug is often Insufflation (medicine), snorted, applied topical administration, topically to the mouth, or dissolved and injection (medicine), injected into a vein. It can also then be turned into free base form (crack cocaine), in which it can be heated until sublimated and then the vapours can be smoking, inhaled. Cocaine stimulates the mesolimbic pathway, reward pathway in the brain. Mental effects may include an euphoria, intense feeling of happiness, sexual arousal, psychosis, loss of contact with reality, or psychomo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balloon Effect
The balloon effect is a criticism of United States drug policy. The name draws an analogy between efforts to eradicate the production of illegal drugs in South American countries and squeezing a balloon: If a balloon is squeezed the air is moved, but does not disappear, instead moving into another area of less resistance.Mora, Frank O. "Victims of the Balloon Effect: Drug Trafficking and the U.S. Policy in Brazil and the Southern Cone of Latin America". ''The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies'' 21.2 (1996): 115–22. York University Libraries. 22 Oct. 2011. Examples Examples of this displacement in drug traffic include: * Fumigation of marijuana in Mexico caused production to migrate to Colombia. * Marijuana crackdowns in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta moved activity to Cauca. * In the late 1990s, coca was largely eradicated in Peru and Bolivia, only to be replaced by new crops in Colombia. * Recently, with the intense spraying in the Colombian Putumayo Depa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of 52 million. Colombia's cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a Spanish colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by enslaved Africans, as well as with those of the various Amerindian civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Missionary
A Christian mission is an organized effort for the propagation of the Christian faith. Missions involve sending individuals and groups across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries, to carry on evangelism or other activities, such as educational or hospital work. Sometimes individuals are sent and are called missionaries, and historically may have been based in mission stations. When groups are sent, they are often called mission teams and they do mission trips. There are a few different kinds of mission trips: short-term, long-term, relational and those that simply help people in need. Some people choose to dedicate their whole lives to mission. Missionaries preach the Christian faith (and sometimes to administer sacraments), and provide humanitarian aid. Christian doctrines (such as the "Doctrine of Love" professed by many missions) permit the provision of aid without requiring religious conversion. However, Christian missionaries are implicated in the genocide of in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roni Bowers
The 2001 Peru shootdown was an incident on 20 April 2001, in which the Peruvian Air Force shot down a civilian floatplane, killing American Christian missionary Veronica "Roni" Bowers and her infant daughter Charity. While flying into the Loreto Region of Peru, Bowers, her daughter Charity, husband Jim, and six-year-old son Cory were being followed by a United States' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) observation plane. The Peruvian Air Force was operating as part of the Air Bridge Denial Program. The CIA did not attempt to identify the tail number of the church-owned plane per procedure. Events leading to death In a video released by the CIA, the CIA observers can be heard discussing whether the Cessna A185E (with Peruvian registration OB-1408), which had departed the town of Islandia; near the Brazilian border, is a "bandido" (drug plane) or an "amigo" (friendly). A CIA officer then tells a Peruvian Air Force (FAP) official that it may be possible to have the plane land in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fernando Zevallos
Fernando Melciades Zevallos González, also known as Fernando Melciades Zevallos Gonzáles, is the founder and owner of what was Peru's largest airline, Aero Continente. The airline operated from 1992 until 2004, but was forced to close that year after Mr Zevallos was added to America's list of drug kingpins, with the airline being placed on a blacklist of companies with links to drug traffickers. The moves prevented American companies from doing business with the airline. This meant that Aero Continente could neither buy spare parts for its US-built planes nor insure them. It quickly collapsed. Zevallos was born on July 8, 1957, in Mariscal Cáceres Province, San Martín Region, Perú. He graduated from the Peruvian Air Force Academy, becoming a pilot. In 1976 and following his father's death, he retired from the Air Force to look after his father's estate. He had inherited a considerable amount of money. In 1978, the Peruvian government began a campaign of tax incentives for c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aero Continente
Nuevo Continente was a passenger airline based in Lima, Peru, operating scheduled domestic and international flights out of Jorge Chavez International Airport. History The airline was founded by Fernando Zevallos in 1992 as ''Aero Continente''. Flight operations were launched on 25 May of that year, initially on regional chartered routes on behalf of Occidental Petroleum, a US-based oil and gas company. Scheduled domestic passenger services commenced on 20 July 1993, using a fleet of just two aircraft: a Boeing 727-100 and a Boeing 737-200. At that time, the Peruvian airline market was dominated by Compañía de Aviación Faucett, Faucett and Aeroperú. Aero Continente competed with these airlines by offering extremely low ticket fares. When Faucett and Aéroperu both went bankrupt in 1999 due to financial difficulties, Aero Continente acquired a monopoly position as the only airline operating on domestic routes in the country. By that time, the fleet size had been incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centro De Información Y Educación Para La Prevención Del Abuso De Drogas
Centro de Información y Educación para la Prevención del Abuso de Drogas (CEDRO) (Spanish for: information- and education-centre for prevention of drug abuse) is a private non-profit institution in Lima which was established by Peruvians in 1986. CEDRO focuses on working with street children, because these are in danger of drug abuse. For this purpose CEDRO has its own shelter for children in Lima. Further objectives and working methods are: *To educate the population about drug abuse and its consequences (in the form of attendance at masses, lectures and also workshops). *Especially to protect endangered groups from drugs, e.g. street children by offering recreational activities such as music-courses, drawing-courses, sporting events or language-courses. Since 2002, Austrian peace workers from the Austrian Association for Service Abroad have been working at CEDRO. See also * Illegal drug trade in Peru The illegal drug trade in Peru includes the growing of coca and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crime In Peru
Crime in Peru has steadily decreased since the 2010s and into the 2020s. Peru's main indicators of crime are the homicide rate and the victimization rate; the victimization rate dropped from forty percent in 2011 to under twenty five percent in 2020. Crime by type Murder In 2012, Peru had a murder rate of 9.6 per 100,000 population. There were a total of 2,865 murders in Peru in 2012. , 2013. By 2015, this had declined to 7.16 per 100,000, with 2,247 murders recorded. Corruption Peru's most prominent political corruption scandal is probably the case of |
Drug Trafficking In Peru
Organized crimes in Peru refers to the transnational, national, and local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals who engage in illegal activity in the country, including drug trafficking organizations, terrorism, and attempted murder. Gangs Founded in 1969, Shining Path is a Peruvian revolutionary organisation that supports a Maoism ideology. It is also known as ''Sendero Luminoso''. The revolutionary organisation's aim is to replace the political system of Peru, not to influence it. The organisation provides protection to narcotics trade and makes use of their profits to strengthen their organisation and bring in more weaponry for security. In 2008, former jailed members of ''Sendero Luminoso'' and other supporters of the Shining Path established an organisation, MOVADEF, following the aim of Abimael Guzman, the former leader of Shining Path. MOVADEF continued to disseminate the ideology of their founder, Guzman, into remote villages in the Upper Hua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
