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Information Laundering
Information laundering is the surfacing of news, false or otherwise, from unverified sources into the mainstream. In advancing disinformation in such a way that makes it accepted as ostensibly legitimate information, information laundering resembles money laundering—the transforming of illicit funds into ostensibly legitimate funds. In adversarial machine learning, ''information laundering'' refers to a general strategy that purposely alters the information released to adversaries, with the goal of alleviating model stealing attacks. Descriptions Information laundering, as summarized by American comedian and commentator Jon Stewart, can happen when relatively reputable news organizations report on something that a blog or platform of unknown credibility has written. These news organizations may attribute the assertion, but another publication may omit its original source. "That piece of information n where the news came fromhas now been laundered," Stewart says, and the orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disinformation
Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. It is sometimes confused with misinformation, which is false information but is not deliberate. The English word ''disinformation'' comes from the application of the Latin prefix ''dis-'' to ''information'' making the meaning "reversal or removal of information". The rarely used word had appeared with this usage in print at least as far back as 1887. Some consider it a loan translation of the Russian ''dezinformatsiya'', derived from the title of a KGB black propaganda department. Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to claim it had a Western origin. Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923. Disinformation was defined in '' Great Soviet Encyclopedia'' (1952) as "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion". Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Website
A website (also written as a web site) is a collection of web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server. Examples of notable websites are Google Search, Google, Facebook, Amazon (website), Amazon, and Wikipedia. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web. There are also private websites that can only be accessed on a intranet, private network, such as a company's internal website for its employees. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, education, commerce, entertainment or social networking. Hyperlinking between web pages guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page. User (computing), Users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop computer, desktops, laptops, tablet computer, tablets, and smartphones. The application software, app used on these devices is called a Web browser. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disgust
Disgust (Middle French: ''desgouster'', from Latin ''gustus'', "taste") is an emotional response of rejection or revulsion to something potentially contagious or something considered offensive, distasteful, or unpleasant. In ''The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'', Charles Darwin wrote that disgust is a sensation that refers to something revolting. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined), and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. Musically sensitive people may even be disgusted by the cacophony of inharmonious sounds. Research has continually proven a relationship between disgust and anxiety disorders such as arachnophobia, blood-injection-injury type phobias, and contamination fear related obsessive–compulsive disorder (also known as OCD). Disgust is one of the basic emotions of Robert Plutchik's theory of emotions, and has been studied extensively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outrage Culture
Online shaming is a form of public shaming in which targets are publicly humiliated on the internet, via social media platforms (e.g. Twitter or Facebook), or more localized media (e.g. email groups). As online shaming frequently involves exposing private information on the Internet, the ethics of public humiliation has been a source of debate over internet privacy and media ethics. Online shaming takes many forms, including call-outs, cancellation (cancel culture), doxing, negative reviews, and revenge porn. Description Online shaming is a form of public shaming in which internet users are harassed, mocked, or bullied by other internet users online. This shaming may involve commenting directly to or about the shamed; the sharing of private messages; or the posting of private photos. Those being shamed are perceived to have committed a social transgression, and other internet users then use public exposure to shame the offender. People have been shamed online for a vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consensus Reality
Consensus reality is that which is generally agreed to be reality, based on a consensus view. The appeal to consensus arises from the idea that humans do not fully understand or agree upon the nature of knowledge or ontology, often making it uncertain what is real, given the vast inconsistencies between individual subjectivities. Humans can, however, seek to obtain some form of consensus, with others, of what is real. This consensus can be used as a pragmatic guide, either on the assumption that it seems to approximate some kind of valid reality, or simply because it is more "practical" than perceived alternatives. Consensus reality therefore refers to the agreed-upon concepts of reality which people in the world, or a culture or group, believe are real (or treat as real), usually based upon their common experiences as they believe them to be; anyone who does not agree with these is sometimes stated to be "in effect... living in a different world." Throughout history this has als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Click Farm
Click, Klick and Klik may refer to: Airlines * Click Airways, a UAE airline * Clickair, a Spanish airline * MexicanaClick, a Mexican airline Art, entertainment, and media Fictional characters * Klick (fictional species), an alien race in the game ''Alternity'' * Click, a minor character in The Rock-afire Explosion Music Stage Show Film * ''Click'' (2006 film), an American comedy starring Adam Sandler * ''Click'' (2010 film), a Hindi horror film Music * ''The Click'' (album), a 2017 album by pop band AJR * Click track Artists * The Click, an American hip hop group Songs * "Click" (ClariS song) * "Click" (Charli XCX song) * "The Click" (song), a song by Good Charlotte * "Click", a song by Anahí, Ale Sergi and Jay de la Cueva * "Click", a song by Little Boots from ''Hands'' Print * ''Click'' (comics) * Click (novel) * ''Click!'', a newspaper * ''Click'', a science magazine for children by the publishers of ''Spider'' * "Click", a short story by R. L. Stine in the boo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Bot
A social bot, or also described as a social AI or social algorithm, is a software agent that communicates autonomously on social media. The messages (e.g. tweets) it distributes can be simple and operate in groups and various configurations with partial human control (hybrid) via algorithm. Social bots can also use artificial intelligence to express messages in more natural human dialogue. Uses * To influence peoples decisions, e.g.: advertise a product, support a political campaign, increase engagement statistics for social media pages, etc. * To provide low cost customer service agent to answer questions that their users might have. * To automatically answer commonly asked questions on Social media such as Discord. Lutz Finger identifies five immediate uses for social bots: *foster fame: having an arbitrary number of (unrevealed) bots as (fake) followers can help simulate real success. *Influence-for-hire: refers to the economy that has emerged around buying and selling inf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rutgers Law School
Rutgers Law School is the law school of Rutgers University, with classrooms in Newark and Camden, New Jersey. It is the largest public law school and the 10th largest law school, overall, in the United States. Each class in the three-year J.D. program enrolls approximately 350 law students. Although Rutgers University dates from 1766, its law school was founded in Newark in 1908. Today, Rutgers offers the J.D. and a foreign-lawyer J.D., as well as joint-degree programs that combine a J.D. with a graduate degree from another Rutgers graduate program. Rutgers has law alumni who practice in every U.S. state and in foreign jurisdictions throughout the world. Current well-known alumni include U.S. Senators Elizabeth Warren (MA) and Robert Menendez (NJ) and three of seven sitting justices on the New Jersey Supreme Court. The late United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a member of the Rutgers law faculty early in her career. Rutgers serves a unique role in New Jersey' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ellen Goodman
Ellen Goodman (née Holtz; born April 11, 1941) is an American journalist and syndicated columnist. She won a Pulitzer Prize in 1980. She is also a speaker and commentator. Career Goodman's career began as a researcher and reporter for ''Newsweek'' magazine between 1963 and 1965. She was a reporter at the ''Detroit Free Press'' starting in 1965 and has worked as an associate editor at ''The Boston Globe'' since 1967. Her column was syndicated by The Washington Post Writers Group in 1976. In 1996, she taught at Stanford University as the first Lorry I. Lokey Visiting Professor in Professional Journalism.Profile ellengoodman.com; accessed March 29, 2015. In 1998, Goodman received the Award a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Marshall Fund
The German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) is a nonpartisan American public policy think tank that seeks to promote cooperation and understanding between North America and the European Union. Founded in 1972 through a gift from the West German government on the 25th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, GMF contributes research and analysis on transatlantic and global issues: convenes policy and business leaders at international conferences; provides exchange opportunities for emerging American and European leaders; and supports initiatives to strengthen democracies. GMF focuses on policy, leadership, and civil society. GMF is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and has offices in several European cities. Current programs Of the many GMF programs and initiatives are the Alliance for Securing Democracy, the Brussels Forum, Atlantic Dialogues, Transatlantic Academy, and the Transatlantic Trends Survey. GMF's policy programs include Asia, the European Union, Europe's East an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karen Kornbluh
Karen Kornbluh (born 1963) served as U.S. Ambassador to the OECD under President Barack Obama and as a senior official at the U.S. Department of the Treasury and Federal Communications Commission under President Bill Clinton. She is an expert on communications policy, international trade and issues affecting working families. Her profile in The New York Times focused on her effort“Fighting for Economic Equality.”She is now Director of the Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, a think tank dedicated to promoting transatlantic cooperation, where she is also a Senior Fellow. She also currently serves as the Chairperson of the board of the Open Technology Fund. She was previously Executive Vice President of External Affairs at Nielsen, Senior Fellow for Digital Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, and a presidentially-appointed member of the Broadcasting Board of Governors. She was a senior adviser to Barack Obama from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photograph Manipulation
Photograph manipulation involves the transformation or alteration of a photograph using various methods and techniques to achieve desired results. Some photograph manipulations are considered to be skillful artwork, while others are considered to be unethical practices, especially when used to deceive the public. Other examples include being used for political propaganda, or to improve the appearance of a product or person, or simply as entertainment or practical jokes. Depending on the application and intent, some photograph manipulations are considered an art form because it involves the creation of unique images and in some instances, signature expressions of art by photographic artists. Ansel Adams employed some of the more common manipulations using darkroom exposure techniques, burning (darkening) and dodging (lightening) a photograph. Other examples of photo manipulation include retouching photographs using ink or paint, airbrushing, double exposure, piecing photos or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
