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Hantaviruses
''Orthohantavirus'' is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family ''Hantaviridae'' within the order ''Bunyavirales''. Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses. Orthohantaviruses typically cause chronic asymptomatic infection in rodents. Humans may become infected with hantaviruses through contact with rodent urine, saliva, or feces. Some strains cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, such as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), while others have not been associated with known human disease (e.g. Prospect Hill virus). HPS (HCPS) is a "rare respiratory illness associated with the inhalation of aerosolized rodent excreta (urine and feces) contaminated by hantavirus particles." Human infections of hantaviruses have almost entirely been linked to human contact with rodent excrement; however, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trench Nephritis
Trench nephritis, also known as war nephritis, is a kidney infection, first recognised by medical officers as a new disease during the early part of the First World War and distinguished from the then-understood acute nephritis by also having bronchitis and frequent relapses. Trench nephritis was the major kidney problem of the war. The cause was not established at the time, treatments were ineffective, and the condition led to 35,000 British and 2,000 American casualties. The term ''trench nephritis'' was coined by Nathan Raw and was first reported in the ''British Medical Journal'' in 1915 as affecting soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in Flanders. Soldiers presented with sudden-onset albuminuria, casts in urine, high blood pressure, swelling of legs or face, headache, sore throat and difficulty breathing and bronchitis. Pathology suggested an underlying inflammation of the small blood vessels of the kidneys. Later evidence showed that trench nephritis may have been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include ''Hantaan orthohantavirus'', ''Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus'', Saaremaa virus, '' Seoul orthohantavirus'', '' Puumala orthohantavirus'' and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called nephropathia epidemica. This infection is known as ''sorkfeber'' in Swedish, ''myyräkuume'' (vole fever) in Finnish, and ''musepest'' (mouse plague) in Norwegian. Both HFRS and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are caused by hantaviruses, specifically when humans inhale aerosolized excrements of infected rodents. Both diseases appear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a group of clinically similar illnesses caused by species of hantaviruses. It is also known as Korean hemorrhagic fever and epidemic hemorrhagic fever. It is found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The species that cause HFRS include ''Hantaan orthohantavirus'', ''Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus'', Saaremaa virus, '' Seoul orthohantavirus'', '' Puumala orthohantavirus'' and other orthohantaviruses. Of these species, Hantaan River virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus cause the most severe form of the syndrome and have the highest morbidity rates. When caused by the Puumala virus, it is also called nephropathia epidemica. This infection is known as ''sorkfeber'' in Swedish, ''myyräkuume'' (vole fever) in Finnish, and ''musepest'' (mouse plague) in Norwegian. Both HFRS and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are caused by hantaviruses, specifically when humans inhale aerosolized excrements of infected rodents. Both diseases appear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sin Nombre Orthohantavirus
''Sin Nombre orthohantavirus'' (SNV) (from Spanish, meaning "without a name") is the prototypical etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Discovered in 1993 near the Cañon de la Muerte on the Navajo Reservation, it was originally named the Muerto Canyon hantavirus, in keeping with the convention for naming new pathogens. However, the Navajo Nation objected to the name in 1994. It was also near the Four Corners point in the United States, so the virologists then tried naming it the "Four Corners virus". The name was changed after local residents raised objections. In frustration, the virologists changed it to ''Sin Nombre'', meaning "without a name" in Spanish. History It was first isolated in 1993 from rodents collected near the home of one of the initial patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Four Corners region of the western United States. Isolation was achieved through a blind passage in ''Peromyscus maniculatus'' (deer mouse) and su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andes Virus
''Andes orthohantavirus'' (ANDV), a species of ''Orthohantavirus,'' is a major causative agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in South America. It is named for the Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ... mountains of Chile and Argentina, where it was first discovered. Originating in the reservoir of rodents, ''Andes orthohantavirus'' is easily transmitted to humans who come into contact with infected rodents or their fecal droppings. However, infected rodents do not appear ill, so there is no readily apparent indicator to determine whether the rodent is infected or not. Additionally, ''Andes orthohantavirus'', specifically, is the only hantavirus that can be spread by human to human contact via bodily fluids or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunyavirales
''Bunyavirales'' is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class ''Ellioviricetes''. The name ''Bunyavirales'' derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species ''Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus'' was first discovered. ''Ellioviricetes'' is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses. Bunyaviruses belong to the fifth group of the Baltimore classification system, which includes viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. They have an enveloped, spherical virion. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this order occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants. In addition, there is a group of bunyaviruses whose replication is restricted to arthropods and is known as insect-specific bunyaviruses. A majority of bunyaviruses are vector-borne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hantaan Virus
''Hantaan orthohantavirus'' (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World ''Orthohantavirus''. It is the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is named for the Hantan River in South Korea, and in turn lends the name to its genus ''Orthohantavirus'' and family ''Hantaviridae''. Natural reservoir '' Apodemus agrarius'', also known as striped field mouse, is the etiological vector of ''Hantaan orthohantavirus''. Transmission Transmission is believed to be through inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine and feces. Morbidity and mortality In hantavirus induced hemorrhagic fever, incubation time is between two and four weeks in humans before symptoms of infection present. Severity of symptoms depends on the viral load. Like Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Hantaan virus has a mortality rate of 10 to 12%. History During the Korean War (1951–1953), more than 3000 American and Korean troops fell ill with kidney failure, ble ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prospect Hill Virus
''Prospect Hill orthohantavirus'' is a single-stranded, negative-sense Hantaan-like zoonotic RNA virus isolated from meadow voles and microtine and other cricetid rodents in the United States. It has a widespread distribution in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Minnesota and California. The overall risk of infection in humans is low. It was first isolated from a meadow vole found in Prospect Hill, Maryland for which it is named.Yanagihara R, Daum CA, Lee PW, Baek LJ, Amyx HL, Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ Jr.Serological survey of Prospect Hill virus infection in indigenous wild rodents in the USA.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(1):42–5. Transmission Transmission to humans is believed to occur through aerosolized inhalation of mouse excreta and possibly through fomite contamination. See also * Isla Vista virus * Hantaan River virus ''Hantaan orthohantavirus'' (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World ''Orthohantavirus''. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prospect Hill Orthohantavirus
''Prospect Hill orthohantavirus'' is a single-stranded, negative-sense Hantaan-like zoonotic RNA virus isolated from meadow voles and microtine and other cricetid rodents in the United States. It has a widespread distribution in Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Minnesota and California. The overall risk of infection in humans is low. It was first isolated from a meadow vole found in Prospect Hill, Maryland for which it is named.Yanagihara R, Daum CA, Lee PW, Baek LJ, Amyx HL, Gajdusek DC, Gibbs CJ Jr.Serological survey of Prospect Hill virus infection in indigenous wild rodents in the USA.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(1):42–5. Transmission Transmission to humans is believed to occur through aerosolized inhalation of mouse excreta and possibly through fomite contamination. See also * Isla Vista virus * Hantaan River virus ''Hantaan orthohantavirus'' (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World ''Orthohantavirus''. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one of two potentially fatal syndromes of zoonotic origin caused by species of hantavirus. These include Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), New York orthohantavirus (NYV), Monongahela virus (MGLV), ''Sin Nombre orthohantavirus'' (SNV), and certain other members of hantavirus genera that are native to the United States and Canada. Specific rodents are the principal hosts of the hantaviruses including the hispid cotton rat (''Sigmodon hispidus'') in southern Florida, which is the principal host of Black Creek Canal virus. The deer mouse (''Peromyscus maniculatus'') in Canada and the Western United States is the principal host of Sin Nombre virus. The white-footed mouse (''Peromyscus leucopus'') in the eastern United States is the principal host of New York virus. In South America, the long-tailed mouse (''Oligoryzomys longicaudatus'') and other species of the genus ''Oligoryzomys'' have been documented as the reservoir for Andes virus. Signs a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incubation Period
Incubation period (also known as the latent period or latency period) is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. In a typical infectious disease, the incubation period signifies the period taken by the multiplying organism to reach a threshold necessary to produce symptoms in the host. While ''latent'' or ''latency period'' may be synonymous, a distinction is sometimes made whereby the latent period is defined as the time from infection to infectiousness. Which period is shorter depends on the disease. A person may carry disease, such as ''Streptococcus'' in the throat, without exhibiting any symptoms. Depending on the disease, the person may or may not be contagious during the incubation period. During latency, an infection is subclinical. With respect to viral infections, in incubation the virus is replicating. This is in contrast to viral latency, a form of dormancy in which the v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kidney Failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload. Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anemia. Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. Diagnosis of acute failure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
