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Disfranchisement After Reconstruction Era
Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era in the United States, especially in the Southern United States, was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting. These measures were enacted by the former Confederate states at the turn of the 20th century. Efforts were made in Maryland, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Their actions were designed to thwart the objective of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from depriving voters of their voting rights on the basis of race. The laws were frequently written in ways to be ostensibly non-racial on paper (and thus not violate the Fifteenth Amendment), but were implemented in ways that purposely suppressed black voters. Beginning in the 1870s, white racists used violence by domestic terrorism groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan), as well as fraud, to suppress black ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific Ocean, Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in Genocides in history (World War I through World War II), genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the Spanish flu, 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising French Third Republic, France, Russia, and British Empire, Britain) and the Triple A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jury Duty
Jury duty or jury service is service as a juror in a legal proceeding. Juror selection process The prosecutor and defense can dismiss potential jurors for various reasons, which can vary from one state to another, and they can have a specific number of arbitrary dismissals, or unconditional peremptory challenge, which does not require specific reasons. The judge can also dismiss potential jurors. Some courts had been sympathetic to jurors' privacy concerns and refer to jurors by number, and conduct '' voir dire'' '' in camera'' (i.e., in private). In the United States, there have also been Fifth Amendment challenges and medical privacy (e.g., HIPAA) objections to this. Australia Australia uses an adversarial system, and potential jurors are randomly selected from an electoral roll. Jurors receive a small payment for each day of attendance. Employers are also required to pay their employees "make-up pay", that is, the usual pay the employee would have earned from work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Americans
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of Slavery in the United States, enslaved Africans who are from the United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African-American, the majority of first generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin. African Americans constitute the second largest racial group in the U.S. after White Americans, as well as the third largest ethnic group after Hispanic and Latino Americans. Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of West Africa, West/Central Africa, Central African with some European descent; some also have Native Americans in the United States, Native American and othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24 (Black Thursday). It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. Devastating effects were seen in both rich and poor countries with falling personal income, prices, tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, unemployment in the U.S. rose to 23% ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congressional Committee
A congressional committee is a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty (rather than the general duties of Congress). Committee membership enables members to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under their jurisdiction. As "little legislatures", the committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to their parent body. Woodrow Wilson once wrote, "it is not far from the truth to say that Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work."Woodrow Wilson,Congressional Government, 1885, quoted in the JCOC Final Report. It is not expected that a member of Congress be an expert on all matters and subject areas that come before Congress.English (2003), pp. 46–47 Congressional committees provide valuable informational services to Congress by investiga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arkansas's Congressional Districts
The U.S. state of Arkansas currently has four United States congressional districts. History The state has had as many as seven districts; the 5th district existed from 1883 through 1963. The 6th existed from 1893 to 1963. The 7th existed from 1903 to 1953. Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives List of members of the Arkansas United States House delegation, their terms, their district boundaries, and the districts' political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 4 members, all Republicans. Historical and present district boundaries Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Arkansas, presented chronologically. All redistricting events that took place in Arkansas between 1973 and 2013 are shown. See also *List of United States congressional districts Congressional districts in the United States are electoral divisions for the purpose of electing members of the United States House of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alabama's Congressional Districts
The U.S. state of Alabama is currently divided into seven congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. Since the 1973 redistricting following the 1970 U.S. Census, Alabama has had seven congressional districts. This is three fewer districts than the historic high of ten congressional districts just prior to the 1930 Census. Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives The delegation has seven members: 6 Republicans and 1 Democrat. Redistricting 2000s The redistricting in 2002 following the 1990 Census marginally strengthened the Democratic position, but did not contribute to any net changes by the parties over the decade. The biggest change in 2002 was to the 3rd district, which lost then arch-Republican stronghold St. Clair County in exchange for more Democratic parts of Montgomery County, including the area around the capitol. The district's black composition rose by 7 percent as a result. Howe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Carolina's Congressional Districts
There are currently seven United States congressional districts in South Carolina. There have been as few as four and as many as nine congressional districts in South Carolina. The and the were lost after the 1840 Census. Because the state exceeded the nation's average population growth in the 2010 Census, South Carolina regained its 7th district, which had remained unused since the Civil War. The and the were also briefly lost after the Civil War, but both had been regained by the 1880 Census. Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives List of members of the South Carolinian United States House delegation, their terms, their district boundaries, and the districts' political ratings according to the CPVI. The House delegation has 7 members, including 6 Republicans and 1 Democrat as of 2021. District cities and counties First congressional district Counties * Beaufort County * Berkeley County – partial, 87% of population * Charleston County ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1950 United States Census
The United States census of 1950, conducted by the Census Bureau, determined the resident population of the United States to be 150,697,361, an increase of 14.5 percent over the 131,669,275 persons enumerated during the 1940 census. This was the first census in which: * More than one state recorded a population of over 10 million * Every state and territory recorded a population of over 100,000 * All 100 largest cities recorded populations of over 100,000 On April 1, 2022, the National Archives and Records Administration released scanned census enumeration sheets to the general public, in accordance with the 72 year rule. Census questions The 1950 census collected the following information from all respondents: * address * whether house is on a farm * name * relationship to head of household * race * sex * age * marital status * birthplace * if foreign born, whether naturalized * employment status * hours worked in week * occupation, industry and class of worker In addit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1930 United States Census
The United States census of 1930, conducted by the Census Bureau one month from April 1, 1930, determined the resident population of the United States to be 122,775,046, an increase of 13.7 percent over the 106,021,537 persons enumerated during the 1920 census. Census questions The 1930 census collected the following information: * address * name * relationship to head of family * home owned or rented ** if owned, value of home ** if rented, monthly rent * whether owned a radio set * whether on a farm * sex * race * age * marital status and, if married, age at first marriage * school attendance * literacy * birthplace of person, and their parents * if foreign born: ** language spoken at home before coming to the U. S. ** year of immigration ** whether naturalized ** ability to speak English * occupation, industry and class of worker * whether at work previous day (or last regular work day) * veteran status * if Indian: ** whether of full or mixed blood ** tribal affiliation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mississippi's Congressional Districts
Mississippi is currently divided into 4 congressional districts, each represented by a member of the United States House of Representatives. After the 2010 Census, the number of Mississippi's seats remained unchanged. Current (until 2023 inauguration) districts and representatives List of members of the Mississippian United States House delegation, their terms, their district boundaries, and the districts' political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 4 members, including 3 Republicans and 1 Democrat. Apportionment history From 1789 to 1817, the Mississippi Territory was represented in Congress by a non-voting delegate. Since becoming a state on December 10, 1817, Mississippi has sent between one and eight representatives to Congress. #Mississippi was granted statehood on December 10, 1817. Historical and present district boundaries Table of United States congressional district boundary maps in the State of Mississippi, presented chronological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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