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Classification Schemes For Southeast Asian Languages
There have been various classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages (see the articles for the respective language families). Language families The five established major language families are: * Kra–Dai * Austronesian *Austroasiatic * Hmong–Mien *Sino-Tibetan Isolates and small families A number of language groups in Arunachal Pradesh traditionally considered to be Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) may in fact constitute independent language families or isolates (Roger Blench 2011). (See Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal.) *Potential language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal: Digaro, Hrusish (including the Miji languagesBlench, Roger. 2015''The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification'' m.s.), Midzu, Puroik, Siangic, and Kho-Bwa *The two Andamanese language families: Great Andamanese and Ongan *Language isolates and languages with isolate substrata of Southeast Asia: Kenaboi, Enggan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Asia
A wide variety of languages are spoken throughout Asia, comprising different language families and some unrelated isolates. The major language families include Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian, Dravidian, Indo-European, Afroasiatic, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan and Kra–Dai. Most, but not all, have a long history as a written language. Language groups The major families in terms of numbers are Indo-European and Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages in South Asia and Sino-Tibetan in East Asia. Several other families are regionally dominant. Sino-Tibetan Sino-Tibetan includes Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Karen, Boro and numerous languages of the Tibetan Plateau, southern China, Burma, and North east India. Indo-European The Indo-European languages are primarily represented by the Indo-Iranian branch. The family includes both Indic languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Odia, Assamese, Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri, Marathi, Gujarati, Sinhala and other languages spoken prim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kho-Bwa Languages
The Kho-Bwa languages, also known as Bugunish and Kamengic, are a small family of languages spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. The name ''Kho-Bwa'' was originally proposed by George van Driem (2001). It is based on the reconstructed words ''*kho'' ("water") and ''*bwa'' ("fire"). Blench (2011) suggests the name ''Kamengic'', from the Kameng area of Arunachal Pradesh, or alternatively ''Bugun–Mey'', after its two main members. Alternatively, Anderson (2014)Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. ''On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language''. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. refers to Kho-Bwa as Northeast Kamengic. Both Van Driem and Blench group the ''Bugun'' (or ''Khowa''), the ''Mey'' (or ''Sherdukpen''), and the ''Lishpa'' (or ''Lish'') languages. The ''Puroik'' (or ''Sulung'') language is included in the group by Van Driem but treated as a language isolate with no genetic relation to Kamen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austro-Tai
The Austro-Tai languages, sometimes also Austro-Thai languages, are a proposed language family that comprises the Austronesian languages and the Kra–Dai languages. Related proposals include Austric ( Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906) and Sino-Austronesian (Laurent Sagart in 1990, 2005). Origins The Kra–Dai languages contain numerous similar forms with Austronesian which were noticed as far back as Schlegel in 1901. These are considered to be too many to explain as chance resemblance. The question then is whether they are due to language contact (i.e., borrowing) or to common descent (i.e., a genealogical relationship). Evidence The first proposal of a genealogical relationship was that of Paul Benedict in 1942, which he expanded upon through 1990. This took the form of an expansion of Wilhelm Schmidt's Austric phylum, and posited that Kra–Dai and Austronesian had a sister relationship within Austric, which Benedict then accepted. Benedict later abandoned Austric but maintaine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrofamily
In historical linguistics, a macrofamily, also called a superfamily or phylum, is a proposed genetic relationship grouping together language families (also isolates) in a larger scale classification.Campbell, Lyle and Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007), ''A Glossary of Historical Linguistics'', University of Utah Press/Edinburgh University Press. However, CampbellCampbell, Lyle (2004), ''Historical Linguistics: An Introduction'', Edinburgh University Press. regards this term as superfluous, preferring "language family" for those classifications for which there is consensus and "distant genetic relationship" for those for which there is no, or not yet, consensus, whether due to lack of documentation or scholarship of the constituent languages, or to an estimated time depth thought by many linguists to be too great for reconstruction. More rarely, the term has also been applied to an exceptionally old, large and diverse language family, such as Afro-Asiatic. Diakonoff, Igor M. (1996), "Some r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umiray Dumagat Language
Umiray Dumaget Agta is an Aeta language spoken in southern Luzon Island, Philippines. Location Umiray Dumaget is spoken along the Pacific coast of eastern Luzon, Philippines from just south of Baler, Aurora to the area of Infanta, Quezon, and on the northern coast of Polillo Island. Himes (2002) reports little dialectal variation. Reid (1994)Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages." In ''Oceanic Linguistics'', Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37–72. reports the following locations for Umiray Dumaget (Central Agta). * Umiray, Quezon *Dibut, San Luis, Aurora *Bunbun, Panakulan, Polillo, Quezon Phonology Consonants only appears in loanwords. Vowels Classification Umiray Dumaget is difficult to classify. Himes (2002) posits a Greater Central Philippine connection.Himes, Ronald S. 2002. The relationship of Umiray Dumaget to other Philippine languages. ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 41(2):275–294. . However, Lobel ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manide Language
Manide is a Philippine language spoken near the province of Camarines Norte in Bicol region of southern Luzon in the Philippines. Manide is spoken by nearly 4,000 Negrito people, most of whom reside in the towns of Labo, Jose Panganiban, and Paracale. History Between 1903 and 1924, John M. Garvan (1963) visited Negrito Filipino communities in the region of Luzon and recorded the name Manide. Many of the Manide population children still grow up speaking Manide. Classification Manide is the most divergent out of the three other Negrito languages in Southern Luzon, namely Inagta Rinconada, Inagta Partido, and Alabat. In a survey of 1000 lexical items, 285 appeared to be unique, including new coinages which are forms that experienced semantic and or phonological shifts over time. In comparison, other Negrito languages such as Batak, Inagta Rinconada/Partido, Mamanwa, or Inati have a cognate rate of over 90% with neighboring non-Negrito languages. The language genetically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippine Negrito Languages
The Negrito peoples of the Philippines speak various Philippine languages. They have more in common with neighboring languages than with each other, and are listed here merely as an aid to identification. Classification The following languages are grouped according to their geographic location, and not genetic classification. Lobel (2013) Lobel (2013) lists the following Black Filipino (i.e., Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic groups. ;Northern Luzon * Umiray Dumaget * Remontado Dumagat * Alta, Northern * Alta, Southern * Arta * Casiguran Agta *Nagtipunan Agta * Dinapigue Agta * Central Cagayan Agta * Pahanan (Agta) * Dupaningan Agta *Atta (3-4 languages) (''Lobel (2010) lists the following Negrito languages that are spoken on the eastern coast of Luzon Island, listed from north to south.'') * Dupaningan Agta (Northern Luzon branch) * Pahanan Agta * Casiguran Agta * Umiray Dumaget * Remontado Dumagat * Inagta Alabat * Manide * Inagta Partido * Inagta Rinconada Furthermore, R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enggano Language
The Enggano language, or Engganese, is an Austronesian language spoken on Enggano Island off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Enggano is notable among the Austronesian languages of western Insular Southeast Asia because of many unusual sound changes, and a low number of words shared with other Austronesian languages. There is however general consensus among Austronesianists that Enggano belongs to the Austronesian language family. Failure to fully identify the inherited Austronesian elements in the basic lexicon and bound morphology of Enggano resulted in occasional proposals that Enggano might be a language isolate which had adopted Austronesian loanwords.Capell, Arthur, 1982. 'Local Languages in the PAN Area'. In Reiner Carle et al. ed., ''Gava‘: Studies in Austronesian languages and cultures dedicated to Hans Kähler'', trans. Geoffrey Sutton, 1-15, p. 4.Blench, Roger. 2014. The Enggano: archaic foragers and their interactions with the Austronesian world. m.s. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenaboi Language
Kĕnaboi is an extinct unclassified language of Negeri Sembilan, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia that may be a language isolate or an Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language belonging to the Aslian languages, Aslian branch. It is attested in what appears to be two dialects, based on word lists of about 250 lexical items, presumably collected around 1870–90. Background In Walter William Skeat (anthropologist), Walter William Skeat and Charles Otto Blagden's 1906 work "Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula", the contents of three previously unpublished wordlists appear, two of which were collected by D.F.A. Hervey, a former government official in Malacca. There is no indication as to when these word lists were collected; however, there is a possibility that these wordlists were collected around the 1870s to 1890s. Hervey collected his Kenaboi lexicon in Alor Gajah, Melaka from speakers living in Gunung Dato', Rembau District, which is a small inland mountainous area in southern N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substratum
In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences or is influenced by another through contact. A substratum or substrate is a language that has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum or superstrate is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum or adstrate is a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The notion of "strata" was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829–1907), and became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors in 1932. Thus, both concepts apply to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of migration. Whether the superstratum case (the local language persists and the intrusive languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Isolate
Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The number of language isolates is unknown. A language isolate is unrelated to any other, which makes it the only language in its own language family. It is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationships—one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining branch of a larger language family. The language possibly had relatives in the past which have since disappeared without being documented. Another explanation for language isolates is that they developed in isolation from other languages. This explanation mostly applies to sign languages that have arisen independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
