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Body Type
Constitution type or body type can refer to a number of attempts to classify human body shapes: * Humours (Ayurveda) * Somatotype of William Herbert Sheldon * Paul Carus's character typology * Ernst Kretschmer's character typology * Elliot Abravanel's glandular metabolism typology * Sasang typology by Je-Ma Lee * Bertil Lundman's racial classification system See also * Female body shape * Enterotype * Habitus (other) * Phrenology * Physiognomy Physiognomy (from the Greek , , meaning "nature", and , meaning "judge" or "interpreter") is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face. The term can also refer to the general ... {{DEFAULTSORT:Constitution Type Human physiology Anthropometry Body shape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Body Shape
Human body shape is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function. The general shape or figure of a person is defined mainly by the molding of skeletal structures, as well as the distribution of muscles and fat. Skeletal structure grows and changes only up to the point at which a human reaches adulthood and remains essentially the same for the rest of their life. Growth is usually completed between the ages of 13 and 18, at which time the epiphyseal plates of long bones close, allowing no further growth (see Human skeleton). Many aspects of body shape vary with gender and the female body shape especially has a complicated cultural history. The science of measuring and assessing body shape is called anthropometry. Physiology During puberty, differentiation of the male and female body occurs for the purposes of reproduction. In adult humans, muscle mass may change due to exercise, and fat distribution may change due to hormone fluctuations. Inherited genes play a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayurveda
Ayurveda () is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. The theory and practice of Ayurveda is pseudoscientific. Ayurveda is heavily practiced in India and Nepal, where around 80% of the population report using it. Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia. Therapies include herbal medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils. Ayurvedic preparations are typically based on complex herbal compounds, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps under the influence of early Indian alchemy or ''rasashastra''). Ancient Ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including rhinoplasty, kidney stone extractions, sutures, and the extraction of foreign objects. The main classical Ayurveda texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the gods to sages, and then to human physicians. Printed editions of the '' Sushruta Samhita'' (''Sushruta's Compen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Somatotype And Constitutional Psychology
Somatotype is a highly disputed taxonomy developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Herbert Sheldon to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed ''somatotypes'', classified by him as ''ectomorphic'', ''mesomorphic'', and ''endomorphic''. He created these terms borrowing from the three germ layers of embryonic development: The endoderm, (which develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm, (which becomes muscle, heart, and blood vessels) and the ectoderm (which forms the skin and nervous system). Later variations of these categories, developed by his original research assistant Barbara Heath, and later by Lindsay Carter and Rob Rempel, are still in occasional academic use. Constitutional psychology is a theory developed by Sheldon in the 1940s, which attempted to associate his somatotype classifications with human temperament types. The foundation of these ideas originated with Francis Galton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Herbert Sheldon
William Herbert Sheldon, Jr. (November 19, 1898 – September 17, 1977) was an American psychologist and numismatist. He created the field of somatotype and constitutional psychology that correlate body types with Temperament, illustrated by his Ivy League nude posture photos. Early life and education Sheldon was born in Pawtuxet, Rhode Island on November 19, 1898 to William Herbert Sheldon, Sr., a naturalist and animal breeder, and Mary Abby Greene, a village midwife. His godfather was the noted psychologist and philosopher, William James. He graduated from Warwick Veterans Memorial High School in 1915 and attended Brown University. After graduating, he worked in a range of fields before studying for his master's degree at the University of Colorado. Sheldon attended the University of Chicago and earned his Ph.D. in 1925. He taught psychology at the University of Chicago and at the University of Wisconsin. He attended the University of Chicago Medical Center, receiving his Docto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Carus
Paul Carus (; 18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religionOriental Ideas in American Thought from ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas'', edited by Philip P. Wiener (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973–74). and philosopher. Life and education Carus was born in Ilsenburg, German Confederation, Germany, and educated at the universities of University of Strasbourg, Strassburg (then Germany, now France) and University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. After obtaining his PhD from Tübingen in 1876[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ernst Kretschmer
Ernst Kretschmer (8 October 18888 February 1964) was a German psychiatrist who researched the human constitution and established a typology. Life Kretschmer was born in Wüstenrot near Heilbronn. He attended Cannstatt Gymnasium, one of the oldest Latin schools in Stuttgart area. From 1906 to 1912 he studied theology, medicine, and philosophy at the universities of Tübingen, Munich and Hamburg. From 1913 he was assistant of Robert Gaupp in Tübingen, where he received his habilitation in 1918. He continued as assistant medical director until 1926. In 1926 he became the director of the psychiatric clinic at Marburg University. Kretschmer was a founding member of the International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy (AÄGP) which was founded on January 12, 1927. He was the president of AÄGP from 1929. In 1933 he resigned from the AÄGP for political reasons. After he resigned from the AÄGP, he started to support the SS and signed the "Vow of allegiance of the profess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elliot Abravanel
Elliot D. Abravanel is an American physician and diet counselor, who developed the ''Body Type'' system for weight loss and overall wellness. Based on his experience with the "Skinny School" program in the 1970s and 1980s, the Body Type program is described in the book ''Dr. Abravanel's Body Type Diet and Lifetime Nutrition Plan'', first published in 1983.Butler, Kurt. (1992). ''A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative Medicine": A Close Look at Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Faith-healing, and Other Unconventional Treatments''. Prometheus Books. pp. 4-6. The Body Type program The Body Type program asserts that there are four major glands in the human body (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal) and that each individual has one "dominant gland". Ann Louise Gittleman stated that Abravanel developed these ideas as an expansion of speculations by Henry G. Bieler and noted that this was done, "Without directly monitoring the behavior of any gland..." According to Abravanel, men can be P-typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sasang Typology
The ''Sasang'' constitutional medicine (Hangul: 사상의학. Hanja: 四象醫學) or ''Sasang'' typology is a typological constitution medicine of Traditional Korean medicine. It was systematized by Yi Je-ma in his book ''Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine'' (東醫壽世保元, 동의수세보원) in 1894. It divides people into four body types based on their biopsychosocial traits. The classification was derived from the five body types of Traditional Chinese medicine described in an ancient Chinese medical book Lingshu Jing of Huangdi Neijing. Classification system ''Sasang'' typology divides people into four types based on their biopsychosocial traits with a combination of |
Bertil Lundman
Bertil J. Lundman (September 28, 1899, Malmö – November 5, 1993) was a Swedish anthropologist. Early life Lundman was born on September 28, 1899, in Malmö. Career Lundman was an anthropologist. In the 1930s, he wrote an article in '' Zeitschrift für Rassenkunde'', a German journal of racial studies. Later, he served on the executive committee of the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics The International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics (IAAEE) was an organisation that promoted eugenics and segregation, and the first publisher of ''Mankind Quarterly''. History IAAEE was founded in 1959 and has headquarte .... He created a racial classification system of Europeans in his book ''The Races and Peoples of Europe'' (1977). Death Lundman died on November 5, 1993. Bibliography *Västmanland types, Christmas reading, Västmanland county newspaper (1931) *Folk type surveys in Dalarna I-IX, Dalarna homestead book (1932– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Female Body Shape
Female body shape or female figure is the cumulative product of a woman's skeletal structure and the quantity and distribution of muscle and fat on the body. There is a wide range of normality of female body shapes. Female figures are typically narrower at the waist than at the bust and hips. The bust, waist, and hips are called inflection points, and the ratios of their circumferences are used to define basic body shapes. Reflecting the wide range of individual beliefs on what is best for physical health and what is preferred aesthetically, as well as disagreements on the social standing and purported "purpose" of women in society, there is no universally acknowledged ideal female body shape. Cultural ideals, however, have developed and continue to exert influence over how a woman relates to her own body, as well as how others in her society may perceive and treat her. Physiology Impact of estrogens Estrogens, which are primary female sex hormones, have a significant impact o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterotype
An enterotype is a classification of living organisms based on the bacteriological composition of their gut microbiota. The discovery of three human enterotypes was announced in the April 2011 issue of ''Nature'' by Peer Bork and his associates. They found that enterotypes are not dictated by age, gender, body weight, or national divisions. There are indications that long-term diet influences enterotype. Type 1 is characterized by high levels of ''Bacteroides'', type 2 has few ''Bacteroides'' but ''Prevotella'' are common, and type 3 has high levels of '' Ruminococcus''. The value of classifying by enterotype has been challenged. In a study of gut bacteria of children in Burkina Faso (in Africa), ''Prevotella'' made up 53% of the gut bacteria, but were absent in age-matched European children. Studies also indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats typical of Western diet have predominan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Habitus (other)
Habitus may refer to: * Habitus (biology), a term commonly used in biology as being less ambiguous than "habit" * Habitus (sociology) In sociology, habitus () is the way that people perceive and respond to the social world they inhabit, by way of their personal habits, skills, and dispositions. People with a common cultural background (social class, religion, and nationality, ..., embodied dispositions or tendencies that organize how people perceive and respond to the world around them * '' Habitus: A Diaspora Journal'' * ''Habitus'', a 1998 novel by James Flint See also * Habit (biology) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
