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Vitexin 2
Vitexin is an apigenin flavone glucoside, a chemical compound found in the passion flower, ''Vitex agnus-castus'' (chaste tree or chasteberry), in the ''Phyllostachys nigra'' bamboo leaves, in the pearl millet (Pennisetum millet), and in Hawthorn. Metabolism Goitrogenicity of millet flavones : Vitexin inhibits thyroid peroxidase thus contributing to goiter. * Vitexin beta-glucosyltransferase * Vitexin 2"-O-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase See also * Isovitexin (or homovitexin, saponaretin) is the apigenin-6-''C''-glucoside. * Orientin Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the 8-C glucoside of luteolin. Natural occurrences Orientin is found in ''Adonis vernalis'', in ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' and ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', and in the ''Phyllostac ..., the 3'-OH derivative References External links Vitexin on RDchemicals.com {{flavone Flavone glucosides C-glycoside natural phenols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apigenin
Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Sources in nature Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram. The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams. Biosynthesis Apigenin is biosynthetically derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway and the flavone synthesis pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from the aromatic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goitrogenicity
Goitrogens are substances that disrupt the production of thyroid hormones. This triggers the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which then promotes the growth of thyroid tissue, eventually leading to goiter. Goitrogenic drugs and chemicals Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include: * Sulfadimethoxine (Albon), propylthiouracil, potassium perchlorate, and iopanoic acid. * Some oxazolidines such as goitrin. *Ions such as thiocyanate (from cigarette smoking for example) and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause, at low doses, an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback), which then stimulates the gland. * Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine; also interferes with thyroid hormone action. * Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release. * Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orientin
Orientin is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the 8-C glucoside of luteolin. Natural occurrences Orientin is found in ''Adonis vernalis'', in ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' and ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', and in the ''Phyllostachys nigra'' bamboo leaves ; In food Orientin is also reported in the passion flower, the Açaí palm, buckwheat sprouts, and in millets. Identification in Natural Plants The identification of orientin has been reported widely. Its identification using mass spectrometry is established Welch, C., Zhen, J., Bassène, E., Raskin, I., Simon, J.E. and Wu, Q., 2017. Bioactive polyphenols in kinkéliba tea (Combretum micranthum) and their glucose-lowering activities. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. See also Isoorientin Isoorientin (or homoorientin) is a flavone, a chemical flavonoid-like compound. It is the luteolin-6-C-glucoside. Bioassay-directed fractionation techniques led to isolation of isoorientin as the main hypoglycaemic comp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isovitexin
Isovitexin (or homovitexin, saponaretin) is a flavone. the apigenin-6-''C''-glucoside. In this case, the prefix 'iso' does not imply an isoflavonoid (the position of the B-ring on the C-ring), but the position of the glucoside on the flavone. Natural occurrence It can be found in the passion flower, Cannabis, oat and the açaí palm."Pharmacological studies of Passiflora sp. and their bioactive compounds" Metabolism * Isovitexin beta-glucosyltransferase Glycosides Saponarin is the isovitexin-7-O-glucoside. See also * Vitexin, the 8-C-glucoside of apigenin * Isoorientin, the 3'-OH derivative References {{flavone Flavone glucosides C-glycoside natural phenols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitexin 2"-O-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase
In enzymology, a vitexin 2"-O-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :S-adenosyl-L-methionine + vitexin 2"-O-beta-L-rhamnoside \rightleftharpoons S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 7-O-methylvitexin 2"-O-beta-L-rhamnoside Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and vitexin 2"-O-beta-L-rhamnoside, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and 7-O-methylvitexin 2"-O-beta-L-rhamnoside. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:vitexin-2"-O-beta-L-rhamnoside 7-O-methyltransferase. References * EC 2.1. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitexin Beta-glucosyltransferase
In enzymology, a vitexin beta-glucosyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :UDP-glucose + vitexin \rightleftharpoons UDP + vitexin 2"-O-beta-D-glucoside Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and vitexin, whereas its two products are UDP and vitexin 2"-O-beta-D-glucoside. This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection. Systematic names are usually part of a nomenclature. A semisystematic name or semitrivial ... of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:vitexin 2. This enzyme is also called uridine diphosphoglucose-vitexin 2"-glucosyltransferase. References * EC 2.4.1 Enzymes of unknown structure {{2.4-enzyme-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goiter
A goitre, or goiter, is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. A goitre can be associated with a thyroid that is not functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodine deficiency. The term is from the Latin ''gutturia'', meaning throat. Most goitres are not cancerous (benign), though they may be potentially harmful. Signs and symptoms A goitre can present as a palpable or visible enlargement of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck. A goitre, if associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, may be present with symptoms of the underlying disorder. For hyperthyroidism, the most common symptoms are associated with adrenergic stimulation: tachycardia (increased heart rate), palpitations, nervousness, tremor, increased blood pressure and heat intolerance. Clinical manifestations are often related to hypermetabolism, (increased metabolism), excessive thyroid hormone, an increase in oxygen consumption, metabolic changes in pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thyroid Peroxidase
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid. Thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the ''TPO'' gene. Catalyzed reaction + I− + H+ + H2O2 ⇒ + 2 H2O Iodide is oxidized to iodine radical which immediately reacts with tyrosine. + I− + H+ + H2O2 ⇒ + 2 H2O The second iodine atom is added in similar manner to the reaction intermediate 3-iodotyrosine. Function Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I−. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) via a Na+/I− symporter (NIS) on the basolateral side, iodide is shuttled across the apical membrane into the colloid via pendrin, after which thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crataegus Monogyna
''Crataegus monogyna'', known as common hawthorn, one-seed hawthorn, or single-seeded hawthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native to Europe, northwestern Africa, and West Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. Names This species is one of several that have been referred to as ''Crataegus oxyacantha'', a name that has been rejected by the botanical community as too ambiguous. In 1793, Medikus published the name ''C. apiifolia'' for a European hawthorn now included in ''C. monogyna,'' but that name is illegitimate under the rules of botanical nomenclature. Other common names include may, mayblossom, maythorn, (as the plant generally flowers in May in the English-speaking parts of Europe) quickthorn, whitethorn, motherdie, and haw. Description The common hawthorn is a shrub or small tree up to about tall, with a dense crown. The bark is dull brown with vertical orange cracks. The younger stems bear shar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glucoside
A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. The name was originally given to plant products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are Jinigrin and Jalapin or Scammonin). It has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e.g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also. Although glucose is the most common sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides. Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pearl Millet
Pearl millet (''Cenchrus americanus'', commonly known as the synonym ''Pennisetum glaucum''; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC. Description Pearl millet has ovoid grains of 3 – 4 mm length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including sorghum). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g. The height of the plant ranges from 0.5 – 4 m. Cultivation Pearl millet is well ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phyllostachys Nigra
''Phyllostachys nigra'', common name, commonly known as black bamboo or purple bamboo ( zh, 紫竹), is a species of bamboo, native plant, native to Hunan, Hunan Province of China, and is widely cultivated elsewhere. Growing up to tall by broad, it forms clumps of slender arching canes which turn black after two or three seasons. The abundant lance-shaped leaves are long. Numerous form (botany), forms and cultivars are available for garden use. The species and the form ''P. nigra'' f. ''henonis'' have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The form ''henonis'' is also known as Henon bamboo and as cultivar 'Henon'. Uses It is used for lumber (timber), food, and musical instruments, among other things, in areas of China where it is native and also worldwide. Phytochemistry A 2008 study from Zhejiang University, in China, isolated several Flavones, flavone C-glycoside, C-glycosides on black bamboo leaves, including orientin, homoorientin, vitexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
