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Upretia
''Upretia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. ''Upretia'' is characterised by its small and narrow, rod-shaped . The distribution of the genus ranges from mid-altitude rocky terrains in India to both arid and higher altitudinal environments in China. Taxonomy ''Upretia'' was circumscribed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Arne Thell, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2017, with ''Upretia amarkantakana'' assigned as the type species. ''Upretia'' is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae. The genus is named in honour of the Indian lichenologist Dalip Kumar Upreti, recognising his contributions to the study of Indian lichens. Its closest relative, the monotypic genus '' Ioplaca'' from the eastern Himalayas, is differentiated by its thallus colour, areolae structure, and apothecia. Description The genus ''Upretia'' is characterized by a crustose thallus that is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upretia Amarkantakana
''Upretia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. ''Upretia'' is characterised by its small and narrow, rod-shaped . The distribution of the genus ranges from mid-altitude rocky terrains in India to both arid and higher altitudinal environments in China. Taxonomy ''Upretia'' was circumscribed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Arne Thell, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2017, with ''Upretia amarkantakana'' assigned as the type species. ''Upretia'' is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae. The genus is named in honour of the Indian lichenologist Dalip Kumar Upreti, recognising his contributions to the study of Indian lichens. Its closest relative, the monotypic genus '' Ioplaca'' from the eastern Himalayas, is differentiated by its thallus colour, areolae structure, and apothecia. Description The genus ''Upretia'' is characterized by a crustose thallus that is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upretia Hueana
''Upretia'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has three species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens. ''Upretia'' is characterised by its small and narrow, rod-shaped . The distribution of the genus ranges from mid-altitude rocky terrains in India to both arid and higher altitudinal environments in China. Taxonomy ''Upretia'' was circumscribed by lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk, Arne Thell, and Jae-Seoun Hur in 2017, with ''Upretia amarkantakana'' assigned as the type species. ''Upretia'' is a member of the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the Teloschistaceae. The genus is named in honour of the Indian lichenologist Dalip Kumar Upreti, recognising his contributions to the study of Indian lichens. Its closest relative, the monotypic genus ''Ioplaca'' from the eastern Himalayas, is differentiated by its thallus colour, areolae structure, and apothecia. Description The genus ''Upretia'' is characterized by a crustose thallus that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upretia Squamulosa
''Upretia squamulosa'' is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), squamulose (scaly) lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It was identified as a new species in 2019 from specimens collected in the arid valley of the Jinsha River in Yunnan, China. Taxonomy The lichen was scientifically described as a new species in 2019 by Yan Yun Zhang and Li Song Wang. The species epithet refers to its (scaly) thallus. The type specimen of ''Upretia squamulosa'' was collected in Yunnan Province, China, specifically in Huize County, Zhehai Town, at an elevation of . The genus ''Upretia'' is a recent classification within the subfamily Caloplacoideae of the family Teloschistaceae. Molecular phylogenetics placed ''Upretia squamulosa'' in a clade close to ''Upretia''. This genus, initially proposed on the basis of specimens collected from India, is closely related to the monotypic genus ''Ioplaca'', found in high elevations in the Himalayas. Description ''Upretia squamulosa'' is ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teloschistaceae
The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family, estimated to contain over 1800 species, was extensively revised in 2013, including the creation or resurrection of 31 genera. It contains three subfamilies: Xanthorioideae, Caloplacoideae, and Teloschistoideae. A fourth subfamily, Brownlielloideae, proposed in 2015, has been shown to be part of the Teloschistoideae. Genera This is a list of the genera contained within the Teloschistaceae, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: *'' Amundsenia'' – 2 spp. *'' Andina'' - 1 sp. *'' Apatoplaca'' – 1 sp. *'' Aridoplaca'' - 1 sp. *'' Athallia'' – 17 spp. *'' Austroplaca'' – 10 spp. *'' Blastenia'' – 11 spp. *'' Brownliella'' – 4 spp. *'' Bryoplaca'' – 3 spp. *'' Calogaya'' – 19 spp. *'' Calop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anuppur
Anuppur is a City in northeastern Madhya Pradesh state of central India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Anuppur tehsil and Anuppur District. Previously, it was in Shahdol district. Geography Anuppur is located at . It has an average elevation of 505 metres (1,656 feet). The Son River and some of its tributaries run through Anuppur. According to 2001 Census, the total population of Anuppur District is 667155, out of which 309624 are Scheduled tribes and 48376 are Scheduled castes. In this manner, Anuppur District is a tribal dominated district. Kotma is the largest city/town and Municipality in Anuppur district. Demographics India census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses in ..., Anuppur district has a population of 749,521. 2001 to 2011 populati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh (, ; meaning 'central province') is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal, and the largest city is Indore, with Jabalpur, Ujjain, Gwalior, Sagar, and Rewa being the other major cities. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest Indian state by area and the fifth largest state by population with over 72 million residents. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. The area covered by the present-day Madhya Pradesh includes the area of the ancient Avanti Mahajanapada, whose capital Ujjain (also known as Avantika) arose as a major city during the second wave of Indian urbanisation in the sixth century BCE. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the major dynasties of India. The Maratha Empire dominated the majority of the 18th century. After the Anglo-Maratha Wars in the 19th century, the region was divided into several princel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bauxite
Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) and diaspore (α-AlO(OH)), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) and haematite (Fe2O3), the aluminium clay mineral kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and small amounts of anatase (TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3 or FeO.TiO2). Bauxite appears dull in luster and is reddish-brown, white, or tan. In 1821, the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, southern France. Formation Numerous classification schemes have been proposed for bauxite but, , there was no consensus. Vadász (1951) distinguished lateritic bauxites (silicate bauxites) from karst bauxite ores (carbonate bauxites): * The carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in Europe, Guyana, Suriname, and Jamaica above carbonate rocks (limestone and do ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parietin
Parietin is the predominant cortical pigment of lichens in the genus '' Caloplaca'', a secondary product of the lichen ''Xanthoria parietina'', and a pigment found in the roots of Curled Dock (''Rumex crispus''). It has an orangy-yellow color and absorbs blue light. It is also known as physcion. It has also been shown to protect lichens against UV-B light, at high altitudes in Alpine regions. The UV-B light stimulates production of parietin and the parietin protects the lichens from damage. Lichens in arctic regions such as Svarlbard retain this capability though they do not encounter damaging levels of UV-B, a capability that could help protect the lichens in case of Ozone layer thinning. It has also shown anti-fungal activity against barley powdery mildew and cucumber powdery mildew, more efficiently in the latter case than treatments with fenarimol and polyoxin B. It reacts with KOH to form a deep, reddish-magenta compound. Effect on human cancer cells Also found in rhu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Para-phenylenediamine
''p''-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This derivative of aniline is a white solid, but samples can darken due to air oxidation. It is mainly used as a component of engineering polymers and composites like kevlar. It is also an ingredient in Hair coloring, hair dyes and is occasionally used as a substitute for henna. Production PPD is produced via three routes. Most commonly, 4-nitrochlorobenzene is treated with ammonia and the resulting 4-nitroaniline is then hydrogenated: :ClC6H4NO2 + 2 NH3 → H2NC6H4NO2 + NH4Cl :H2NC6H4NO2 + 3 H2 → H2NC6H4NH2 + 2 H2O In the DuPont route, aniline is converted to diphenyltriazine, which is then converted by acid-catalysis to 4-aminoazobenzene. Hydrogenation of the latter affords PPD.Robert A. Smiley "Phenylene- and Toluenediamines" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Uses Precursor to polymers PPD is a precursor to aramid plastics and fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bleach
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color (whitening) from a fabric or fiber or to clean or to remove stains in a process called bleaching. It often refers specifically, to a dilute solution of sodium hypochlorite, also called "liquid bleach". Many bleaches have broad spectrum bactericidal properties, making them useful for disinfecting and sterilizing. They are used in swimming pool sanitation to control bacteria, viruses, and algae, and in many places where sterile conditions are required. They are also used in many industrial processes, notably in the bleaching of wood pulp. Bleaches also have other minor uses like removing mildew, killing weeds, and increasing the longevity of cut flowers. Bleaches work by reacting with many colored organic compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colorless ones. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents (chemicals that can remove electrons from other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula K OH, and is commonly called caustic potash. Along with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), KOH is a prototypical strong base. It has many industrial and niche applications, most of which exploit its caustic nature and its reactivity toward acids. An estimated 700,000 to 800,000 tonnes were produced in 2005. KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps, as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals. It is a white solid that is dangerously corrosive. Properties and structure KOH exhibits high thermal stability. Because of this high stability and relatively low melting point, it is often melt-cast as pellets or rods, forms that have low surface area and convenient handling properties. These pellets become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Most commercial samples are ca. 90% pure, the remainder being water and carbonates. Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic. Concentrated aqueous solut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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