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United Nations Security Council Resolution 473
United Nations Security Council resolution 473, adopted unanimously on 13 June 1980, after recalling resolutions 392 (1976), 417 (1977), 418 (1977), 454 (1979) and 466 (1980) and letters from the Committee for South Africa, the council expressed its concern and condemned South Africa for the killing of protesters, including schoolchildren, opposed to apartheid. The resolution went on to call for the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, under a proposed amnesty. It also expressed sympathy with victims of the violence, calling for an end to apartheid legislation that affects the news media, trials, organisations and equal opportunities. The council also called on South Africa to cease military attacks on other countries, and encourages other Member States to reinforce the arms embargo on the country. See also * List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500 This is a list of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500 adopted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 392
United Nations Security Council Resolution 392, adopted on June 19, 1976, after the killing of black youths by South African police in Soweto and other areas, the Council strongly condemned the South African government for its measures of repression against the African people. It also expressed its shock after the "callous shooting" of the protesters and sympathy with the victims, who were demonstrating against the policies of the National Party. The resolution also reaffirmed that "the policy of apartheid is a crime against the conscience and dignity of mankind and seriously disturbs international peace and security" which continued in defiance of Security Council and General Assembly resolutions. The meeting was called after Benin, Libya, Madagascar and Tanzania raised the issue in a letter to the Council. No details of the voting were given, other than that the resolution was "adopted by consensus". Resolution 392, like others before it, reaffirmed the legitimate right of se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 417
In United Nations List of UN Security Council Resolutions, Security Council Resolution 417, adopted on October 31, 1977, after reaffirming United Nations Security Council Resolution 392, Resolution 392 (1976), the Council condemned the continuing repression against black people and other opponents of apartheid, as well as the Media of South Africa, South African media and the mounting deaths of detainees. The Council foresaw that the continuation of such activities would lead to serious racial conflict with international repercussions. The resolution demanded therefore, that the Government of South Africa: : (a) end the violence against the opponents of apartheid; : (b) release all persons held under arbitrary security laws; : (c) cease its violent response to demonstrations against apartheid; : (d) remove bans on news media opposed to apartheid; : (e) abolish the "Bantu education system" and the bantustans. The resolution went on to ask Member States to support the resolution an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 418
United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, adopted unanimously on 4 November 1977, imposed a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa. This resolution differed from the earlier Resolution 282, which was only voluntary. The embargo was subsequently tightened and extended by Resolution 591. The embargo was lifted by Resolution 919 following democratic elections in South Africa in 1994. Impact The embargo had a direct impact on South Africa in a number of ways: * Last-minute cancellation of the sale of s and s by France. * The cancelation of the purchase of s from Israel, some of which had to be built covertly in South Africa instead. * South Africa's inability to purchase modern fighter aircraft to counter Cuban MiG-23s over the SAAF in the South African Border War. * The growth of the modern day multibillion-dollar South African arms industry. * The end of shipments by the United States of enriched uranium fuel for South Africa's SAFARI-1 research nuclear reactor. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 454
United Nations Security Council resolution 454 was adopted on 2 November 1979. After hearing representations from the People's Republic of Angola, the Council recalled resolutions 387 (1976) and 447 (1979), noting its concern and condemned the continuing attacks on the country by South Africa through illegally-occupied South West Africa. The Council demanded that South Africa cease the attacks and respect Angola's sovereignty and territorial integrity. It also called on South Africa to cease using the territory of South West Africa to launch attacks against Angola and other African states. The resolution requested that Member States offer immediate assistance to Angola to strengthen its defence capabilities. The resolution was approved by 12 votes to zero, with France, the United Kingdom and United States abstaining. See also * List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500 (1976–1982) * Namibian War of Independence * Apartheid Apartheid (, espe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 466
United Nations Security Council resolution 466, adopted unanimously on 11 April 1980, after hearing representations from Zambia and recalling 455 (1979), the council condemned the continued and unprovoked attacks on Zambia by South Africa. The council continued to demand the withdrawal of South African forces from Zambian territory and warns that the council will take further action, including under Chapter VII, if this is not met. It also commended Zambia for its restraint during the attacks. See also * List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500 (1976–1982) * South African Border War * South Africa under apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ... ReferencesText of the Resolution at undocs.org External links * {{UNSCR 1980 0466 20th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on ''baasskap'' (boss-hood or boss-ship), which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation's minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed by Indians and Coloureds, then black Africans. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into ''petty apartheid'', which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, and ''grand apartheid'', which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Prisoner
A political prisoner is someone imprisoned for their political activity. The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations". The status of a political prisoner is generally awarded to individuals based on declarations of non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, on a case-by-case basis. While such status are often widely recognized by the international public opinion, they are often rejected by individual governments accused of holding political prisoners, which tend to deny any bias in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist who served as the President of South Africa, first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a Universal suffrage, fully representative democratic election. Presidency of Nelson Mandela, His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by fostering racial Conflict resolution, reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialism, socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. A Xhosa people, Xhosa, Mandela was born into the Thembu people, Thembu royal family in Mvezo, Union of South Africa. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial and African ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amnesty
Amnesty (from the Ancient Greek ἀμνηστία, ''amnestia'', "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is increasingly used to express the idea of "freedom" and to refer to when prisoners can go free. Amnesties, which in the United Kingdom may be granted by the crown or by an act of Parliament, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Media Of South Africa
The mass media in South Africa has a large mass media sector and is one of Africa's major media centres. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another. Afrikaans is the second most commonly used language, especially in the publishing sector. Up until 1994, the country had a thriving Alternative press comprising community broadsheets, bilingual weeklies and even student "zines" and photocopied samizdats. After the elections, funding and support for such ventures dried up, but there has been a resurgence of interest in alternative forms of news gathering of late, particularly since the events of 11 September 2001. Press freedom Press freedom has a chequered history in South Africa. While some sectors of the South African media openly criticised the apartheid system and the National Party gove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arms Embargo
An arms embargo is a restriction or a set of sanctions that applies either solely to weaponry or also to "dual-use technology." An arms embargo may serve one or more purposes: * to signal disapproval of the behavior of a certain actor * to maintain neutrality in an ongoing conflict * as a peace mechanism that is part of a peace process to resolve an armed conflict * to limit the ability of an actor to inflict violence on others * to weaken a country's military capabilities before a foreign intervention Historical examples Argentina US President Jimmy Carter imposed an arms embargo on the military government of Argentina in 1977 in response to human rights abuses. An arms embargo was put in place, along with other economic sanctions by the European Economic Community (EEC), within a week of the 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentina, two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic. The European nations ended the embargo after the end of the ensuing Falklands W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 To 500
This is a list of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500 adopted between 14 December 1976 and 28 January 1982. See also * Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions * List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 301 to 400 This is a list of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 301 to 400 adopted between 20 October 1971 and 7 December 1976. See also * Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions * List of United Nations Security Council Resoluti ... * List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 501 to 600 {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 To 500 *0401 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
