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Unit Price
A product's average price is the result of dividing the product's total sales revenue by the total units sold. When one product is sold in variants, such as bottle sizes, managers must define "comparable" units. Average prices can be calculated by weighting different unit selling prices by the percentage of unit sales (mix) for each product variant. If we use a standard, rather than an actual mix of sizes and product varieties, the result is price per statistical unit. Statistical units are also called equivalent units. Average price per unit and prices per statistical unit are needed by marketers who sell the same product in different packages, sizes, forms, or configurations at a variety of different prices. As in analyses of different channels, these product and price variations must be reflected accurately in overall average prices. If they are not, marketers may lose sight of what is happening to prices and why. If the price of each product variant remained unchanged, for ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB)
The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB), authorized by the Marketing Accountability Foundation,MASB''Marketing Accountability Foundation (MAF)''. ited 8 December 2010/ref> is an independent, private sector, self-governing group of academics and practitioners that establishes marketing measurement and accountability standards intended for continuous improvement in financial performance, and for the guidance and education of users of performance and financial information. History Establishment of the Board (i.e., MASB) was recommended by The Boardroom Project (2004–2007) in response to growing demand for marketing accountability.Gregory, James"In Search of Brand Accountability."''Branding Strategy Insider.'' 9 July 2010. ited 19 January 2011/ref> The Boardroom Project found that marketing has been relegated to the “default” category (control costs) because it lacks metrics that reliably tie activities and costs to financial return. While issues surrounding metri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trade
Trade involves the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money. Economists refer to a system or network that allows trade as a market. An early form of trade, barter, saw the direct exchange of goods and services for other goods and services, i.e. trading things without the use of money. Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and letter of credit, paper money, and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade involving more than two traders is called multilateral trade. In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the division of labour, a predominant form of economic activity in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trades for other product ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Financial Economics
Financial economics, also known as finance, is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on ''both sides'' of a trade". William F. Sharpe"Financial Economics", in Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as share prices, interest rates and exchange rates, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: Merton H. Miller, (1999). The History of Finance: An Eyewitness Account, ''Journal of Portfolio Management''. Summer 1999. asset pricing, commonly known as "Investments", and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital. It thus provides the theoretical underpinning for much of finance. The subject is concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment".See Fama ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unit Price Information In Supermarkets
Unit price information printed on supermarket shelf labels ( price tickets) illustrates the quantity of product by a unit of measure (price per 100 g, price per 100 ml). Unit pricing was originally designed as a device to enable customers to make comparisons between grocery products of different sizes and brand, hence enabling informed purchase decisions. The provision of prescribed product quantities enable supermarket shoppers to discriminate intelligently between competing goods of different shapes and sizes. There remains debate about the extent of consumer awareness, understanding and adoption of this information. It is argued that as a measure of a consumer's understanding of unit pricing, comprehension is richer in content and thus reveals more information compared to awareness. Although higher levels of awareness is self reported, only 56% of shoppers could provide satisfactory descriptions of how to use unit price information. The difference between reported awar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lump Sum
A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made over time (such as an annuity). The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development distinguishes between " price analysis" and "cost analysis" by whether the decision maker compares lump sum amounts, or subjects contract prices to an itemized cost breakdown. In 1911, American union leaders including Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor expressed opposition to lump sums being awarded to their members pursuant to a new workers compensation law, saying that when they received lump sums rather than periodic payments the risk of them squandering the money was greater. ''The Financial Times'' reported in July 2011 that research by Prudential had found that 79% of polled pensioners in the UK collecting a company or private pension that year took a tax-free lump sum as part of their retirement benefits, as compared to 76% in 2008. Prudential was of the view that for many retir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulk Purchasing
Bulk purchasing or mass buying is the purchase of much larger quantities than the usual, for a unit price that is lower than the usual. Wholesaling is selling goods in large quantities at a low unit price to retail merchants. The wholesaler will accept a slightly lower sales price for each unit, if the retailer will agree to purchase a much greater quantity of units, so the wholesaler can maximize profit. A wholesaler usually represents a factory where goods are produced. The factory owners can use economy of scale to increase profit as the quantity sold increases. Retailing is buying goods in a wholesale market to sell them in small quantities at higher prices to consumers. Part of this profit is justified by logistics, the useful distribution function of the retailer, who delivers the goods to consumers and divides those large quantities of goods into many smaller units suitable for many transactions with many small parties of consumers. Retailers can also benefit from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suggested Retail Price
The list price, also known as the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP), or the recommended retail price (RRP), or the suggested retail price (SRP) of a product is the price at which its manufacturer notionally recommends that a retailer sell the product. Suggested pricing methods may conflict with competition theory, as they allow prices to be set higher than would be established by supply and demand. Resale price maintenance—fixing prices—goes further than suggesting prices, and is illegal in many countries. Retailers may charge less than the suggested retail price, depending upon the actual wholesale cost of each item, usually purchased in bulk from the manufacturer, or in smaller quantities through a distributor. The suggested price is sometimes unrealistically high, so the seller can appear to be offering a discount. List price often cannot be compared directly internationally as products may differ in detail, sometimes due to different regulations, and list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ask Price
Ask price, also called offer price, offer, asking price, or simply ask, is the price a seller states they will accept. The seller may qualify the stated asking price as firm or negotiable. Firm means the seller is implying that the price is fixed and will not change. In bid and ask, the term ask price is used in contrast to the term bid price. The difference between the bid price and the ask price is called the spread. Stock exchange In the context of stock trading on a stock exchange, the ask price is the lowest price a seller of a stock is willing to accept for a share of that given stock. For over-the-counter stocks, the asking price is the best quoted price at which a market maker is willing to sell a stock. Mutual funds For mutual funds, the asking price is the net asset value plus any sales charges. It is also called asked price or offering price or ask. Commodities The ask price is the lowest price a seller of a commodity is willing to accept for that commodit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brita (company)
Brita GmbH is a German company which manufactures water filters. The company headquarters are in Taunusstein near Wiesbaden in Hesse, Germany. Manufacturing facilities are in China, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Brita products are distributed in 69 countries. Products Brita produces water jugs ( BPA-free, made of styrene methyl methacrylate copolymer), kettles and tap attachments with integrated disposable filters. The filters can be recycled. Their primary filtering mechanism consists of activated carbon and ion-exchange resin. The activated carbon is produced from coconut shells."Questions about products and water filtration" Brita UK. Retrieved 2018-04-03. According to Brita, the filters have two effects: * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stock-keeping Unit
In inventory management, a stock keeping unit (abbreviated as SKU and pronounced or ) is the unit of measure in which the stocks of a material are managed. Or to put it another way; is a distinct type of item for sale, purchased, or tracked in inventory, such as a product or service, and all attributes associated with the item type that distinguish it from other item types. (For a product, these attributes can include manufacturer, description, material, size, color, packaging, and warranty terms.) When a business records the inventory of its stock, it counts the quantity it has of each unit, or SKU. SKU can also refer to a unique identifier or code, sometimes represented via a barcode for scanning and tracking, that refers to the particular stock keeping unit. These identifiers are not regulated or standardized. When a company receives items from a vendor, it has a choice of maintaining the vendor's SKU or creating its own. This makes them distinct from Global Trade Item Number ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consumable
Consumables (also known as consumable goods, non-durable goods, or soft goods) are goods that are intended to be consumed. People have, for example, always consumed food and water. Consumables are in contrast to durable goods. Disposable products are a particular, extreme case of consumables, because their end-of-life is reached after a single use. Consumables are products that consumers use ''recurrently'', i.e., items which "get used up" or discarded. For example consumable office supplies are such products as paper, pens, file folders, Post-it notes, and toner or ink cartridges. This is in contrast to capital goods or durable goods in the office, such as computers, fax machines, and other business machines or office furniture. Sometimes a company sells a durable good at an attractively low price in the hopes that the consumer will then buy the consumables that go with it at a price providing a higher margin. Printers and ink cartridges are an example, as are cameras and film as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Finance Association
The American Finance Association (AFA) is an academic organization whose focus is the study and promotion of knowledge of financial economics. It was formed in 1939. Its main publication, the '' Journal of Finance'', was first published in 1946. __TOC__ Mission The purpose of the association is to: *Act as a mutual association of persons with an interest in finance *Improve the public understanding of financial problems *Provide for the exchange of financial ideas through the distribution of the ''Journal of Finance'' and other media *Encourage the study of finance in colleges and universities *Conduct other activities appropriate for a non-profit, professional society in the field of finance Membership As of 2022, the association has over 12,000 members. A variety of membership options exist and membership is open to anyone. A number of members are also distinguished in the Society of Fellows of the Association. These are members who have made significant contributions t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
