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TSERE
Tzere (also spelled ''Tsere'', ''Tzeirei'', ''Zere'', ''Zeire'', ''Ṣērê''; modern he, צֵירֵי, , sometimes also written ; formerly ''ṣērê'') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by two horizontally-aligned dots "◌ֵ" underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, tzere is pronounced the same as segol and indicates the phoneme /e/, which is the same as the "e" sound in the vowel segol and is transliterated as an "e". There was a distinction in Tiberian Hebrew between segol and Tzere. Usage Tzere is usually written in these cases: * In final stressed closed syllables: מַחְשֵׁב (, ''computer''), סִפֵּר (, ''he told''; without niqqud סיפר). Also in final syllables closed by guttural letters with an added furtive patach: מַטְבֵּעַ (, ''coin''), שוֹכֵחַ (, ''forgetting''). Notable exceptions to this rule are: ** The personal suffixes ־תֶם (, 2 pl. m.), ־תֶן (, 2 pl. f.), ־כֶם (, 2 pl. m.), ־כֶן (, 2 pl. f.), ־הֶם ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maqaf
Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English language, English and other Western world, Western languages, Modern Hebrew having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages in order to avoid the ambiguities sometimes occasioned by the relative paucity of such symbols in Biblical Hebrew. Punctuation Quotation marks With most printed Hebrew texts from the early 1970s and before, opening quotation marks are low (as in German language, German), and closing ones are high, often going above the letters themselves (as opposed to the gershayim, which is level with the top of letters). An example of this system is . However, this distinction in Hebrew between opening and closing quotation marks has mostly disappeared, and today, quotations are most often punctuated as they are in English (such as ), with both quotation marks high. This is due to the advent of the Hebrew keyboard, Hebrew keyboard layout, which lacks the opening quotation mark ⟨⟩, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hebrew Alphabet
The Hebrew alphabet ( he, אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי, ), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic, especially among Druze. It is an offshoot of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet. Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet. The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on the contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet and was technically known by Jewish sages as Ashurit (lit. "Assyrian script"), since its origins we ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
He (letter)
He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Hē , Hebrew Hē , Aramaic Hē , Syriac Hē , and Arabic . Its sound value is the voiceless glottal fricative (). The proto-Canaanite letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon Ε ε, Etruscan 𐌄, Latin E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, Ё, Є, Э, and Ҩ. ''He'', like all Phoenician letters, represented a consonant, but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent vowel sounds. Origins In Proto- Northwest Semitic there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular , glottal , and pharyngeal . In the Wadi el-Hol script, these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs V28' " thread", A28 ' "jubilation", compare South Arabian , , , Ge'ez , , , and O6 ' "court". In the Phoenician alphabet, ' and ' are merged into Heth "fence", while ' is replaced by ''He'' "window". Arabic hāʾ The letter is named '. It is written in several ways dep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleph
Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician , Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Arabic ʾ and North Arabian 𐪑. It also appears as South Arabian 𐩱 and Ge'ez . These letters are believed to have derived from an Egyptian hieroglyph depicting an ox's head to describe the initial sound of ''*ʾalp'', the West Semitic word for ox (compare Biblical Hebrew ''ʾelef'', "ox"). The Phoenician variant gave rise to the Greek alpha (), being re-interpreted to express not the glottal consonant but the accompanying vowel, and hence the Latin A and Cyrillic А. Phonetically, ''aleph'' originally represented the onset of a vowel at the glottis. In Semitic languages, this functions as a prosthetic weak consonant, allowing roots with only two true consonants to be conjugated in the manner of a standard three consonant Semitic root. In most Hebrew dialects as well as Syriac, the ''aleph'' is an absence of a true co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yodh
Yodh (also spelled jodh, yod, or jod) is the tenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Yōd /𐤉, Hebrew Yōd , Aramaic Yod , Syriac Yōḏ ܝ, and Arabic . Its sound value is in all languages for which it is used; in many languages, it also serves as a long vowel, representing . The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Iota (Ι), Latin I and J, Cyrillic І, Coptic (Ⲓ) and Gothic eis . The term yod is often used to refer to the speech sound , a palatal approximant, even in discussions of languages not written in Semitic abjads, as in phonological phenomena such as English "yod-dropping". Origins Yod originated from a hieroglyphic “hand”, or *yad. Hebrew Yod Hebrew spelling: colloquial ;The letter appears with or without a hook on different sans-serif fonts, for example: * Arial, DejaVu Sans, Arimo, Open Sans: * Tahoma, Alef, Heebo: Pronunciation In both Biblical and modern Hebrew, Yod represents a palatal approximant (). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mater Lectionis
''Matres lectionis'' (from Latin "mothers of reading", singular form: ''mater lectionis'', from he, אֵם קְרִיאָה ) are consonants that are used to indicate a vowel, primarily in the writing down of Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac. The letters that do this in Hebrew are '' aleph'' , '' he'' , '' waw'' and '' yod'' , and in Arabic, the ''matres lectionis'' (though they are much less often referred to thus) are ''ʾalif'' , ''wāw'' and ''yāʾ'' . The yod'' and ''waw'' in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants. The original value of the ''matres lectionis'' corresponds closely to what is called in modern linguistics glides or semivowels. Overview Because the scripts used to write some Semitic languages lack vowel letters, unambiguous reading of a text might be difficult. Therefore, to indicate vowels (mostly long), consonant letters are used. For example, in the Hebrew construct-state form ''bēt'', meaning "the house ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segolate
Segolates are words in the Hebrew language whose end is of the form CVCVC, where the penultimate vowel receives syllable stress. Such words are called "segolates" because the final unstressed vowel is typically (but not always) ''segol''. These words evolved from older Semitic words that ended in a complex coda; indeed, when a suffix (other than an absolute plural) is added to a segolate, the original form (or something similar) reappears (cf. ''kéleḇ'' "dog" vs. ''kalbī'' "my dog"). Examples: The ancient forms like ''*CawC'' (such as ''šawr'' "bull") almost universally evolved to non-segolate ''CôC'' ( šôr), though there are exceptions, such as ''mā́weṯ'' "death". Some segolate words' final syllable ends with a patach rather than a segol, due to the influence of guttural consonants (, , , ) in the final syllable. Classical Arabic still preserves forms similar to the reconstructed Ancient Hebrew forms, e.g. ''ʼarḍ'' "earth", ''kalb'' "dog", ''ʻayn'' "eye", ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Construct State
In Afro-Asiatic languages, the first noun in a genitive phrase of a possessed noun followed by a possessor noun often takes on a special morphological form, which is termed the construct state (Latin ''status constructus''). For example, in Arabic and Hebrew, the word for "queen" standing alone is ''malika'' and ''malka'' respectively, but when the word is possessed, as in the phrase "Queen of Sheba" (literally "Sheba's Queen"), it becomes ''malikat sabaʾ'' and ''malkat šəva'' respectively, in which ''malikat'' and ''malkat'' are the construct state (possessed) form and ''malika'' and ''malka'' are the absolute (unpossessed) form. In Geʽez, the word for "queen" is ንግሥት nəgə''ś''t, but in the construct state it is ንግሥተ, as in the phrase " heQueen of Sheba" ንግሥተ ሣባ nəgə''śta śābā.'' . The phenomenon is particularly common in Semitic languages (such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac), in Berber languages, and in the extinct Egyptian language. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carmel (biblical Settlement)
Carmel was an ancient Israelite town in Judea, lying about from Hebron, on the southeastern frontier of Mount Hebron.Amit (n.d.), pp. 226–228 Conder & Kitcherner (1883), p312/ref> In the Hebrew Bible There are several references to Carmel in the Bible. Carmel is mentioned as a city of Judah in the Book of Samuel and also in . It is mentioned as the place where Saul erects a monument after the expedition against the Amalekites (). Carmel is mentioned in as the place of Nabal's possessions, who was the husband of Abigail. Beside the agricultural importance of the site, Carmel had also a strategic importance because of it containing the only reliable natural spring of water in the immediate area, which waters are collected in a man-made pool. Carmel, in relation to Maon, lies directly to its north, within close proximity. Roman and Byzantine period Mentioned in Eusebius' '' Onomasticon'' as a village "10 milestones east of Hebron," the village housed a Roman garrison ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patach
Pataḥ ( he, פַּתָּח ', , Biblical Hebrew: ') is a Hebrew niqqud vowel sign represented by a horizontal line underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew, it indicates the phoneme which is close to the " sound in the English word ''far'' and is transliterated as an ''a''. In Modern Hebrew, a ' makes the same sound as a qamatz, as does the ' ( he, חֲטַף פַּתַח , "reduced "). The reduced (or ') niqqud exist for ', ', and ' which contain a ' next to it. In Yiddish orthography, a ''pataḥ'' (called ''pasekh'' in Yiddish) has two uses. The combination of pasekh with the letter aleph, אַ, is used to represent the vowel the combination of pasekh with a digraph consisting of two yods, ײַ, is used to represent the diphthong j Pronunciation The following table contains the pronunciation and transliteration of the different s in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The pronunciation in IPA is above and the transli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiberian Hebrew
Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Galilee under the Abbasid Caliphate. They wrote in the form of Tiberian vocalization, which employed diacritics added to the Hebrew letters: vowel signs and consonant diacritics ( nequdot) and the so-called accents (two related systems of cantillation signs or ''te'amim''). These together with the marginal notes masora magna and masora parva make up the Tiberian apparatus. Though the written vowels and accents came into use in around 750 CE, the oral tradition that they reflect is many centuries older, with ancient roots. Sources Today's Hebrew grammar books do not teach the Tiberian Hebrew that was described by the early grammarians. The prevailing view is that of David Qimchi's system of dividing the graphic signs into "short" and "long" vowels. The values assigned to the Tiberian vowel signs reveals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
