Maqaf

Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English and other Western languages, Modern Hebrew having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages in order to avoid the ambiguities sometimes occasioned by the relative paucity of such symbols in Biblical Hebrew.

Punctuation

Quotation marks

With most printed Hebrew texts from the early 1970s and before, opening quotation marks are low (as in German), and closing ones are high, often going above the letters themselves (as opposed to the gershayim, which is level with the top of letters). An example of this system is .

However, this distinction in Hebrew between opening and closing quotation marks has mostly disappeared, and today, quotations are most often punctuated as they are in English (such as ), with both quotation marks high. This is due to the advent of the Hebrew keyboard layout, which lacks the opening quotation mark ⟨„⟩, as well as to the lack in Hebrew of “ smart quotes” in certain word processing programs.

In addition, the quotation mark is often used for the similar looking but different '' gershayim'' mark ⟨⟩, as that too is absent from the Hebrew keyboard.

Period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma

Periods ( full stops), question marks, exclamation marks, and commas are used as in English.

A Hebrew period in a traditional '' serif'' face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark.

In Arabic, which is also written from right to left, the question mark ⟨⟩ is mirrored right-to-left from the English question mark. (Some browsers may display the character in the previous sentence as a forward question mark due to font or text directionality issues.) Hebrew is also written right-to-left, but uses a question mark that appears on the page in the same orientation as the English ⟨?⟩. Note that Hebrew commas are not mirrored - although that was once suggested (together with mirrored semi-colons, 'capital' letters, etc.) by a 19th century British minister called William Withers Ewbank.

Colon and '

Stemming from Biblical Hebrew, a ' ⟨ ⟩ is the equivalent of a period, and is used in some writings such as prayer books. Since a ' is absent from the Hebrew keyboard layout, and looks very similar to the colon ⟨:⟩, a colon is often substituted for it.

Vertical bar and ''paseq''

The ''paseq'' () ⟨⟩ originates from Biblical Hebrew. As it is not on a standard Hebrew keyboard, a vertical bar ⟨, ⟩ is often used instead. However, it is seldom if ever used in modern Israeli Hebrew, and is not mentioned on the Academy of the Hebrew Language's guide to modern Hebrew punctuation. The height of the ''paseq'' depends on the font, but it is generally the same as the letter .

Like much Biblical Hebrew punctuation, the meaning of the ''paseq'' is not known, although a number of hypotheses exist. The word itself means "separator", but this name was a medieval innovation by later Jews; the root does not exist in the Biblical Hebrew canon. James Kennedy, an English hebraist, wrote a book about the ''paseq'' in which he hypothesized that it was an ancient mark serving the same purpose as the modern word sic (in non-Latin texts). The Westminster Leningrad Codex contains over 500 ''paseq''s; William Wickes, an influential scholar in this area, divide them into nine classes; Wilhelm Gesenius, drawing on Wickes, divided them into five:

* as a divider between two words which end and begin with the same letters, e.g. (''Shalom'', ma)
* between identical or very similar words, e.g. (the dancer danced)
* between words which are to a high degree contradictory, e.g. ( God, evil)
* between words otherwise liable to be wrongly connected, e.g. , which prevents the somewhat bizarre phrase (, spoon) (, queue) from being wrongly read as (), meaning button.
* "and lastly, between heterogeneous terms, as Eleazar the High Priest, and Joshua" (see context in )

An example may be found in in the Westminster Leningrad Codex and many other manuscripts:

Hyphen and ''maqaf''

The ' () ⟨⟩ is the Hebrew hyphen ⟨-⟩, and has virtually the same purpose for connecting two words as in English. It is different from the hyphen in its positioning (a hyphen is in the middle in terms of height, the ' is at the top) and it has a biblical origin, unlike many other Modern Hebrew punctuation symbols, which have simply been imported from European languages.

The original purpose of the ''maqaf'' was to show that two words should be considered one for the purpose of dagesh placement, vowels, stress (''ṭaʿam'', ), and cantillation. This use continues into the present beyond reprintings of Biblical texts; for example, the sheet music for modern Hebrew songs, such as , are normally printed with them. The ' is well-used in Hebrew typography; most books and newspapers use it and have the hyphens higher than one would find in English. In typed documents, however, it is frequently not used because before the 2010s it was absent from most keyboards or cumbersome to type. As a consequence, a standard English hyphen ⟨-⟩ is most often used in online writings. This situation can be compared to that of users writing in Latin alphabets using the easily available hyphen-minus ⟨-⟩ over hyphen ⟨‐⟩, minus ⟨−⟩, en dash ⟨–⟩, and em dash ⟨—⟩.

As of 2010s, it is possible to insert ' using in most common operating systems: AltGr-Minus in desktop Linux and Windows 8 and higher according to the SI 1452 standard, Option key + Backslash on MacOS, and long tap on the minus in the iOS Hebrew keyboard and in Gboard on Android systems.

Brackets/parentheses

Brackets or parentheses, ⟨(⟩ and ⟨)⟩ are the same in Hebrew as in English. Since Hebrew is written from right to left, ⟨)⟩ becomes an opening bracket, and ⟨(⟩ a closing bracket, the opposite from English, which is written left to right.

Israeli currency

The shekel sign () is the currency sign for the Israeli currency (the Israeli new shekel), in the way $, £, and € exist for other currencies. The shekel sign, like the dollar sign ⟨$⟩, is usually placed to the left of the number (so ', rather than '), but since Hebrew is written from right to left, the symbol is actually written after the number. It is either not separated from the preceding number, or is separated only by a thin space.

Unlike the dollar sign, the new shekel sign is not used that often when handwriting monetary amounts, and is generally replaced by the abbreviation (standing for ', lit. "new shekel"). The new shekel sign can be typed on desktop Linux and Windows 8 and higher systems using the combination AltGr-4 according to the SI 1452 standard.

The short-lived Israeli old shekel, on the other hand, which symbol was ,As of April 2019, this symbol does not exist in Unicode. is rarely referred to in Israeli texts; both due to its lifespan of only five years and the fact that due to hyperinflation it lost value daily, so that referring to a value in Israeli old shekels, even in retrospective writing, is essentially meaningless without knowing the exact time the figure was quoted. As prices changed so rapidly, advertising of the time predominately used dollars; when the shekel was referred to at all, it was with the letter S or its full Hebrew name—; although certain banks, such as Bank Leumi, used the letter to refer to it on checks, as well as the Latin letters "I.S."

The Israeli pound was the Israeli Currency until 1980. Its sign is I£, and its abbreviation is .

''Geresh'' and ''gershayim''

The ''geresh'' ⟨⟩, is the Hebrew equivalent of a period in abbreviations (e.g. abbrev.), in addition to being attached to Hebrew letters to indicate sounds like soft ''g'' and ''ch'' in foreign names such as Charles () and Jake (). The '' gershayim'' ⟨⟩, is a Hebrew symbol indicating that a sequence of characters is an acronym, and is placed ''before'' the last character of the word. Owing to a Hebrew keyboard's having neither a ''geresh'' nor ''gershayim'', they are usually replaced online with, respectively, the visually similar apostrophe ⟨'⟩ and quotation mark ⟨"⟩. The quotation mark and apostrophe are higher than the ''geresh'' and ''gershayim'': where the latter are placed level with the top of Hebrew letters, the apostrophe and quotation marks are above them.

Some Hebrew-specific fonts (fonts designed primarily for Hebrew letters), such as David, Narkisim and FrankRuehl, do not feature the apostrophe and quotation marks as such but use the ''geresh'' and ''gershayim'' to substitute for them.

Mathematics

Mathematical expressions are written in Hebrew using the same symbols as in English, including Western numerals, which are written left to right. The only variant that exists is an alternative plus sign, which is a plus sign which looks like an inverted capital T. Unicode has this symbol at position U+FB29 "Hebrew letter alternative plus sign" (﬩).Unicode U+FB29 reference page
/ref> The reason for this practice is that it avoids the writing of a symbol "+" that looks like a Christian cross.Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 – Fortress Press)
"In Israel the plus sign used in mathematics is represented by a horizontal stroke with a vertical hook instead of the sign otherwise used all over the world, because the latter is reminiscent of a cross." (Page 96)

Reversed ''nun''

Reversed ''nun'' (also called inverted ''nun'', ''nun hafukha'', or ''nun menuzzeret'') is a rare character found in two Biblical Hebrew texts. Although in Judaic literature it is known as ''nun hafukha'' ("reversed ''nun''"), it does not function as any sort of letter in the text. It is not part of a word, and it is not read aloud in any way. It is simply a mark that is written, and is therefore a punctuation mark, not a letter. Also, it is surrounded by space.

While it depends on the particular manuscript or printed edition, it is found in nine places: twice in the Book of Numbers (prior to and after Numbers 10:34-36), and seven times in Psalm 107. It is uncertain today what it was intended to signify.

In many manuscripts, it does not even resemble a transformed ''nun'' at all, and when it does, it sometimes appears reversed (as mentioned above), sometimes inverted, and sometimes turned through 180°.Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set: International Organization for Standardization
/ref> Other times it appears to look like the letter Z.

Hebrew points (vowels)

These signs (points, ') indicate voweling or some other aspects of the pronunciation of a letter or word. While in Modern Hebrew they are not generally used outside poetry and children's books, a vowel point or other diacritic is occasionally added to resolve ambiguity.

One of these ', the ', is no longer used in Hebrew, even though it is routinely used in Yiddish spelling (as defined by YIVO).

Hebrew cantillation marks

The cantillation marks ( he, טעמים ') have a very specialized use. They are only found in printed Hebrew texts of Tanakh, to be memorized along with vowel marks as the Sefer Torah includes only the letters of the text without cantillation or vowel marks. Outside the Tanakh
* Hebrew spelling

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hebrew Punctuation
Hebrew alphabet
Modern Hebrew
Punctuation of specific languages