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Treaty Of Kyakhta (1727)
The Treaty of Kyakhta (or Kiakhta),, ; , Xiao'erjing: بُلِيًاصِٿِ\ٿِاكْتُ تِيَوْيُؤ; mn, Хиагтын гэрээ, Hiagtiin geree, along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), regulated the relations between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire of China until the mid-19th century. It was signed by Tulišen and Count Sava Lukich Raguzinskii-Vladislavich at the border city of Kyakhta on 23 August 1727. Results *Diplomatic and trade relations were established that lasted until the mid-19 century. *It established the northern border of Mongolia (what was then part of the Qing-Russian border). *The caravan trade from Kyakhta opened up (Russian furs for Chinese tea). *Agreement with Russia helped China expand westward and annex Xinjiang. Qing subjects are referred to as those from "Dulimbai gurun" in Manchu in the Treaty. Background By the 1640s Russian adventurers had taken control of the forested area north of Mongolia and Manchuria. From 1644, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyakhta
Kyakhta (russian: Кя́хта, ; bua, Хяагта, Khiaagta, ; mn, Хиагт, Hiagt, ) is a town and the administrative center of Kyakhtinsky District in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Kyakhta River near the Mongolia–Russia border. The town stands directly opposite the Mongolian border town of Altanbulag. Population: From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China. Etymology The Buryat name means ''place covered with couch grass,'' and is derived from Mongolian word , meaning ''couch grass''. Geography The region where Kyakhta stands is advantageous for Russo-Chinese trade. The Siberian River Routes connect the fur-bearing lands of Siberia to Lake Baikal. From there, the Selenga River valley is the natural route through the mountains southeast of Lake Baikal out onto the plains of Mongolia. History Kyakhta was founded in 1727 soon after the Treaty of Kyakhta was negotiated just north at Selenginsk. It was th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongolia–Russia Border
The Mongolia–Russia border ( mn, Монгол-Оросын хил, Mongol-Orosiin hil, ; russian: Российско-монгольская граница, Rossijsko-mongoljskaja granica) is the international border between Mongolia and the Russian Federation. It runs from west to east between the two tripoints with China for 3,452 km (2,145 mi). The boundary is the third longest border between Russia and another country, behind the Kazakhstan–Russia border and the China–Russia border. Description The border starts in the west at the western tripoint with China, located just 100 kilometres (62 miles) east of the China-Kazakhstan-Russia tripoint. It then proceeds overland in a broadly north-east direction through the Altai Mountains, up to the vicinity of Mongolia's Uvs Lake, briefly cutting into the lake so as to leave the far north-eastern corner in Russia. The border then proceeds eastwards via a series of overland lines, angled slightly to the south-east; this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Bell (traveller)
John Bell (1691–1780) was a Scottish doctor and traveller. Life Bell was born at Antermony, near Milton of Campsie, Stirlingshire, in Scotland. He studied medicine in Glasgow, and in 1714, set out for Saint Petersburg, where, through the introduction of a fellow Scot, he was nominated medical attendant to Artemy Volynsky, recently appointed to the Persian embassy, with whom he travelled from 1715 to 1718. The next four years, he spent in an embassy to China, passing through Siberia and the great Tatar deserts. He had scarcely rested from this last journey when he was summoned to attend Peter the Great in his expedition to Derbent and the Caspian Gates. In 1738, he was sent by the Russian government on a mission to Constantinople, returning in May to Saint Petersburg. It appears that after this he was for several years established as a merchant at Constantinople, where he married Mary Peters, a Russian lady, and returned to Scotland in 1746, where he spent the latter part of h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selenga River
The Selenga or Selenge ( ; bua, Сэлэнгэ гол / Сэлэнгэ мүрэн, translit=Selenge gol / Selenge müren; russian: Селенга́, ) is a major river in Mongolia and Buryatia, Russia. Originating from its headwater tributaries, the Ider and the Delger mörön, it flows for before draining into Lake Baikal. The Selenga therefore makes up the most distant headwaters of the Yenisey-Angara river system. Carrying of water into Lake Baikal, it makes up almost half of the riverine inflow into the lake, and forms a wide delta of when it reaches the lake. Periodic annual floods are a feature of the Selenga River. The floods can be classified as “ordinary”, “large” or “catastrophic” based on the degree of impact. Of the twenty-six documented floods that occurred between 1730 and 1900, three were “catastrophic”. The three “catastrophic” floods were the floods of 1830, 1869 and 1897. The Selenga River basin is a semi-arid region that is in area. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selenginsk
Selenginsk (russian: Селенги́нск; bua, Сэлэнгын, ''Selengyn'', mn, Сэлэнгэ, ''Selenge'') is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kabansky District of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located at the head of the Selenga River delta about from Lake Baikal and about northwest of Ulan-Ude, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 14,546. History It was established in 1961 as a Komsomol project around a paper mill. In post-Soviet times the paper mill was seen as a major source of pollution. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement (inhabited locality) of Selenginsk is incorporated within Kabansky District as Selenginsk Urban-Type SettlementResolution #431 (an administrative division of the district).Law #2433-III As a municipal division, Selenginsk Urban-Type Settlement is incorporated within Kabansky Municipal District as Selenginskoy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominique Parrenin
Dominique Parrenin or Parennin () (1 September 1665, at le Russey, near Besançon – 29 September 1741, at Beijing) was a French Jesuit missionary to China. Life Parrenin entered the Jesuit order on 1 September 1685. In 1697, he was sent to China. When he was in Beijing in 1698, he attracted the attention of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. His varied knowledge, and familiar use of the court languages, Chinese and Manchu, gained him the good will of the emperor. Parrenin used this favour in the interest of religion and science. While satisfying the curiosity of the Kangxi Emperor, especially about physics, medicine, and the history of Europe, he argued that the scientific culture of the West was due to Christianity. Obliged to travel with the emperor, he visited Chinese Christians. Well liked by important personages at the court and the highest dignitaries of the Qing Empire, he led them to look with favour on the spreading of Christianity. In the ''Lettres édifia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorenz Lange
Lorenz or Lorents Lange (russian: Лоренц (Лаврентий) Ланг; c. 1690 – 1752) was an official in 18th-century Siberia who dealt with Russo-Chinese trade and diplomacy. His reports were a major influence on Russian policy and an important early source of European knowledge of Siberia, Mongolia and China. He is usually said to have been a cornet in the Swedish cavalry who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Poltava in 1709.Foust, page 26, thinks that the evidence for this is inadequate and that he may have been a Swede, Dane or German who took service in Russia in some other way. He also claims that Lange was the adopted son of Robert Karlovich Areskin, personal physician to Peter the Great, that is, Robert Erskine, sixth son of Sir Charles Erskine, one of the Erskine Baronets of Alva At this time Russo-Chinese trade and diplomacy went through the western border to “Manchuria” since Mongolia was not fully under Chinese control. When the Manchus gained con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1722. The Kangxi Emperor's reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of ''de facto'' power, ascending as an adult and maintaining effective power until his death) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in history. However, since he ascended the throne at the age of seven, actual power was held for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang. The Kangxi Emperor is considered one of China's greatest emperors. He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and assorted Mongol rebels in the North and Northwest to submit to Qing rule, and blocked Tsa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang, also called Dzungaria. About 1620 the western Mongols, known as the Oirats, united in Dzungaria. In 1678, Galdan received from the Dalai Lama the title of ''Boshogtu Khan'', making the Dzungars the leading tribe within the Oirats. The Dzungar rulers used the title of Khong Tayiji, which translates into English as "crown prince". Between 1680 and 1688, the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin, which is now southern Xinjiang, and defeated the Khalkha Mongols to the east. In 1696, Galdan was defeated by the Qing dynasty and lost Outer Mongolia. In 1717 the Dzungars conquered Tibet, but were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oirats
Oirats ( mn, Ойрад, ''Oirad'', or , Oird; xal-RU, Өөрд; zh, 瓦剌; in the past, also Eleuths) are the westernmost group of the Mongols whose ancestral home is in the Altai Mountains, Altai region of Siberia, Xinjiang and western Mongolia. Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar people, Dzungar (Choros or Olot people, Olots), Torghut, Dörbet Oirat, Dörbet and Khoshut. The minor tribes include: Khoid, Bayads, Myangad, Zakhchin, Baatud. The modern Kalmyks of Kalmykia on the Caspian Sea in southeastern Europe are Oirats. Etymology The name derives from Mongolic languages, Mongolic ''oi'' ("forest, woods") and ''ard'' < *''harad'' ("people"),M.Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966 and they were counted among the "" in the 13th century. Similar to that is the Turkic languages, Turkic ''aghach ari'' ("woodman") that is found as a place name in many locales, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argun River (Asia)
The Argun or Ergune (russian: Аргунь, bua, Эргэнэ гол, ''Ergene gol''; mn, Эргүнэ мөрөн, ''Ergüne mörön''; evn, Ергэне ''Yergenye'', zh, 额尔古纳河 ''Éěrgǔnà hé'') is a long river that forms part of the eastern China–Russia border, together with the Amur (Heilong Jiang). Its upper reaches are known as Hailar River () in China. The Argun marks the border (established by the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689) between Russia and China for about , until it meets the Amur. Name The name derives from Buryat ''Urgengol'' 'wide river' (''urgen'' 'wide' + ''gol'' 'river'). Mongolian word "ergün" (in Traditional Mongolian alphabet) or "örgön" (in modern Mongolian) means "wide". Geography The river flows from the Western slope of the Greater Xing'an Range in China's Inner Mongolia, and forms the Chinese side of the two rivers that flow together to produce the Amur (Heilong). Its confluence with the Shilka at Ust-Strelka on the R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (, russian: Oзеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal ); mn, Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the Federal subjects of Russia, federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast, Irkutsk Oblasts of Russia, Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With of water, Lake Baikal is the world's List of lakes by volume, largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's List of lakes by depth, deepest lake, with a maximum depth of , and the world's ancient lake, oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At —slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's List of lakes by area, seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes. Lake Baikal is home to thousands of species of Plant, plants and animals, many of them endemic to the region. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
