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Tinosporide
Tinosporide is a chemical compound classified as a diterpenoid and a furanolactone. It was first isolated from the plant ''Tinospora cordifolia'', from which it derives its name. It has since been found in other plants of the genus ''Tinospora'', such as ''Tinospora glabra''. Because ''Tinospora cordifolia ''Tinospora cordifolia'' (common names gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed, guduchi or giloy) is a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae indigenous to tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in Ayurveda to treat various diso ...'' has been used in traditional herbal medicine, there has been research directed at exploring the potential pharmacology of tinosporide and related compounds. Related compounds Other diterpenoid furanolactones with a similar structure include columbin, palmarin, and chasmanthin. File:columbin.svg, Columbin File:palmarin.svg, Palmarin File:chasmanthin.svg, Chasmanthin External links Furans Lactones Diterpenoids Heteroc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinospora Cordifolia
''Tinospora cordifolia'' (common names gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed, guduchi or giloy) is a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae indigenous to tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in Ayurveda to treat various disorders, but there is no clinical evidence for the effectiveness of such treatment. Botanical description It is a large, deciduous, extensively-spreading, climbing vine with several elongated twining branches. Leaves are simple, alternate, and exstipulate with long petioles up to long which are roundish and pulvinate, both at the base and apex with the basal one longer and twisted partially and half way around. It gets its name heart-leaved moonseed by its heart-shaped leaves and its reddish fruit. Lamina are broadly ovate or ovate cordate, long or broad, seven nerved and deeply cordate at base, membranous, pubescent above, whitish tomentose with a prominent reticulum beneath. Flowers are unisexual, small on separate plants and appearin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diterpenoid
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory. Structures As with most terpenes a huge number of potential structures exists, which may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. Biosynthesis Diterpenes are derived from the addition of one IPP unit to FPP to form geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). From GGPP, structural diversity is achieved mainly by two classes of enzymes; the diterpene synthases and cytochromes P450. Several diterpenes are produced by plants and cyanobacteria. GGPP is also the precursor for the synthesis of the phytane by the action of the enzyme geranylger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furanolactone
A furanolactone is a heterocyclic chemical compound that contains both a lactone and a furan ring structure. Examples include: * The salvinorins, including the hallucinogenic compound salvinorin A * Columbin, a bitter diterpenoid from '' Calumbae Radix'' * Limonoids such as limonin, nomilin, and nomilinic acid * Tinosporide, a diterpenoid originally isolated from ''Tinospora cordifolia ''Tinospora cordifolia'' (common names gurjo, heart-leaved moonseed, guduchi or giloy) is a herbaceous vine of the family Menispermaceae indigenous to tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in Ayurveda to treat various diso ...'' References {{reflist Lactones 3-Furyl compounds ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinospora
''Tinospora'' is a genus of succulent woody climbing shrubs. Thirty-four species are currently recognized. Species generally send down long aerial roots from host trees. They have corky or papery bark. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical parts of Asia, Africa and Australia. The most common species are '' T. cordifolia'' and '' T. crispa''. Species ''Tinospora'' species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of April 2021: *'' Tinospora arfakiana'' *'' Tinospora baenzigeri'' *'' Tinospora bakis'' *'' Tinospora celebica'' *''Tinospora cordifolia'' *''Tinospora crispa'' *'' Tinospora dentata'' *'' Tinospora dissitiflora'' *'' Tinospora esiangkara'' *'' Tinospora formanii'' *'' Tinospora fragosa'' *''Tinospora glabra'' *'' Tinospora glandulosa'' *'' Tinospora guangxiensis'' *'' Tinospora hainanensis'' *''Tinospora hirsuta'' *'' Tinospora homosepala'' *'' Tinospora macrocarpa'' *''Tinospora maqsoodiana'' *''Tinospora merrilliana'' *''Tinospora neoca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinospora Glabra
''Tinospora'' is a genus of succulent woody climbing shrubs. Thirty-four species are currently recognized. Species generally send down long aerial roots from host trees. They have corky or papery bark. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical parts of Asia, Africa and Australia. The most common species are '' T. cordifolia'' and '' T. crispa''. Species ''Tinospora'' species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of April 2021: *'' Tinospora arfakiana'' *'' Tinospora baenzigeri'' *'' Tinospora bakis'' *'' Tinospora celebica'' *''Tinospora cordifolia'' *'' Tinospora crispa'' *'' Tinospora dentata'' *'' Tinospora dissitiflora'' *'' Tinospora esiangkara'' *'' Tinospora formanii'' *'' Tinospora fragosa'' *'' Tinospora glabra'' *'' Tinospora glandulosa'' *'' Tinospora guangxiensis'' *'' Tinospora hainanensis'' *''Tinospora hirsuta'' *'' Tinospora homosepala'' *'' Tinospora macrocarpa'' *'' Tinospora maqsoodiana'' *''Tinospora merrilliana'' *''Tinospora n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furans
Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans. Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic solvents, including alcohol, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water. Its odor is "strong, ethereal; chloroform-like". It is toxic and may be carcinogenic in humans. Furan is used as a starting point for other speciality chemicals. History The name "furan" comes from the Latin ''furfur'', which means bran. ( Furfural is produced from bran.) The first furan derivative to be described was 2-furoic acid, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780. Another important derivative, furfural, was reported by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1831 and characterised nine years later by John Stenhouse. Furan itself was first prepared by Heinrich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactones
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure (), or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. Lactones are formed by intramolecular esterification of the corresponding hydroxycarboxylic acids, which takes place spontaneously when the ring that is formed is five- or six-membered. Lactones with three- or four-membered rings (α-lactones and β-lactones) are very reactive, making their isolation difficult. Special methods are normally required for the laboratory synthesis of small-ring lactones as well as those that contain rings larger than six-membered. Nomenclature Lactones are usually named according to the precursor acid molecule (''aceto'' = 2 carbon atoms, ''propio'' = 3, ''butyro'' = 4, ''valero'' = 5, ''capro'' = 6, etc.), with a ''-lactone'' suffix and a Greek letter prefix that specifies the number of carbon atoms in the heterocycle — that is, the distance between the relevant -OH ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diterpenoids
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory. Structures As with most terpenes a huge number of potential structures exists, which may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present. Biosynthesis Diterpenes are derived from the addition of one IPP unit to FPP to form geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). From GGPP, structural diversity is achieved mainly by two classes of enzymes; the diterpene synthases and cytochromes P450. Several diterpenes are produced by plants and cyanobacteria. GGPP is also the precursor for the synthesis of the phytane by the action of the enzyme geranylg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterocyclic Compounds With 5 Rings
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles. Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes. More than half of known compounds are heterocycles. 59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles. Classification The study of heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of heterocycles refers to those fused to benzene rings. For example, the fused benzene derivatives of pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan are quinol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
