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Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔)
The Tự Đức Bảo Sao (chữ Hán: 嗣德寶鈔) was a series of large denomination Vietnamese cash coins produced under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức from 1861 to complement the contemporary Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) copper and zinc cash coins with larger nominal values. These coins were very badly received by the general population as their intrinsic value was relatively low compared to their nominal value and for this reason the Vietnamese government reduced the value of a single Tiền to 50 văn and allowed these coins to be used for the payment of taxes. The Tự Đức Bảo Sao is the first Vietnamese cash coin series that uses the denomination '' văn'' (文) replacing the earlier weight based denomination of '' phân'' (分). History The Tự Đức Bảo Sao or ''Đồng Sao'' (銅鈔, billets of copper) were introduced by the Ministry of Revenue (戸部, ''Hộ Bộ'') in the year Tự Đức 14 (1961) for large transactions and taxes on b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heirloom Seal Of The Nguyễn Dynasty
In popular usage, an heirloom is something that has been passed down for generations through family members. Examples are a Family Bible, antiques, weapons or jewellery. The term originated with the historical principle of an heirloom in English law, a chattel which by immemorial usage was regarded as annexed by inheritance to a family estate. Loom originally meant a tool. Such genuine heirlooms were almost unknown by the beginning of the twentieth century. English legal history In the English legal system, any owner of a genuine heirloom could dispose of it during his lifetime, but he could not bequeath it by will away from the estate. If the owner died intestate, it went to his heir-at-law, and if he devised the estate it went to the devisee. The word subsequently acquired a secondary meaning, applied to furniture, pictures, ''etc.'', vested in trustees to hold on trust for the person for the time being entitled to the possession of a settled house. Such things were m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vietnamese Units Of Measurement
Vietnamese units of measurement ( vi, hệ đo lường Việt Nam) are the largely decimal units of measurement traditionally used in Vietnam until metrication. The base unit of length is the ''thước'' (chữ Nôm: 𡱩; lit. "ruler") or ''xích'' (). Some of the traditional unit names have been repurposed for metric units, such as ''thước'' for the metre, while other traditional names remain in translations of imperial units, such as ''dặm Anh'' for the English mile. History Originally, many ''thước'' of varying lengths were in use in Vietnam, each used for different purposes. According to Hoàng Phê (1988), the traditional system of units had at least two ''thước'' of different lengths before 1890, the ''thước ta'' (lit. "our ruler") or ''thước mộc'' ("wooden ruler"), equal to , and the ''thước đo vải'' ("ruler for measuring cloth"), equal to . According to historian Nguyễn Đình Đầu, the ''trường xích'' and ''điền xích'' were both equ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tự Đức Bảo Sao (嗣德寶鈔) Reverse Reading (10 To 60 Văn Denominations)
The Tự Đức Bảo Sao (chữ Hán: 嗣德寶鈔) was a series of large denomination Vietnamese cash coins produced under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức from 1861 to complement the contemporary Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) copper and zinc cash coins with larger nominal values. These coins were very badly received by the general population as their intrinsic value was relatively low compared to their nominal value and for this reason the Vietnamese government reduced the value of a single Tiền to 50 văn and allowed these coins to be used for the payment of taxes. The Tự Đức Bảo Sao is the first Vietnamese cash coin series that uses the denomination '' văn'' (文) replacing the earlier weight based denomination of '' phân'' (分). History The Tự Đức Bảo Sao or ''Đồng Sao'' (銅鈔, billets of copper) were introduced by the Ministry of Revenue (戸部, ''Hộ Bộ'') in the year Tự Đức 14 (1961) for large transactions and taxes on be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, it shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Africa and Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and Asia to the east. Europe is commonly considered to be Boundaries between the continents of Earth#Asia and Europe, separated from Asia by the drainage divide, watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural (river), Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Thierry (numismatist)
François Thierry de Crussol is a French numismatist, specialising in East Asian currency. (His Chinese name is 蒂埃里 Di Ali). Career Thierry is honorary curator at the Département des Monnaies et Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale de France. Before retirement he was curator of Oriental coins, and a leading scholar in this field, having produced several well-received books, catalogues of the BnF collection, and numerous articles relating to East Asian numismatics. Awards and honours * 2006 Awarded the Medal of the Royal Numismatic Society * 2017 Awarded the Prix Hirayama - by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, f ... - for his book ''Les monnaies de la Chine ancienne, des origines à la fin de l'Empire'' (Paris, Les ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandarin (bureaucrat)
A mandarin () was a bureaucrat scholar in the history of China, Korea and Vietnam. The term is generally applied to the officials appointed through the imperial examination system; it sometimes includes the eunuchs also involved in the governance of the above realms. History and use of the term The English term comes from the Portuguese ''mandarim'' (spelled in Old Portuguese as ''mandarin,'' ). The Portuguese word was used in one of the earliest Portuguese reports about China: letters from the imprisoned survivors of the Tomé Pires' embassy, which were most likely written in 1524, and in Castanheda's ''História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' (c. 1559). Matteo Ricci, who entered mainland China from Portuguese Macau in 1583, also said the Portuguese used the word. The Portuguese word was thought by many to be related to ''mandador'' ("one who commands") and ''mandar'' ("to command"), from Latin ''mandare''. Modern dictionaries, however, agree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiat Currency
Fiat money (from la, fiat, "let it be done") is a type of currency that is not backed by any commodity such as gold or silver. It is typically designated by the issuing government to be legal tender. Throughout history, fiat money was sometimes issued by local banks and other institutions. In modern times, fiat money is generally authorized by government regulation. Fiat money generally does not have intrinsic value and does not have use value. It has value only because the individuals who use it as a unit of account or, in the case of currency, a medium of exchange agree on its value. They trust that it will be accepted by merchants and other people. Fiat money is an alternative to commodity money, which is a currency that has intrinsic value because it contains, for example, a precious metal such as gold or silver which is embedded in the coin. Fiat also differs from representative money, which is money that has intrinsic value because it is backed by and can be converted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qing Dynasty Coinage
Qing dynasty coinage (; Manchu: ; Möllendorff: ''Daicing jiha'') was based on a bimetallic standard of copper and silver coinage. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty was established in 1636 and ruled over China proper from 1644 until it was overthrown by the Xinhai Revolution in 1912. The Qing dynasty saw the transformation of a traditional cash coin based cast coinage monetary system into a modern currency system with machine-struck coins, while the old traditional silver ingots would slowly be replaced by silver coins based on those of the Mexican peso. After the Qing dynasty was abolished its currency was replaced by the Chinese yuan of the Republic of China. Later Jin dynasty coinage (1616–1636) Prior to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the Aisin Gioro clan established the Later Jin dynasty, named after the Jin dynasty of the Wanyan clan. Nurhaci had united the many tribes of the Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchens under the leadership of the Aisin Gioro clan, and lat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiền
The term ''tiền'' ( Hán tự: 錢) is used to refer to various currency-related concepts used in Vietnamese history. The name is a cognate with the Chinese ''qián'' (錢), a unit of weight called " mace" in English. It can refer to a unit of weight used in precious metal coinages as well as the number of cash coins in a string. The name was also used for different awards, both Chinese-style and Western-style awards given in Vietnam throughout different times of its history. The word ''tiền'' is also the Vietnamese word for the concept of money in general. Cash coins In cash coins the term ''tiền'' could be used to refer to sub-strings of 10 cash coins in a string of 100~600. Though the quality of cash coins was also important for counting a ''tiền'', in 1945 a ''tiền'' of ''tiền gián'' included 36 cash coins, while a ''tiền'' of '' tiền quý'' included 60 cash coins. Precious metal coinages In the early 19th century, silver and gold bars were tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it the world's sixteenth-most populous country. Vietnam borders China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City (commonly known as Saigon). Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Revenue (Vietnam) , a former Ukrainian ministry
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Ministry of Revenue may refer to: * Ministry of Revenue (imperial China) * Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra), India * Ministry of Revenue (Ontario), Canada * Ministry of Revenue (Quebec), now ''Revenu Québec'', Canada See also * Ministry of Finance (other) * Department of Revenue (other) * Board of Revenue (other) * Treasury (other) * Exchequer * Ministry of Revenues and Duties The Ministry of Revenues and Duties ( uk, Міністерство доходів і зборів України) was a government ministry of Ukraine. The ministry was created on 24 December 2012 by a Decree of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanuk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Payment Box Seized In About The Year 1884 In The Province Of Bình-Ðịnh (1884) François Thierry
A payment is the voluntary tender of money or its equivalent or of things of value by one party (such as a person or company) to another in exchange for goods, or services provided by them, or to fulfill a legal obligation. The party making the payment is commonly called the payer, while the payee is the party receiving the payment. Payments can be effected in a number of ways, for example: * the use of money, cheque, or debit, credit, or bank transfers, whether through mobile payment or otherwise * the transfer of anything of value, such as stock, or using barter, the exchange of one good or service for another. In general, payees are at liberty to determine what method of payment they will accept; though normally laws require the payer to accept the country's legal tender up to a prescribed limit. Payment is most commonly effected in the local currency of the payee unless the parties agree otherwise. Payment in another currency involves an additional foreign exchange transaction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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