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Type Qualifier
In the context of programming languages, a type qualifier is a keyword that can be used to annotate a type to instruct the compiler to treat the now ''qualified type'' in a special way. By language C/C++ and C11, there are four type qualifiers in standard C: const ( C89), volatile ( C89), restrict ( C99) and _Atomic ( C11) – the latter has a private name to avoid clashing with user-defined names. The first two of these, const and volatile, are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++. Thus in C++ the term "''cv''-qualified type" (for const and volatile) is often used for "qualified type", while the terms "''c''-qualified type" and "''v''-qualified type" are used when only one of the qualifiers is relevant. Of these, const is by far the best-known and most used, appearing in the C and C++ standard libraries and encountered in any significant use of these languages, which must satisfy const-correctness. The other qualifiers are used for low-level programming ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C11 (C Standard Revision)
C11 (previously C1X, formally ISO/IEC 9899:2011) is a past standard for the C programming language. It replaced C99 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:1999) and has been superseded by C17 (standard ISO/IEC 9899:2018). C11 mainly standardizes features already supported by common contemporary compilers, and includes a detailed memory model to better support multiple threads of execution. Due to delayed availability of conforming C99 implementations, C11 makes certain features optional, to make it easier to comply with the core language standard. The final draft, N1570, was published in April 2011. The new standard passed its final draft review on October 10, 2011 and was officially ratified by ISO and published as ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on December 8, 2011, with no comments requiring resolution by participating national bodies. A standard macro __STDC_VERSION__ is defined with value 201112L to indicate that C11 support is available. Changes from C99 The standard includes several changes to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrei Alexandrescu
Tudor Andrei Cristian Alexandrescu (born 1969) is a Romanian-American C++ and D language programmer and author. He is particularly known for his pioneering work on policy-based design implemented via template metaprogramming. These ideas are articulated in his book ''Modern C++ Design'' and were first implemented in his programming library, Loki (C++), Loki. He also implemented the "move constructors" concept in his MOJO library. He contributed to the ''C/C++ Users Journal'' under the byline "Generic". He became an American citizen in August 2014. Education and career Alexandrescu received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Polytechnic University of Bucharest (''Universitatea Politehnica din București'') in July 1994. His first article was published in the ''C/C++ Users Journal'' in September 1998. He was a program manager for Netzip, Inc. from April 1999 until February 2000. When the company was acquired by RealNetworks, Inc., he served there as a development man ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ada 83
Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, inspired by Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for ''design by contract'' (DbC), extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. Ada is an international technical standard, jointly defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). , the standard, ISO/IEC 8652:2023, is called Ada 2022 informally. Ada was originally designed by a team led by French computer scientist Jean Ichbiah of Honeywell under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages then used by the DoD. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), who has ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Name Binding
In programming languages, name binding is the association of entities (data and/or code) with identifiers. An identifier bound to an object is said to reference that object. Machine languages have no built-in notion of identifiers, but name-object bindings as a service and notation for the programmer is implemented by programming languages. Binding is intimately connected with scoping, as scope determines which names bind to which objects – at which locations in the program code ( lexically) and in which one of the possible execution paths ( temporally). Use of an identifier in a context that establishes a binding for is called a binding (or defining) occurrence. In all other occurrences (e.g., in expressions, assignments, and subprogram calls), an identifier stands for what it is bound to; such occurrences are called applied occurrences. Binding time * ''Static binding'' (or ''early binding'') is name binding performed before the program is run. * ''Dynamic binding'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keyword (computer Programming)
Keyword may refer to: Computing * Index term, a term used as a keyword to documents in an information system such as a catalog or a search engine * Keyword (Internet search), a word or phrase typically used by bloggers or online content creator to rank a web page on a particular topic * A reserved word in a programming language Other uses * Keyword (linguistics), a word that occurs in a text more often than by chance alone * '' Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society'', 1973 non-fiction book by Raymond Williams * "Keyword" (song), a 2008 song by Tohoshinki See also *Buzzword A buzzword is a word or phrase, new or already existing, that becomes popular for a period of time. Buzzwords often derive from technical terms yet often have much of the original technical meaning removed through fashionable use, being simply ... * Trigger word *Related to index terms: ** Key Word in Context ** Keyword advertising, a form of online advertising ** Keyword clustering, a search ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reserved Word
In a programming language, a reserved word (sometimes known as a reserved identifier) is a word that cannot be used by a programmer as an identifier, such as the name of a variable, function, or label – it is "reserved from use". In brief, an ''identifier'' starts with a letter, which is followed by any sequence of letters and digits (in some languages, the underscore '_' is treated as a letter). In an imperative programming language and in many object-oriented programming languages, apart from assignments and subroutine calls, keywords are often used to identify a particular statement, e.g. if, while, do, for, etc. Many languages treat keywords as reserved words, including Ada, C, C++, COBOL, Java, and Pascal. The number of reserved words varies widely from one language to another: C has about 30 while COBOL has about 400. A few languages do not have any reserved words; Fortran and PL/I identify keywords by context, while Algol 60 and Algol 68 generally use stroppin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MIPS Architecture
MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages) is a family of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architectures (ISA)Price, Charles (September 1995). ''MIPS IV Instruction Set'' (Revision 3.2), MIPS Technologies, Inc. developed by MIPS Computer Systems, now MIPS Technologies, based in the United States. There are multiple versions of MIPS, including MIPS I, II, III, IV, and V, as well as five releases of MIPS32/64 (for 32- and 64-bit implementations, respectively). The early MIPS architectures were 32-bit; 64-bit versions were developed later. As of April 2017, the current version of MIPS is MIPS32/64 Release 6. MIPS32/64 primarily differs from MIPS I–V by defining the privileged kernel mode System Control Coprocessor in addition to the user mode architecture. The MIPS architecture has several optional extensions: MIPS-3D, a simple set of floating-point SIMD instructions dedicated to 3D computer graphics; MDMX (MaDMaX), a more extensive i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dennis M
Dennis or Denis is a first or last name from the Greco-Roman name Dionysius, via one of the Christian saints named Dionysius. The name came from Dionysus, the Greek god of ecstatic states, particularly those produced by wine, which is sometimes said to be derived from the Greek Dios (Διός, "of Zeus") and Nysos or Nysa (Νῦσα), where the young god was raised. Dionysus (or Dionysos; also known as Bacchus in Roman mythology and associated with the Italic Liber), the Thracian god of wine, represents not only the intoxicating power of wine, but also its social and beneficent influences. He is viewed as the promoter of civilization, a lawgiver, and a lover of peace—as well as the patron deity of both agriculture and the theatre. Dionysus is a god of mystery religious rites, such as those practised in honour of Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis near Athens. In the Thracian mysteries, he wears the "bassaris" or fox-skin, symbolizing new life. (See also Maenads.) A mediae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C With Classes
C++ (, pronounced "C plus plus" and sometimes abbreviated as CPP or CXX) is a high-level, general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup. First released in 1985 as an extension of the C programming language, adding object-oriented (OOP) features, it has since expanded significantly over time adding more OOP and other features; /C++98 standardization, C++ has added functional features, in addition to facilities for low-level memory manipulation for systems like microcomputers or to make operating systems like Linux or Windows, and even later came features like generic ( template) programming. C++ is usually implemented as a compiled language, and many vendors provide C++ compilers, including the Free Software Foundation, LLVM, Microsoft, Intel, Embarcadero, Oracle, and IBM. C++ was designed with systems programming and embedded, resource-constrained software and large systems in mind, with performance, efficiency, and flexibil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bjarne Stroustrup
Bjarne Stroustrup (; ; born 30 December 1950) is a Danish computer scientist, known for the development of the C++ programming language. He led the Large-scale Programming Research department at Bell Labs, served as a professor of computer science at Texas A&M University, and spent over a decade at Morgan Stanley while also being a visiting professor at Columbia University. Since 2022 he has been a full professor at Columbia. Early life and education Stroustrup was born in Aarhus, Denmark. His family was working class, and he attended local schools. He attended Aarhus University from 1969 to 1975 and graduated with a Candidatus Scientiarum in mathematics with computer science. His interests focused on microprogramming and machine architecture. He learned the fundamentals of object-oriented programming from its inventor, Kristen Nygaard, who frequently visited Aarhus. In 1979, he received his PhD in computer science from the University of Cambridge, where his research on d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
C/C++ Users Journal
''C/C++ Users Journal'' was a computer magazine dedicated to the C and C++ programming languages published in the United States from 1985 to 2006. It was one of the last printed magazines to cover specifically this topic (apart from ACCU's journals, which continue as printed magazines). It was based in Lawrence, Kansas. History The magazine started as a 16-page quarterly newsletter named ''BDS C Users' Group'', and its target was users of Leor Zolman's BDS C compiler. Robert Ward was the volunteer coordinator of the C Users Group, which had some 150 members. The first issue of ''BDS C Users's Group'' was published on June 15, 1981. In December 1982, the name was changed to ''C User's Group Newsletter''. In April 1985, the first issue of a new quarterly magazine, ''The C Journal,'' was published by InfoPro Systems under the leadership of David Fiedler. Its editor in chief was Rex Jaeschke, a member of the ANSI X3J11 C Language Standard Committee. In 1987/1988, the ''C Use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volatile Variable
In computer programming, a variable is said to be ''volatile'' if its value can be read or modified asynchronously by something other than the current thread of execution. The value of a volatile variable may spontaneously change for reasons such as: sharing values with other threads; sharing values with asynchronous signal handlers; accessing hardware devices via memory-mapped I/O (where you can send and receive messages from peripheral devices by reading from and writing to memory). Support for these use cases varies considerably among the programming languages that have the volatile keyword. Volatility can have implications regarding function calling conventions and how variables are stored, accessed and cached. In C and C++ In C and C++, volatile is a type qualifier, like const, and is a part of a type (e.g. the type of a variable or field). The behavior of the volatile keyword in C and C++ is sometimes given in terms of suppressing optimizations of an optimizing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
