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Trigonostylopidae
''Trigonostylops'' is an extinct genus of South American meridiungulatan ungulate, from the Late Paleocene to Late Eocene (Itaboraian to Tinguirirican in the SALMA classification) of South America (Argentina and Peru) and Antarctica (Seymour Island). It is the only member of the family Trigonostylopidae. Description A complete skull of the type species, ''T. wortmani'', has been found, and it has been classified as an astrapothere based on its large lower incisors. Phylogeny Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja ''et al''., 2015, showing the position of ''Trigonostylops'':Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015 Distribution Fossils of ''Trigonostylops'' have been found in:''Trigonostylops'' at |
Tetragonostylops
''Tetragonostylops'' is an extinct genus of mammal, related to Astrapotheria. It lived during the Late Paleocene, and its fossils were discovered in South America. Description This genus is only known from incomplete remains, notably a well-preserved mandible and a fragmentary skull. Like other astrapotheres, ''Tetragonostylops'' may have had a strong elongated body, and a long, flat skull. The skull was 20 centimeters long, and the entire body was supposedly one meter long. Its mandible was strong, and endowed with an elongated cylindrical symphysis. The mandibular condyle was elevated, and the coronoid process was high, but lower than in its relative ''Trigonostylops''. The shape of their molars was different, with ''Tetragonostylops'' having more squared molars (hence his name, ''Tetragon-'' meaning "four corners"), and had an infraorbital canal, which does not appear in ''Trigonostylops''. The molars were brachyodont, like those of ''Trigonostylops'', and the canines were st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astrapotheriinae
Astrapotheriidae is an extinct family of herbivorous South American land mammals that lived from the Late Eocene (Mustersan SALMA) to the Middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA) . The most derived of the astrapotherians, they were also the largest and most specialized mammals in the Tertiary of South America. There are two sister taxa: Eoastrapostylopidae and Trigonostylopidae. Around 1900, Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino described eight Colhuehuapian (Early Miocene) species from specimens he found south of Lake Colhué Huapi in Patagonia and grouped them into three genera: '' Parastrapotherium'', ''Astrapotherium'', and '' Astrapothericulus''. It was obvious to Ameghino that these species represented a great diversity, ranging in size from a peccary to a rhinoceros, but his description was based entirely on fragmentary and not always comparable dental remains. Other expeditions to Patagonia have subsequently recovered considerably more complete materials. Genera According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uruguaytheriinae
Astrapotheriidae is an extinct family of herbivorous South American land mammals that lived from the Late Eocene (Mustersan SALMA) to the Middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA) . The most derived of the astrapotherians, they were also the largest and most specialized mammals in the Tertiary of South America. There are two sister taxa: Eoastrapostylopidae and Trigonostylopidae. Around 1900, Argentine paleontologist Florentino Ameghino described eight Colhuehuapian (Early Miocene) species from specimens he found south of Lake Colhué Huapi in Patagonia and grouped them into three genera: '' Parastrapotherium'', ''Astrapotherium'', and '' Astrapothericulus''. It was obvious to Ameghino that these species represented a great diversity, ranging in size from a peccary to a rhinoceros, but his description was based entirely on fragmentary and not always comparable dental remains. Other expeditions to Patagonia have subsequently recovered considerably more complete materials. Genera According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigonostylops Reconstruction
''Trigonostylops'' is an extinct genus of South American meridiungulatan ungulate, from the Late Paleocene to Late Eocene (Itaboraian to Tinguirirican in the SALMA classification) of South America (Argentina and Peru) and Antarctica (Seymour Island). It is the only member of the family Trigonostylopidae. Description A complete skull of the type species, ''T. wortmani'', has been found, and it has been classified as an astrapothere based on its large lower incisors. Phylogeny Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo Pareja ''et al''., 2015, showing the position of ''Trigonostylops'':Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015 Distribution Fossils of ''Trigonostylops'' have been found in:''Trigonostylops'' at |
Paleocene
The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''palaiós'' meaning "old" and the Eocene Epoch (which succeeds the Paleocene), translating to "the old part of the Eocene". The epoch is bracketed by two major events in Earth's history. The K–Pg extinction event, brought on by Chicxulub impact, an asteroid impact and possibly volcanism, marked the beginning of the Paleocene and killed off 75% of living species, most famously the non-avian dinosaurs. The end of the epoch was marked by the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which was a major climatic event wherein about 2,500–4,500 gigatons of carbon were released into the atmosphere and ocean systems, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification. In the Pal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogenetic Analysis
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms. These relationships are determined by Computational phylogenetics, phylogenetic inference methods that focus on observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences, protein amino acid sequences, or morphology. The result of such an analysis is a phylogenetic tree—a diagram containing a hypothesis of relationships that reflects the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living taxa or fossils, and represent the "end" or the present time in an evolutionary lineage. A phylogenetic diagram can be rooted or unrooted. A rooted tree diagram indicates the hypothetical common ancestor of the tree. An unrooted tree diagram (a network) makes no assumption about the ancestral line, and does n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uruguaytherium
''Uruguaytherium'' is an extinct genus of astrapotherid mammal from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene of South America. It was named by the Argentinean paleontologist Lucas Kraglievich in 1928, from a fragmentary fossil found in the Fray Bentos Formation of the department of Río Negro in Uruguay, and the type species is ''U. beaulieui''.''Uruguaytherium'' at .org The related genera '''' and '' |
Astrapothericulus
''Astrapothericulus'' is an extinct genus of mammals, belonging to the order Astrapotheria. It lived during the Lower Miocene in what is now South America. Description This animal was as large than a tapir, and may have looked like them, as it had a short trunk and a robust and elongated body. Compared to its better known relative ''Astrapotherium'', ''Astrapothericulus'' was approximately 30% smaller in size, hence its name, meaning "Small ''Astrapotherium''".F. Ameghino. (1902). Première contribution à la connaissance de la fauna mammalogique des couches à Colpodon irst contribution to the knowledge of the mammalian fauna of the Colopdon Beds Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 17:71-141 The dental formula was identical to ''Astrapotherium'', but there was some differences in the characteristics of the teeth : the incisors were proportionally narrower and longer, and the lower canines were inserted into the mandible more vertically. The premolars and mol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astrapotherium
''Astrapotherium'' ("lightning beast") is an extinct genus of South American mammals that vaguely resembled a small elephant or large tapir. However, it was unrelated to elephants or tapirs, but was instead related to other extinct South American ungulates. Fossils have been dated from the Early to Middle Miocene. Fossil remains of the type species ''A. magnus'' have been found in the Santa Cruz Formation in Argentina. Other fossils have been found in the Deseado, Sarmiento, and Aisol Formations of Argentina and Chile (Cura-Mallín Group).''Astrapotherium'' at .org Description [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parastrapotherium
''Parastrapotherium'' is an extinct genus of South American land mammal that existed from the Late Oligocene (Deseadan SALMA) to the Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian SALMA). The genus includes some of the largest and smallest known astrapotherian, but at present no generally recognized description can adequately characterize it. Description The genus was first described by . He distinguished it from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) ''Astrapotherium'' () based on the greater number of upper and lower molars. Although later researchers disagreed and concluded that Ameghino based his conclusion on very fragmentary materials, they mostly agreed to distinguish the genus from other groups of astrapotherians. Species The following species have been recognised: * ''Parastrapotherium cingulatum'' * ''Parastrapotherium ephebicum'' * ''Parastrapotherium holmbergi'' * ''Parastrapotherium lemoinei'' * ''Parastrapotherium trouessarti'' Distribution Fossils of ''Parastrapother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comahuetherium
''Comahuetherium'' is an extinct genus of astrapotherian mammal from the Early Miocene (Colhuehuapian age). It is a basal astrapotheriid which lived in what is now Patagonia, Argentina. The holotype was found in the Cerro Bandera Formation in Neuquén Province, northern Patagonia and additional specimens were found at the Gran Barranca south of Lake Colhué Huapi, in Chubut Province of central Patagonia. It was first named by Alejandro Kramarz and Mariano Bond in 2011 and the type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ... is ''Comahuetherium coccaorum''. References Meridiungulata Miocene mammals of South America Colhuehuapian Neogene Argentina Fossils of Argentina Neuquén Basin Fossil taxa described in 2011 Prehistoric placental genera Cerro Bander ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maddenia (mammal)
''Maddenia'' is an extinct genus of astrapothere, meridiungulate herbivore mammals characterised by its large tusks and the development of proboscis, endemic of South America. This genus was discovered in an outcrop near to the Lake Colhué Huapi in the place La Cantera, in the Chubut Province, in Argentina, in sediments corresponding to the Sarmiento Formation, that dates of the Late Oligocene (Deseadan South American land mammal age).''Maddenia'' at .org [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
