|
Trial Of The 20
The Trial of the 20 was the largest trial ever held of members of Narodnaya Volya (“The People's Will”), the organisation that assassinated the Tsar Alexander II. It is referred to as the Mikhailov Trial, after the lead defendant, Alexander Mikhailov. In contrast to the earlier Trial of the 193, or the Moscow trials held in the 1930s, there is no dispute about whether the 20 were guilty. All of them admitted their roles in carrying out or abetting terrorist acts, and with one exception, argued that they were justified. Most of the death sentences passed at the trial were commuted after an international outcry. Background Narodnaya Volya was founded in 1879 by Russian populists, or Narodniks, who were disillusioned by the failure to rouse Russian peasants and workers to revolt against the autocracy through the spread of propaganda, and angry at the increasingly severe penalties imposed on their comrades, several of whom had been executed, and who united around the single aim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narodnaya Volya
Narodnaya Volya ( rus, Наро́дная во́ля, p=nɐˈrodnəjə ˈvolʲə, t=People's Will) was a late 19th-century revolutionary political organization in the Russian Empire which conducted assassinations of government officials in an attempt to overthrow the autocratic system and stop the government reforms of Alexander II of Russia. The organization declared itself to be a populist movement that succeeded the Narodniks. Composed primarily of young revolutionary socialist intellectuals believing in the efficacy of terrorism, ''Narodnaya Volya'' emerged in Autumn 1879 from the split of an earlier revolutionary organization called ''Zemlya i Volya'' ("Land and Liberty"). Based upon an underground apparatus of local, semi-independent cells co-ordinated by a self-selecting Executive Committee, ''Narodnaya Volya'' continued to espouse acts of revolutionary violence in an attempt to spur mass revolt against Tsarism, culminating in the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Barannikov
Alexander Ivanovich Barannikov ( Russian: Александр Иванович Баранников; 1858 – 18 August 1883) was a Russian revolutionary and terrorist who was one of the leaders of the military wing of the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will), the organisation that assassinated the Tsar Alexander II. Biography Born into the Russian nobility, Barannikov was educated at a military gymnasium (secondary school) in Orlov, and at the First Pavlovsk Military School in St Petersburg. In 1876, he faked suicide, leaving a note for the principal, to join the revolutionary movement, as a propagandist in the Rostov-on-Don area. In 1877, he joined the Zemlya i volya ("Land and Freedom") party. He settled in the Nizhny Novgorod region, trying to recruit local farmers. Returning to St Petersburg, he was one of the first to advocate that the revolutionaries should use terrorist tactics. He was one of the organisers of the assassination of the chief of the gendarmes, General Nikolay M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trials In Russia
In law, a trial is a coming together of parties to a dispute, to present information (in the form of evidence) in a tribunal, a formal setting with the authority to adjudicate claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a court. The tribunal, which may occur before a judge, jury, or other designated trier of fact, aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute. Types by finder of fact Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a jury trial. Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a bench trial. Hearings before administrative bodies may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials. An appeal (appellate proceeding) is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to a review of the evidence presented before the trial court, and do not permit the introduction of new evidence. Types by dispute Trials can also be divided by the type of d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Life Imprisonment
Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted people are to remain in prison for the rest of their natural lives or indefinitely until pardoned, paroled, or otherwise commuted to a fixed term. Crimes for which, in some countries, a person could receive this sentence include murder, torture, terrorism, child abuse resulting in death, rape, espionage, treason, drug trafficking, drug possession, human trafficking, severe fraud and financial crimes, aggravated criminal damage, arson, kidnapping, burglary, and robbery, piracy, aircraft hijacking, and genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or any three felonies in case of three-strikes law. Life imprisonment (as a maximum term) can also be imposed, in certain countries, for traffic offences causing death. Life imprisonment is not used in all countries; Portugal was the first country to abolish life imprisonment, in 1884. Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence, there may als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Konstantin Pobedonostsev
Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev ( rus, Константи́н Петро́вич Победоно́сцев, p=kənstɐnʲˈtʲin pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ pəbʲɪdɐˈnostsɨf; 30 November 1827 – 23 March 1907) was a Russian jurist, statesman, and adviser to three Tsars. He became the chief spokesman for reactionary positions and the éminence grise of imperial politics during the reign of Alexander III of Russia (1881–1894), holding, between 1880 and 1905, the position of Ober-Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, the non-clerical Russian official who supervised the Russian Orthodox Church. His writings on politics, law, art, and culture emphasized the positive element of the spiritual and secular unification of Russia with the acceptance of Christianity while simultaneously condemning the Jewish population. He warned of the negative element in Russia, portraying democratic and liberal movements as enemies of the national and religious unity of Russian people. Achieving a harm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leo Tolstoy
Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-reformed Russian. ; ), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time. He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909; the fact that he never won is a major controversy. Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, Tolstoy's notable works include the novels ''War and Peace'' (1869) and ''Anna Karenina'' (1878), often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction. He first achieved literary acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, ''Childhood'', '' Boyhood'', and ''Youth'' (1852–1856), and '' Sevastopol Sketches'' (1855), based upon his experiences in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander III Of Russia
Alexander III ( rus, Алекса́ндр III Алекса́ндрович, r=Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" ( rus, контрреформы). Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907), he opposed any reform that limited his autocratic rule. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars; he was therefore styled "The Peacemaker" ( rus, Миротворец, Mirotvorets, p=mʲɪrɐˈtvorʲɪt͡s). It was he who helped forge the Russo-French Alliance. Personality Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the second son and third child of Tsesarevich Alexander (Future Alexander II) and his first wife ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the greatest French writers of all time. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' (1831) and ''Les Misérables'' (1862). In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as (''The Contemplations'') and (''The Legend of the Ages''). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romanticism, Romantic literary movement with his play ''Cromwell (play), Cromwell'' and drama ''Hernani (drama), Hernani''. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the opera ''Rigoletto'' and the musicals ''Les Misérables (musical), Les Misérables'' and ''Notre-Dame de Paris (musical), Notre-Dame de Paris''. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social cau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Kletochnikov
Nikolai or Nikolay is an East Slavic variant of the masculine name Nicholas. It may refer to: People Royalty * Nicholas I of Russia (1796–1855), or Nikolay I, Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855 * Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918), or Nikolay II, last Emperor of Russia, from 1894 until 1917 * Prince Nikolai of Denmark (born 1999) Other people Nikolai * Nikolai Aleksandrovich (other) or Nikolay Aleksandrovich, several people * Nikolai Antropov (born 1980), Kazakh former ice hockey winger * Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948), Russian religious and political philosopher * Nikolai Bogomolov (born 1991), Russian professional ice hockey defenceman * Nikolai Bukharin (1888–1938), Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician * Nikolai Bulganin (1895-1975), Soviet politician and minister of defence * Nikolai Chernykh (1931-2004), Russian astronomer * Nikolai Dudorov (1906–1977), Soviet politician * Nikolai Dzhumagaliev (born 1952), Soviet serial killer * Nikolai Goc ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Frolenko
Mikhail Fedorovich Frolenko (November 1848, Stavropol – February 18, 1938, Moscow) was a Russian revolutionary, populist, member of the Executive Committee of the People's Will. Biography He was the son of a retired sergeant major. In 1870 he graduated from the Stavropol Gymnasium, then studied at the Petersburg Institute of Technology, from 1871 at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow. In 1873–1874, Frolenko was a member of the Moscow circle of Tchaikovites, conducted propaganda among the workers, and participated in "going to the people" in the Urals. Since 1874, he was in an illegal situation. Since 1878, a member of the society " Land and Liberty", a participant in the Lipetsk and Voronezh congresses. With the emergence of "Narodnaya Volya" – a member of its executive committee, a participant in the assassination attempts of Emperor Alexander II in November 1879 near Odessa and March 1, 1881. Arrested on March 17, 1881, in Saint Petersburg. In the Trial of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aizik Aronchik
Aizik Borisovich Aronchik (russian: Айзик Борисович Арончик; 28 December 1859 2 April 1888) was a revolutionary from the Russian Empire, who took part in a failed attempt to assassinate the Tsar Alexander II. Aronchik, Aizik Borisovich on Brokhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia in 16 volumes, Moscow 1908-1913 Career Aronchik's family were Jewish traders, from Gomel, present day Belarus, he studied at the St Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers, but dropped out in 1879, without finishing the course, after having made contact with revolutionaries.Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1st edition (1926) v.3 p.451 He was one of only two revolutionaries entrusted with meeting and exchanging messages with , the revolutionaries' agent inside the police department. In 1879-80, he and a fellow revolutionary, Galina Cheryavskaya posing as a married couple, under the name of Silantiev, occupied a safe house where members of Narodnaya Volya could meet. In November 1879, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
