Torix (genus)
''Torix'' is a genus of Rhynchobdellida, Rhynchobdellid leeches in the family Glossiphoniidae, found in Eastern Asia and Japan. Japanese brown frog, ''Rana japonica'', the Japanese brown frog, is the main host of ''T. tagoi.'' ''Rickettsia'' bacterial infection Two members of the genus, ''T. tagoi'' and ''T. tukubana'', show high percentages of ''Rickettsia'' infection in the wild; 96% and 83% respectively, according to a 2003 study. Eggs of ''T. tagoi'' were found to all contain the bacteria, indicating the bacteria is almost always passed on to the next generation (vertical transmission). It was found that infected leeches grew far larger than those uninfected with the bacteria. Another paper concluded that the ''Rickettsia'' that acted as endosymbionts in the leeches represented a separate clade of ''Rickettsia'', named the ''torix'' clade. As ''T. tagoi'' feeds on the blood of amphibians such as frogs and newts, it is possible that those amphibians were the route of horizon ...
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Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ...
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Glossiphonia Baicalensis
''Glossiphonia'' is a genus of Glossiphoniidae. The genus was described in 1816 by James Rawlins Johnson. It has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: * ''Glossiphonia complanata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glossiphonia concolor'' (Aphathy, 1888) * ''Glossiphonia heteroclita'' (Linnaeus, 1761) * ''Glossiphonia lata'' Oka, 1910 * ''Glossiphonia smaragdina'' Oka, 1910 * ''Glossiphonia verrucata ''Glossiphonia'' is a genus of Glossiphoniidae. The genus was described in 1816 by James Rawlins Johnson. It has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: * ''Glossiphonia complanata'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Glossiphonia concolor'' (Aphathy, 1888) * ' ...'' (Müller, 1844) References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5142907 Leeches ...
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Torix Tukubana
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Tagoi
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Orientalis
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Novaezealandiae
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Mirus
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Cotylifer
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Torix Imported From INaturalist Photo 2613209 On 11 December 2022
Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix Torix may refer to: * TorIX, or the Toronto Stock Exchange * ''Torix (annelid), Torix,'' a genus of freshwater leeches {{Disambiguation ...

Horizontal Transmission
Horizontal transmission is the transmission of organisms between biotic and/or abiotic members of an ecosystem that are not in a parent-progeny relationship. This concept has been generalized to include transmissions of infectious agents, symbionts, and cultural traits between humans. Because the evolutionary fate of the agent is not tied to reproductive success of the host, horizontal transmission tends to evolve virulence. It is therefore a critical concept for evolutionary medicine. Biological Pathogen transmission In biological, but not cultural, transmissions the carriers (also known as vectors) may include other species. The two main biological modes of transmission are ''anterior station'' and ''posterior station''. In anterior station, transmission occurs via the bite of an infected organism (the vector), like in malaria, dengue fever, and bubonic plague. Posterior station is transmission via contact with infected feces. Examples are rickettsiae driven diseases (l ...
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Endosymbiont
An ''endosymbiont'' or ''endobiont'' is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον ''endon'' "within", σύν ''syn'' "together" and βίωσις ''biosis'' "living".) Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside reef-building corals and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to insects. There are two types of symbiont transmissions. In horizontal transmission, each new generation acquires free living symbionts from the environment. An example is the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in certain plant roots. Vertical transmission takes place when the symbiont is transferred directly from parent to offspring. It is also possible for both to be involved in a mixed-mode transmission, where symbionts are transferred vertically for some generation bef ...
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